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{{Expand Polish|topic=geo|Głogówek|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Głogówek<br>Oberglogau
| other_name = Oberglogau
| image_skyline = Głogówek - Ratusz 01.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| image_caption = Town Hall on Main Square
|image_flag = POL Głogówek flag.svg▼
|image_shield image_flag = POL Głogówek COAflag.svg
▲|image_flag image_shield = [[File:POL Głogówek flagCOA.svg|70px]]
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Opole Voivodeship|Opole]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Prudnik County|Prudnik]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gmina Głogówek|Głogówek]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Andrzej JanPiotr KałamarzBujak
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 11th century
| established_title3 = Town rights
| established_date3 = 1275
| elevation_m = 212
| area_total_km2 = 22.06
| population_as_of = 2019-06-30<ref>{{cite web |title=Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial divisondivision in 2019. As of 30th June|url=https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/population-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-divisondivision-in-2019-as-of-30th-june,3,26.html|website=stat.gov.pl|publisher=Statistics Poland|date=2019-10-15|accessdateaccess-date=2020-02-14}}</ref>
| population_total = 5592
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| coordinates = {{coord|50|20|38|N|17|52|2|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 48-250
| area_code = +48 77
| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]]
| blank_info = OPR
| website = http://www.glogowek.pl
}}
'''Głogówek''' (<small>pronounced</small> {{respell|GWO|goo|vekveck}} {{IPAc-pl|g|ł|o|'|g|u|w|e|k}}, [[German language|German]]: '''''Oberglogau''''', [[Czech language{{langx|cs|Czech]]: ''Horní Hlohov''}}, {{langx|szl|Gogōwek}}) is a small cityhistoric town in southwesternsouthern [[Poland,]]. locatedIt is situated on the [[Osobloga]] River, in [[Opole Voivodeship]] of historicalthe greater [[Silesia]]n region. The city lies approximately {{convert|35|km|0|abbr=off}} from [[Opole]], the capital of the [[voivodeship]], and is about {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on}} from the [[Czech Republic|Czech]] border. The name of the city comes from the [[Polish language|Polish]] word ''głóg'', meaning [[Crataegus|hawthorn]]. The plant was abundant in the area when the city was founded. The town is well known for its preserved medieval core, market square and many architectural monuments.▼
 
Since 2009, the town has been bilingual in Polish and German, a substantial German minority having remained in the area after the bulk of Silesia was ceded to Poland andat the end of [[World War II]].▼
▲'''Głogówek''' (<small>pronounced</small> {{respell|GWO|goo|vek}} {{IPAc-pl|g|ł|o|'|g|u|w|e|k}}, [[German language|German]]: '''Oberglogau''', [[Czech language|Czech]]: ''Horní Hlohov'') is a small city in southwestern Poland, located in [[Opole Voivodeship]] of historical [[Silesia]]. The city lies approximately {{convert|35|km|0|abbr=off}} from [[Opole]], the capital of the [[voivodeship]], and is about {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on}} from the [[Czech Republic|Czech]] border. The name of the city comes from the [[Polish language|Polish]] word ''głóg'', meaning [[Crataegus|hawthorn]]. The plant was abundant in the area when the city was founded.
 
▲Since 2009, the town has been bilingual in Polish and German, a substantial German minority having remained in the area after the bulk of Silesia was ceded to Poland and the end of [[World War II]].
 
==History==
[[File:2012-04 Głogówek 01.jpg|thumb|left|220px|A distant view of the town from the surrounding fields]]
ItPreviously, isit oftenwas saidbelieved that the first historical mention of Głogówek was in the year 1076, buthowever this is now known to be false. The Russian sources which frequently quoted citingcited the city's 11th-century founding were misinterpreted, referringand referred instead to athe [[Lower Silesia]]n town, of [[Głogów]], with a very similar name. This village, first mentioned in 1010, was located some distance from Głogówek and later became a fortified castle by the [[Oder]] and a major city. However, givenGiven the ages of the Russiansome texts, a mistake in identifying the first historical mentions of the two villagessettlements is understandable. At the time, military conflict in the region was common, and the use of the Głogów fortress may very well have inspired the names of smaller villages in the surrounding area, causing the confusion.
 
