Roger Ballen: Difference between revisions

| birth_date = {{birthBirth yeardate and age|1950|4|11}}

'''Roger Ballen''' (born April 11, 1950) is an American artist living in [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]],<ref>{{cite news|first1=Sean|last1=O'Hagan|accessdateaccess-date=2020-02-28|title=Photographer Roger Ballen: 'I can live with myself'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/apr/05/roger-ballen-outland-interview|newspaper=The Guardian|date=5 April 2015|issn=0261-3077|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> and working in its surrounds since the 1970s. His oeuvre, which spans five decades, began with the documentary photography field but evolved into the creation of distinctive fictionalized realms that also integrate the mediums of film, installation, theatre, sculpture, painting and drawing. Marginalized people, animals, found objects, wires and childlike drawings inhabit the unlocatable worlds presented in Ballen's artworks. Ballen describes his works as existential psychodramas that touch the subconscious mind and evoke the underbelly of the human condition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.absolutearts.com/artsnews/2001/06/19/28729.html|title=Portraits as Still Lives: The Photographs of Roger Ballen|last=Peter|first=Weiermair|date=2001|website=Absolute Arts|access-date=}}</ref> They aim to break through the repressed thoughts and feelings by engaging him in themes of chaos and order, madness or unruly states of being, the human relationship to the animal world, life and death, universal archetypes of the psyche and experiences of otherness.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rogerballen.com/articles/six-photographers-who-helped-us-visualise-the-human-psyche/|title=Six photographers who helped us visualise the human psyche|last=Manatakis|first=Lex|date=March 2019|website=Daze Digital|access-date=}}</ref>

He later studied psychology at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], which was an epicenter for the 1960s counter-culture. Here, he was exposed to [[R. D. Laing]]'s anti-psychiatry movement, Jung's concept of the "[[collective unconscious]]", the [[Theatre of the Absurd]] ([[Harold Pinter|Pinter]], [[Samuel Beckett|Beckett]] and [[Eugène Ionesco|Ionesco]]) and existential philosophers, such as [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]] and [[Martin Heidegger|Heidegger]], all of which came to be formative in the development of his artistic style. During the summer of 1969, he photographed [[Woodstock]], a series which was published in the ''New York Times'' 50th anniversary of the iconic music festival. Ballen notes that capturing Woodstock "played a role in [his] getting to know the human experience, human endeavour, finding the moment, working with people, searching in difficult circumstances for something that stood out. If I had to say what are important aspects that run through the work, it's trying to come to terms with pure chaos."<ref name="Wender 2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/06/arts/music/roger-ballen-photos-woodstock.html|title=Woodstock at 50: Roger Ballen Revisits His Never-Before-Published Woodstock Photos|last=Wender|first=Jessie|date=2019|website=New York Times|access-date=}}</ref> Ballen made his first film ''Ill Wind'' after completing a course in film making in 1972.

After the death of his mother Adrienne in 1973, he, like many of the counter-culture, developed existential longing in responseresponsive aversion to the materialism of Western society and his suburban upbringing. He spent the subsequent five months at the Art Students of League of New York. Here, he painted [[Outsider art|art brut]], [[Primitivism|primitivist]], paintings, that according to his teacher, "belonged in the Stone Age".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Ballen|first=Roger|title=Ballenesque, Roger Ballen: A Retrospective|publisher=Thames and Hudson|year=2017|isbn=978-0500519691|location=London|pages=2010}}</ref> In the autumn of 1973, yearning to find Conrad's "heart of darkness" and Eastern nirvana, he left embarked on a five-year journey, that would take him by land from Cairo to Cape Town;, and then Istanbul to New Guinea (1973-1978). On this trip, he continued an ongoing interest in taking pictures of enigmatic men against dramatic surfaces of shrines, temples and markets. He also began a series of 'field photographs' of streets, earthen paths or walls (inspired by the [[Color field|colour field]] painting movement) and developed an interest in observing the life of young boys. He kept Kodak Tri-X or Plus X film in a green canvas knapsack which he would tie to his legs during meals or overnight train rides, or tied to hotel bedposts. He processed the film and would send it to his father in New York.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ballenesque|last=Ballen|first=Roger|publisher=Thames and Hudson|year=2017|isbn=978-0500519691|location=London|pages=15–25}}</ref>