The first unequivocal historical mention of Głogówek in a Silesian source dates from 1212. This source is a list of villages which were in the [[tithe|tithing]] area of the [[Leubus Cloister]]. The village was referred to as "Glogov" in the [[Latin]] text, which describes, in some detail, the boundaries of the village. This description could only apply to the present-day village, and is considered to be the first unambiguous mention of Głogówek. It was part of the [[Duchy of Opole]] of fragmented [[Piast dynasty|Piast]]-ruled [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Poland]]. [[Town privileges]] were granted to Głogówek by local dukes in 1275. Another error in Silesian record-keeping states that Głogówek, still a fairly small town, had 12 official representatives, a number much too large for a city of that size. [[Wrocław]], athe muchlargest largercity in citythe province nowadays, had only five at the time. The city was later granted German town privileges as well.
 
In 1327, Głogówek fell under [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemian]] suzerainty, however, it remained under the rule of local Polish dukes of the Piast dynasty until 1532. The town's city rights were renewed again in 1373, this time under the [[Magdeburg rights]] provision. In 1379, a [[Church (building)|church]], [[Saint Bartholomew]]'s, was built. Only a few years later, the [[duke]] [[Vladislaus II of Opole]] (+1401), built another large cloister in [[Mochów]], associated with [[Częstochowa]] in the area. From 1420 to 1460 Głogówek was the capital of the [[Duchy of Głogówek and Prudnik]], which in 1460 was reintegrated with the Duchy of Opole.
[[File:2011-10 Głogówek 37 Pomnik Jana Kazimierza.jpg|thumb|left|220px195px|A monument commemorating the stay of King [[John II Casimir of Poland]] in 1655.]]▼
In 1327,1532 Głogówekthe felltown underwas incorporated into the [[KingdomLands of Bohemiathe Bohemian Crown|Bohemian Crown Lands]]. suzerainty,From however,the late 16th century it remainedwas underowned by the ruleOppersdorff offamily.<ref localname=gos>{{cite Polishweb|url=https://opole.gosc.pl/doc/4195123.U-zrodla|title=U dukesźródła|website=Gość ofOpolski|author=Karina theGrytz-Jurkowska|access-date=31 PiastOctober dynasty2020|language=pl}}</ref> untilGeorge 1532.III TheOppersdorff, town'sas citya rightssupporter wereof renewedCatholicism, againbuilt several chapels in 1373,the this17th timecentury underand made the [[Magdeburgtown rights]]a provisionregional pilgrimage destination.<ref>Kamil InAdamus, 1379''Mecenat rodu von Oppersdorffów w XVII w.'', a"Liturgia [[ChurchSacra" 21/1(building45)|church]], [[Saint2015, Bartholomew]]'sp. 215, was217 built.(in OnlyPolish)</ref> aDue fewto yearshis laterCatholicism, during the [[dukeThirty Years' War]], [[Vladislaushe IIhad ofto Opole]]take (+1401)refuge in nearby Poland, builtwhere, anotherthanks largeto cloisterthe inhelp of Polish king [[MochówWładysław IV Vasa]], associatedhe withstayed at the [[CzęstochowaWawel Castle|Wawel]] inand the[[Niepołomice areaCastle|Niepołomice]] royal castles.<ref Inname=gos/> 1532During the war, in 1632, the town was incorporatedinvaded intoand thepartly destroyed by [[LandsElectorate of the Bohemian CrownSaxony|Bohemian Crown LandsSaxon]] troops,<ref>Adamus, p. In214</ref> and in 1643, the villageit was largely destroyed by the [[Swedish Empire|SwedishSwedes]] invaders and inabout 500 of its inhabitants died of an epidemic.<ref>Adamus, p. 220</ref> In 1645 itGłogówek returned to Poland under the [[House of Vasa]]. During the [[Deluge (history)|Swedish invasion of Poland]], [[List of Polish monarchs|Polish King]] [[John II Casimir Vasa]] stayed in the castle in Głogówek from October 17, 1655, until December 18 of the same year. Hetman [[Stefan Czarniecki]], poet [[Jan Andrzej Morsztyn]], future king [[Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/michal-krol-polski-michal-tomasz-korybut-wisniowiecki|title=Michał (Michał Tomasz Korybut Wiśniowiecki)|website=Internetowy Polski Słownik Biograficzny|accessdateaccess-date=19 March 2020|language=Polishpl|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519191633/https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/michal-krol-polski-michal-tomasz-korybut-wisniowiecki|url-status=dead}}</ref> and parliamentarian [[Jakub Sobieski]], father of the future king [[John III Sobieski]], also visited the town at that time.<ref name=muz>{{cite web|url=http://glogowek.pl/84/muzeum-regionalne.html|title=Muzeum Regionalne|website=Gmina Głogówek|author=Barbara Grzegorczyk|accessdateaccess-date=19 March 2020|language=Polishpl}}</ref> John II Casimir Vasa visited the town again, after his [[abdication]], in 1669.▼
 