On this trip, he arrived in South Africa, where he met his future wife, an artist, paper-maker and art teacher, Lynda Moross, whom he married in 1980, and had twins, Amanda and Paul, with in 1989. These travels also spurred on his first photographic book entitled ''Boyhood,'' which was a series of universal, iconic images of boys that Ballen had encountered while seeking to recreate his childhood in the adventure of travel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rogerballen.com/articles/ballenesque-an-insight-into-the-life-and-work-of-roger-ballen/|title=Ballenesque: An insight into the life and work of Roger Ballen|last=Pete|first=Littlewood|date=2018|website=Roger Ballen Photographer|access-date=}}</ref> Disillusioned by the idea of commercial photography, Ballen enrolled at the [[Colorado School of Mines]] in 1978, where he received in PhD in Mineralmineral Economicseconomics in 1981. He permanently settled in Johannesburg in 1982, where he worked as a self-employed mining entrepreneur until 2010. This profession took him into the South African countryside in which he travelled to remote small villages called "dorps" and rural areas referred to as the "platteland", in which he photographed the marginalized whites who were once privileged fromduring Apartheid, but who were now isolated and economically deprived.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ballenesque|last=Ballen|first=Roger|publisher=Thames and Hudson|year=2017|isbn=978-0500519691|location=London|pages=75}}</ref> During this time, he worked closely with his master printer and friend, Dennis da Silva. After 1994, he no longer looked to the countryside for his subject matter, finding it closer to home in Johannesburg, where he continues to work. Since 2007, he has worked closely with his art director, Marguerite Rossouw.

In 2018, Ballen received an Honoraryhonorary Doctoratedoctorate in Artart and Designdesign from Kingston University. In 2008, the Roger Ballen Foundation was founded to promote the advancement of education ofin photography in Africa. From April 2020, it will be housed in the Roger Ballen Centre for Photographic Art, Forest Town, Johannesburg.

Ballen's early [[street photography]] and the psychological portraiture of ''Boyhood, Dorps'' and ''Platteland'' was influenced by the work of [[Henri Cartier-Bresson|Cartier Bresson]], [[Walker Evans]], [[Diane Arbus]] and [[Elliott Erwitt|Elliot Erwitt]]. The distinctive "Ballenesque" style of his documentary fiction (from 2000 onward), has been said to reference the artistic genres of [[Theatre of the Absurd|absurdist theatre]], [[outsider art]], [[Outsider art|art brut]], [[Naïve art|naivism]], photographic [[surrealism]] and the photographic grotesque. He has also said to have been influenced by a wide range of other literary artistic/philosophical work, such as that of Beckett, [[Franz Kafka|Kafka]], [[Carl Jung|Jung]] and [[Antonin Artaud|Artaud.]]

This "remoteness" of the places of these inaccessible subjects is evoked because the spaces in which they appear are otherworldly—they exist in the realm of the photograph but do not seem to reference actual locations in everyday reality. Young writes: "there is no world that we can reference here." Ballen's use of black-and-white photography up until 2018, contributes powerfully to this transformation. He writes: "Black-and-white is a very minimalist art form and unlike color photographs does not pretend to mimic the world in a manner similar to the way the human eye might perceive. Black-and-white is essentially an abstract way to interpret and transform what one might refer to as reality."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lensculture.com/roger-ballen|title=Roger Ballen Video Interview: Disturbing Visions from the Dark Side|last=Ballen|first=Roger|date=|website=LensCulture|access-date=}}</ref>

=== Documentary (1968-20001968–2000) ===

As a student at Berkeley, [[Woodstock|Ballen]] captured the [[civil rights movement]] and the [[Vietnam War]]. He photographed ''Woodstock'' in the summer of 1969, producing a series of photographs that were only published recently in the ''New York Times'', on the 50th university of the revolutionary music festival.<ref name="Wender 2019"/> In his first publication, ''Boyhood'' (1979) Ballen presented a series of photographs of boys (chosen from 15000 images), shot during his four-year quest across the continents of Europe, Asia, Central and North America. The book captures archetypes of this universal brotherhood (from Nepal, to Indonesia, Israel to America): "their adventures, games, dreams and mischief."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rogerballen.com/boyhood/|title=Boyhood|last=Ballen|first=Roger|date=2020|website=Roger Ballen Photography|access-date=}}</ref>

In ''Dorps: Small Towns of South Africa'' (1986), Ballen documented the small towns and villages in unmodernised "hinterlands" of [[Apartheid]] South Africa, visited during his mineral exploration. The book contains weathered portraits of the corners, artifacts, trading stores, churches, main streets, signs, ornaments, people and interior, dilapidated columns.<ref>{{Cite book|last=van Wyk|first=Gary|title=Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=9781135205362|location=London|pages=94}}</ref> Ballen has often stated that ''Dorps'' was his most important project in that he went "inside" metaphorically and physically, started using flash, found objects such as wires and walls. He also encountered the archetypes that he would develop over the course of his career. The project was explored in a 1986 programme by the South African Broadcasting Commission, with an episode entitled ''Dorps'' (1986).