▲[[File:2011-10 Głogówek 37 Pomnik Jana Kazimierza.jpg|thumb|left|220px|A monument commemorating the stay of King [[John II Casimir of Poland]] in 1655.]]
▲In 1327, Głogówek fell under [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemian]] suzerainty, however, it remained under the rule of local Polish dukes of the Piast dynasty until 1532. The town's city rights were renewed again in 1373, this time under the [[Magdeburg rights]] provision. In 1379, a [[Church (building)|church]], [[Saint Bartholomew]]'s, was built. Only a few years later, the [[duke]] [[Vladislaus II of Opole]] (+1401), built another large cloister in [[Mochów]], associated with [[Częstochowa]] in the area. In 1532 the town was incorporated into the [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Bohemian Crown Lands]]. In 1643, the village was largely destroyed by [[Swedish Empire|Swedish]] invaders and in 1645 it returned to Poland under the [[House of Vasa]]. During the [[Deluge (history)|Swedish invasion of Poland]], [[List of Polish monarchs|Polish King]] [[John II Casimir Vasa]] stayed in the castle in Głogówek from October 17, 1655 until December 18 of the same year. Hetman [[Stefan Czarniecki]], poet [[Jan Andrzej Morsztyn]], future king [[Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/michal-krol-polski-michal-tomasz-korybut-wisniowiecki|title=Michał (Michał Tomasz Korybut Wiśniowiecki)|website=Internetowy Polski Słownik Biograficzny|accessdate=19 March 2020|language=Polish}}</ref> and parliamentarian [[Jakub Sobieski]], father of the future king [[John III Sobieski]], also visited the town at that time.<ref name=muz>{{cite web|url=http://glogowek.pl/84/muzeum-regionalne.html|title=Muzeum Regionalne|website=Gmina Głogówek|author=Barbara Grzegorczyk|accessdate=19 March 2020|language=Polish}}</ref> John II Casimir Vasa visited the town again, after his [[abdication]], in 1669.
[[File:SM Głogówek Zamek - brama folwarczna (9) ID 628276.jpg|thumb|[[Relief]]s on the facade of the [[Mannerism|Mannerist]]-[[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] castle]]
After the [[First Silesian War]] in the mid-18th century Głogówek, under the Germanized name ''Oberglogau'', came under [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] control. The town was, for the most part, destroyed in a large fire in 1765. In addition, [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] came to stay in the castle, using it to finish his fourth symphony. From 1871 to 1945 the town was part of Germany. It was connected to the [[railroad]] network in 1876 when its population, which was almost completely [[bilingual]], stood at 6,000, and by 1880 the population had decreased to 5,000. The population stood at 7,500 at the outbreak of [[World War II]], which destroyed 40% of the city. In the [[interwar period]], a local branch of the [[Union of Poles in Germany]] was located in the town, and in 1931 the Polish Bank Ludowy ("People's Bank") was founded. Polish activist were persecuted since 1937, and, after the German [[invasion of Poland]], which started [[World War II]], the assets of the Polish bank were confiscated.<ref>Mirosław Cygański, ''Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939 - 1945'', "Przegląd Zachodni", nr 4, 1984, p. 24, 33 (in Polish)</ref>▼
 
▲After the [[First Silesian War]] in the mid-18th century, Głogówek, under the Germanized name ''Oberglogau'', came under [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] control. The town was, for the most part, destroyed in a large fire in 1765. In addition, [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] came to stay in the castle, using it to finish his fourth symphony. From 1871 to 1945 the town was part of Germanythe [[German Empire]]. It was connected to the [[railroad]] network in 1876 when its population, which was almost completely [[bilingual]], stood at 6,000, and by 1880 the population had decreased to 5,000. The population stood at 7,500 at the outbreak of [[World War II]], which destroyed 40% of the city. In the [[interwar period]], a local branch of the [[Union of Poles in Germany]] was located in the town, and in 1931 the Polish Bank Ludowy ("People's Bank") was founded. Polish activist were persecuted since 1937, and, after the German [[invasion of Poland]], which started [[World War II]], the assets of the Polish bank were confiscated.<ref>Mirosław Cygański, ''Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939 - 1945'', "Przegląd Zachodni", nr 4, 1984, p. 24, 33 (in Polish)</ref>
During the Second World War the town, then known as Oberglogau, was the base for a working party (E600) of British and Commonwealth prisoners of war, under the administration of the [[Stalag VIII-B|Stalag VIII-B/344]] [[prisoner-of-war camp]] at Lamsdorf (currently [[Łambinowice]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html|title=Working Parties|website=Lamsdorf: Stalag VIIIB 344 Prisoner of War Camp 1940 - 1945|accessdate=1 March 2020}}</ref> The prisoners were working in a sugar beet factory (''Hotzenplotzer Zucher Fabrik''). In January 1945, as the Soviet armies resumed their offensive and advanced from the east, the prisoners were marched westward in the so-called Long March or Death March. Many of them died from the bitter cold and exhaustion. The lucky ones got far enough to the west to be liberated by the allied armies after some four months of travelling on foot in appalling conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lamsdorf.com/history.html|title=History|website=Lamsdorf: Stalag VIIIB 344 Prisoner of War Camp 1940–1945|accessdate=1 March 2020}}</ref>▼
 