=== Theatre of the absurd (2000-20082000–2008) ===

Ballen gained international acclaim from his next series ''Outland'' (2000)'','' where these psychological studies moved from documentary photography into realms of fiction. The characters become actors who perform on elaborate stage sets, or dark or discomforting tableaux, with poses, masks and props. Graffiti and wires dangle haphazardly, and elements are more deliberately placed and formal elements structure the composition so as to enhance the allusion to "universal and metaphorical scenarios". ''Outland'' was named Best Photographic bookBook of the yearYear at [[PHotoEspaña|PhotoEspaña]] 2001, Madrid, Spain and Ballen the Photographer of the Year at [[Rencontres d'Arles|Rencontres d' Arles]] in 2002. An expanded edition of ''Outland'', containing 30 previously unpublished pictures, was published in 2014. A film, entitled ''Roger Ballen's Outland'', directed by [[Ben Jay Crossman]], followed the book in 2015.

In ''Shadow Chamber'' (2005), Ballen's work made leaps into a metaphoric, surreal dimension with multiple conscious and subconscious meanings: "ambiguous images of people, animals and objects posed in mysterious, cell-like rooms. The images focus on the interactions between the people, animals and objects that inhabit mysterious rooms." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rogerballen.com/shadow-chamber/|title=Shadow Chamber|last=Ballen|first=Roger|date=February 2020|website=Roger Ballen Photography|access-date=}}</ref> A blurring between fact and fiction, and Young's notion "aleatory image", is created by the way in which the artifacts, scribbles, wires, dogs, rabbits, kittens and subjects that hide (in couches, shirts or boxes), interact in unexpected ways. As a consequence, this project ushered Ballen's surrealism, and the integration of documentary photography with art forms such as painting, theatre and sculpture, venturing into the realm of abstraction. As Sobieszek writes in his introduction to the book: "To discern fact from fiction in this work may be simply impossible; to tell acting from real life may also be; to bother with such discernment may not be only futile but missing the point."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ballen|first=Roger|title=Shadow Chamber|publisher=Phaidon|year=2005|isbn=9780714844664|location=London|pages=8}}</ref> Saskia Vredeland directed the film ''Momento Mori'' (2005) as an accompaniment to the project, which was supported by the [[Netherlands Film Fund]] and screened at the [[Netherlands Film Festival]] in 2006.

''Boarding House'' (2008) comprises over 70 black and white images. They are tableaux with a greater emphasis on drawn and sculptural elements, and a sense of collaboration between the artist and his subjects, although the subject starts to disappear. Ballen photographed his subjects at a house in a secret location on the outskirts of Johannesburg so that the images became greater metaphors for spaces in the mind. Ballen notes that, in photography, the "human face is an all-encompassing feature in trying to understand the meaning of the work. Thus, if there is no face in the image, the other elements in the photograph have less of a changechance of being noticed." Young writes that "[i]n Boarding House, the perspectives and images become more two-dimensional, more avowedly pictorial though at the same time with greater violence. This is a private interior imaging the necropolis of a world outside that is only too intimate and real." <ref name=":0" />

=== Psychological (2014-20162014–2016) ===

In ''Asylum of the Birds'' (2014), Ballen further explored his mysterious photographic spaces as a refuges and prisons. In these worlds, people and animals' live side by side, and there is an ever-presence of birds, who perform in the sculptural and decorated interior. In the images, "caged heads and birds are positioned against nightmarish, collage-like backgrounds, and mannequins and headless torsos assume contorted positions".<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=British Journal of Photography|title=Roger Ballen lifts lid on Asylum of the Birds|last=|first=|date=2014|website=|access-date=}}</ref> A film, entitled Roger Ballen's ''Asylum of the Birds'' (2014), was made by [[Ben Jay Crossman]]. Ballen describes that the "house" in these photographs is a place of a landlord who allowed birds he collected to fly all over the house, cage-less. Ballen writes: <blockquote>"The house is full of birds, ducks, chickens, pigeons, doves, whatever, different birds and they're all over the house, flying from one room to the next...[t]he people that live in the house are people from different aspects of the streets in South Africa—some people come from other places in Africa, some are unemployed, some are products of poverty, violence and anything else. I interacted with these birds and animals to create these photographs."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/34274/the-dark-side-roger-ballens-asylum/|title=The Dark Side: Roger Ballen's 'Asylum'|last=Campbell|first=Erica Fahr|date=2012|website=Time Magazine|access-date=}}</ref></blockquote>In ''The Theatre of the Apparitions'' (2016), inspired by the sight of hand-drawn carvings on blacked-out windows in an abandoned women's prison, Ballen (in conjunction with his artistic director Marguerite Rossouw) began to use different spray paints on glass and then 'drawing on' or removing the paint with a sharp object to let natural light through.<ref name=":2" /> These photographs resemble prehistoric cave- paintings: the black, dimensionless spaces on glass. Fossil-like facial forms and dismembered body parts coexist uncomfortably with vaporous, ghost-like shadows.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rogerballen.com/the-theatre-of-apparitions/|title=The Theatre of Apparitions|last=Ballen|first=Roger|date=2020|website=Roger Ballen Photography|access-date=}}</ref> In an accompanying film animation, Roger Ballen's ''Theatre of the Apparitions'' (2016), Emma Calder and Ged Haney created an animated theatre of the book's dismembered people, beasts and ghosts, dance, tumble, make love and tear themselves apart a nightmarish subconscious world.