After [[World War I]], Oberglogau became part of the [[Weimar Republic]]. In the [[Upper Silesia plebiscite]] mandated by the [[Versailles Treaty]] 4,995 inhabitants (95.9%) voted for remaining part of Germany.<ref name="oberschlesien-ka">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oberschlesien-ka.de/abstimmung/neustadt.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108100443/http://www.oberschlesien-ka.de/abstimmung/neustadt.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-11-08 |title=Abstimmung |website=oberschlesien-ka.de |language=de |access-date=2020-06-14}}</ref> 215 inhabitants (4.1%) voted for Poland.<ref name="oberschlesien-ka"/> The town's ordynat John George Oppersdorff, who advocated the reintegration of the town with Poland, in 1930 as punishment for his pro-Polish stance was forced to renounce his [[fee tail]] and hand it over to his son who in turn left the town in 1945 before the approaching Soviets.<ref name=gos/> In the [[interwar period]], a local branch of the [[Union of Poles in Germany]] was located in the town, and in 1931 the Polish Bank Ludowy ("People's Bank") was founded. Polish activist were persecuted since 1937, and, after the German [[invasion of Poland]], which started [[World War II]], the assets of the Polish bank were confiscated.<ref>Mirosław Cygański, ''Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939 - 1945'', "Przegląd Zachodni", nr 4, 1984, p. 24, 33 (in Polish)</ref> In 1938, the German mayor removed the [[Baroque sculpture|Baroque]] Marian column from the Market Square.<ref name=ka225>Adamus, p. 225</ref> In 1936, the town had 7,742 inhabitants.
In 1975 the Regional Museum of Głogówek was founded in the castle complex.<ref name=muz/>
 
{{multiple image |align=right |perrow=2 |total_width=350 |header=Sights of Głogówek (examples)▼
▲During the Second World War, the town, then known as Oberglogau, was the base for a working party (E600) of British and Commonwealth prisoners of war, under the administration of the [[Stalag VIII-B|Stalag VIII-B/344]] [[prisoner-of-war camp]] at Lamsdorf (currently [[Łambinowice]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html|title=Working Parties|website=Lamsdorf: Stalag VIIIB 344 Prisoner of War Camp 1940 - 1945|accessdateaccess-date=1 March 2020}}</ref> The prisoners were working in a sugar beet factory (''Hotzenplotzer Zucher FabrikZuckerfabrik''). In 1942 the Germans took the historic church bell from the Franciscan church to Germany for armaments.<ref name=ka222>Adamus, p. 222</ref> In January 1945, as the Soviet armies resumed their offensive and advanced from the east, the prisoners were marched westward in the so-called Long March or Death March. Many of them died from theexposure bitter cold andor exhaustion. TheSome lucky onesprisoners got far enough to the west to be liberated by the allied armies after some four months of travelling on foot in appalling conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lamsdorf.com/history.html|title=History|website=Lamsdorf: Stalag VIIIB 344 Prisoner of War Camp 1940–1945|accessdateaccess-date=1 March 2020}}</ref> 40% of the town were destroyed during the war.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
| image1=Castle in Głogówek, 2019.08.09 (01).jpg▼
 
| image2=2011-10 Głogówek 36.jpg▼
After the war, the town was placed under [[Provisional Government of National Unity|Polish administration]] in accordance with the [[Potsdam Agreement]] (pending a final peace conference which eventually never took place) and renamed to Głogówek. Contrary to most other towns in [[Silesia]], not the entire German population [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)|was expelled]]. For this reason, a [[German minority in Poland|German minority]] has remained in the town. Since 2009, the town has been officially bilingual in Polish and German.
| image3=Glogowek ratusz 4.jpg▼
 
| image4=2011-10 Głogówek 15.jpg
Fortunately, the old church bell survived the war, and was found in 1949 in [[Hamburg]], then was placed in a church in [[Fulda]], [[West Germany]] before returning to Głogówek in 1994,<ref name=ka222/> whereas the Marian column returned to Głogówek in 1960.<ref name=ka225/> In 1975 the Regional Museum of Głogówek was founded in the castle complex.<ref name=muz/>
| image5=SM Głogówek Kościół Świętego Krzyża (3) ID 628267.jpg▼
▲{{multiple image |align=right |caption_align=center |perrow=2 |total_width=350 |header=Sights of Głogówek (examples)
| image6=Głogówek zespół kl. Franciszkanów 03.JPG▼
| image7image1 =Zamkowa StreetCastle in Głogówek, 2019.08.09 (01).jpg
| image8image2 =Adama Mickiewicza Street in2011-10 Głogówek, 2019.08.09 (04)36.jpg
▲| image3 = Glogowek ratusz 4.jpg
| caption1=<center>Castle</center>▼
▲| image2image4 = 2011-10 Głogówek 3615.jpg
| caption2=<center>Castle gate</center>▼
▲| image5 = SM Głogówek Kościół Świętego Krzyża (3) ID 628267.jpg
| caption3=<center>Statue of [[Saint Florian]], [[Patron saint|patron]] of Poland, at the [[Głogówek Town Hall|Town Hall]]</center>▼
▲| image6 = Głogówek zespół kl. Franciszkanów 03.JPG
| caption4=<center>Park</center>▼
▲| image1image7 =Castle Zamkowa Street in Głogówek, 2019.08.09 (01).jpg
| caption5=<center>Holy Cross Church and cemetery</center>▼
| image8 = Adama Mickiewicza Street in Głogówek, 2019.08.09 (04).jpg
| caption6=<center>Franciscan monastery</center>▼
▲| caption1 =<center> Castle</center>
| caption7=<center>Zamkowa Street</center>▼
▲| caption2 =<center> Castle gate</center>
| caption8=<center>[[Adam Mickiewicz|Adama Mickiewicza]] Street</center>▼
▲| caption3 =<center> Statue of [[Saint Florian]], [[Patron saint|patron]] of Poland, at the [[Głogówek Town Hall|Town Hall]]</center>
▲| caption4 =<center> Park</center>
▲| caption5 =<center> Holy Cross Church and cemetery</center>
▲| caption6 =<center> Franciscan monastery</center>
▲| caption7 =<center> Zamkowa Street</center>
▲| caption8 =<center> [[Adam Mickiewicz|Adama Mickiewicza]] Street</center>
}}
 
==Sports==
The local [[Association football|football]] team is Fortuna Głogówek.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ksfortunaglogowek.futbolowo.pl|title=Fortuna Głogówek - strona klubu|access-date=31 October 2020|language=pl}}</ref> It competes in the lower leagues.
 
==Notable people==
Line 87 ⟶ 98:
* [[Giovanni Stanetti|Johann (Giovanni) Stanetti]] (1663–1726), Austrian sculptor
* [[Johann Sedlatzek]] (1789–1866), Austrian flutist
* [[Wilhelm Fraenkel]] (1844–1916), Austrian Jewish architect and master public survantservant for urban development ({{lang-langx|de|Stadtbaumeister}}) of Vienna<ref>[[:de:Wilhelm Fraenkel]]</ref>
* [[Karl Zuschneid]] (1856–1926), German musicologist and director of the Mannheim Academy of Music
* [[Gerhard Strecke]] (1880–1968), German composer and actor
Line 112 ⟶ 123:
*{{in lang|pl}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20071008210333/http://glogowek-online.pl/ Głogówek Online] Information Portal of Głogówek Community
* [http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/city/glogowek/ Jewish Community in Głogówek] on Virtual Shtetl
{{Coord|50|22|N|17|52|E|region:PL_type:city|display=title}}
 
{{Gmina Głogówek}}
Line 118 ⟶ 128:
{{Authority control}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Glogowek}}
[[Category:Prudnik County]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Opole Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Cities in Silesia]]
[[Category:ShtetlsHistoric Jewish communities in Poland]]
[[Category:Populated riverside places in Poland]]
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