In 2014, it was clear that after many years of creating photographic images, Ballen had a developed a need to transcend what people refer to as pure photography. He became increasingly involved in video, installations and, collage and, painting and other multimedia. From 2006 the co-leader of the South African rap group, [[Die Antwoord|Die Antwoord's]] [[Yolandi Visser]], contacted Ballen proposing a collaboration. In 2011, he directed the music video for the song "I Fink U Freeky" by Die Antwoord which has been viewed 150&nbsp;million times on YouTube. ''Roger Ballen - Die Antwoord: I Fink U Freeky'' (2013) was a book collaboration with Die Antwoord, with group's leaders, [[Yolandi Visser|Yolandi]] and [[Watkin Tudor Jones|Ninja]], as the photographic subjects.

After completing ''Asylum of the Birds'' in 2013, Roger Ballen began his last series of black and white negative -based imagery in which Rats dominated every image.  The unpublished project, which was completed in 2017 once again integrated drawing, painting, sculpture through the camera and eye of the artist. The results reveal a world immersed in chaos, absurdity and dream likedreamlike reality. In 2020, he will complete a photographic and video project of a person dressed as a cartoon rat in which this character is involved in activities that might be seen as politically and socially absurd.

In 2015, Ballen created a conceptual installation artwork in Finland's Serlachius Museum in Mantta. He transformed a dilapidated house in the Finish forest into a complete sculptural entity that was installed in the museum's new pavilion. The work coincided with a new publication, ''The House Project'' (2015) with long-time collaborator, writer Didi Bozzini. It moved away from a historical exposition of Ballen's work in favour of a psychological one, evoking possible literary and philosophical references in his work. Ballen has subsequently built installations all over the world, for example in the Istanbul Museum of Art (2016), Galleria Massimo Minini 2016, Brescia, Italy; 2017, Les Rencontres Arles (2017), Zeitz Mocaa, Cape Town (2017), City Passage, No Exit Revisited (2018) Wiesbaden; Museo de Fotografia, 2018, Fortaleza, Brazil.

Ballen's collaboration with ''[[Comme des Garçons]]'' featured at Paris Fashion Week saw his artwork on the brand's Homme Plus A/W 2015 range, where his images were etched onto the back of white coats for their Fall 2015 collection. In ''No Joke'' (2013), Ballen and Rossouw collaborated with Asger Carlson to create photo-sculpted figures, swapped self-portraits, substituted and reassigned body parts, oddly occupied architecture, cut and collaged hand-drawn masks and graffiti, as well as spiders, foxes, angels, demons and dolls in an imaginary dream-like set on which an elusive narrative unfolds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rogerballen.com/no-joke/|title=No Joke|last=Ballen|first=Roger|date=2020|website=www.rogerballen.com|access-date=}}</ref> In ''Unleashed'' (2017), Ballen and Rossouw worked together with artist and sculpture, Hans Lemmen to create images that integrate Lemmen's figurative drawings (that reference natural history, archaeology, paleontology, mythological proto-civilization) with Ballen's theatrical depictions of the subconscious.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rogerballen.com/unleashed/|title=Unleashed|last=Ballen|first=Roger|date=2020|website=Roger Ballen Photography|access-date=}}</ref>

In September 2019, Ballen opened his largest show yet at HalleSaint Pierre in Paris titled ''The World According to Roger Ballen'', in which he exhibited numerous installations, drawings, videos, and photographs

{{ExpandIncomplete list|date=May 2016}}

*[[Museum of Modern Art]], New York: 1 print (as of February 2020)<ref>{{cite web|accessdateaccess-date=2020-02-23|title=Roger Ballen|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/7638?=undefined&page=&direction=|website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref>

* Best music video, ''I Fink U Freeky''. Award for best music video at the, 20th Short Vila do Conde International Film Festival, Portugal, 2012

*[httphttps://www.theage.com.au/news/entertainment/artsart-and-design/what-are-you-looking-at/2009/09/25/1253813608962-20090926-ge844k.html NewspaperWhat articleare you looking at?], newspaper article at ''[[The Age (Australian)]]''

[[Category:UniversityUC Berkeley College of California,Letters Berkeleyand Science alumni]]