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BobKilcoyne (talk | contribs) History: moved the 1897 event into the correct historical place |
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{{Short description|German historical military practice and parade ground}}
{{Expand German|Tempelhofer Feld|date=August 2018}} {{Infobox park
'''Tempelhofer Feld''' ([[English language|English]]: '''Templehof Field''') historically was an area in Berlin used for military practice, and as a [[parade ground]] of the Berlin garrison. It belonged to the Tempelhofer uplands on the [[Teltow plateau]], in the south of Berlin. Tempelhofer Feld is closely linked to German military and aviation history, as well as German soccer history. Today it is a developed area, with the exception of the Tempelhofer Feld park on the site of the former [[Tempelhof Airport]].▼
| name = Tempelhofer Feld
| image = Tempelhofer Feld May 2021.jpg
| image_alt = Runway being used as a park, viewed through trees
| image_caption = Tempelhofer Feld in May 2021
| map =
| coordinates = {{coord|52.476|13.395|type:landmark_region:DE_dim:3000|display=inline,title}}▼
| type = [[Urban park]]
| location = [[Berlin]], [[Germany]]
| area = {{Convert|355|hectare|km2|lk=|sp=}}
| website = [https://gruen-berlin.de/en/projects/parks/tempelhofer-feld/about-the-park gruen-berlin.de]
| qid = Q2402748
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Tempelhofer Feld in Berlin
}}
▲'''Tempelhofer Feld''' ([[English language|English]]: '''
== History ==
{{multiple image
[[File:Berlin_Tempelhofer_Feld_1907.jpg|thumb|Excerpt from the supplement to the address book for Berlin and its suburbs, 1907; also highlighted is the ''Paradepappel'']]▼
| direction = vertical
[[File:Historische_Pappel.jpg|thumb|The historic poplar on the Tempelhofer Felde. It stood since the time of the [[Soldier King]] and King [[Frederick the Great]]. Here, the [[3rd Foot Guards (German Empire)|3rd Regiment of Foot Guards]] pass by.]]▼
| align = right
| width = 220
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-02375,_Berlin,_Tempelhofer_Feld.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Tempelhofer Feld, May 1, 1933]]▼
| image1 = Berlin_Tempelhofer_Feld_1907.jpg
| alt caption1 = Map of the area from 1907
▲
| image2 = Historische_Pappel.jpg
| alt caption2 = Historic poplar tree with foot soldiers marching
▲
▲
| alt caption3 = Aerial view of the field in 1933
| caption3 = Aerial view of Tempelhofer Feld, May 1, 1933
| image4 = Berlin_Tempelhofer_Feld_UAV_05-2017.jpg
| alt caption4 = Aerial view of the field in 2017
| caption4 = Aerial view of Tempelhof Field, 2017
| image5 = Tempelhofer_Flugfeld_Mai_2010.jpg
| alt caption5 = Many people walking in field during the park opening
| caption5 = Opening of the Tempelhofer Park in May 2010
| image6 = Tempelhofer Feld.webm
| caption6 = Aerial view of Tempelhofer Feld to the east
}}
===Use
The field located between the towns of [[Schöneberg]] and [[Tempelhof]], then also known as ''Großes Feld (Great Field)'', was used by Schöneberg farmers as [[Field (agriculture)|farmland]] until the 18th century. Under [[Frederick William I of Prussia|Frederick William I]], it was also used as a [[military parade]] and [[Military exercise|drill]] ground from 1722 onwards, as well as a maneuvering area for the [[Prussian army]]. On August 2, 1881, the Hawaiian king [[Kalākaua]] was a guest at a parade on the field.<ref>''Heute Vormittag werden dem Gaste auf dem Tempelhofer Felde verschiedene Regimenter vorgeführt werden.'' [[Berliner Gerichts-Zeitung]] August 2, 1881, [http://zefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/index.php?id=dfg-viewer&set%5Bimage%5D=3&set%5Bzoom%5D=default&set%5Bdebug%5D=0&set%5Bdouble%5D=0&set%5Bmets%5D=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fcontent.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de%2Fzefys%2FSNP24332471-18810802-0-0-0-0.xml p. 3]; ''The King reviewed a large body of infantry the next day [...]'', William N. Armstrong: ''Around the world with a king. The Story of the Circumnavigation of His Majesty King David Kalakaua''. London, New York 2000. {{ISBN|0-7103-0291-6}}, [[iarchive:aroundworldwith00arms/page/254/mode/1up|p. 254]]</ref>
Shortly after the closure of the airport, the space was opened as the so-called ''Tempelhofer Park'', a recreational area in Berlin districts [[Neukölln]] and [[Tempelhof]]. It is located on the plain traditionally called Tempelhofer Feld, on the Teltow plateau. It covers 355 hectares of the site of the former Tempelhof Airport, including its buildings and surrounding land, making it the largest inner city open space in the world,<ref>[http://www.zeit.de/lebensart/2012-09/lust-auf-stadt-tempelhofer-feld Entfaltung auf dem Rollfeld] zeit.de vom 10. </ref> and Berlin's largest city park.▼
On 3 November 1897, the world's first rigid airship, an all-metal craft designed by Hungarian inventor [[David Schwarz (aviation inventor)|David Schwarz]], equipped with a 12-hp/9-kW Daimler engine, and shaped like a short, fat pencil, set off on its maiden flight from Tempelhofer Feld. It was destroyed on landing; pilot Ernst Jagels escaped with minor injuries.
The field's function as a parade ground was maintained until spring 1914.
===Berlin-Tempelhof Airport===
{{Main articles|Berlin Tempelhof Airport}}
In 1922, work began to turn the area into Tempelhof Airport. The initial construction was completed by 1928, with further expansion planned by [[Ernst Sagebiel|Ernst Sagabiel]] in 1934. The new airport building was then built from 1936 to 1941.
Starting in 1940, the airport building was used exclusively by the arms industry. For example, for the assembly and maintenance of the dive combat aircraft [[Junkers Ju 87|Ju 87]]. To conduct this work, [[Deutsche Luft Hansa#Use of Forced Labor|thousands of forced laborers]] were brought from all over Europe, with their camps and accommodations located on the field itself.
After the end of [[World War II]], flight operations resumed. The airport gained particular importance during the [[Berlin Blockade|Berlin blockade]] from 1948 to 1949, with supply aircraft sometimes landing as often as every 90 seconds.
In 1970, after the construction of [[Berlin Tegel Airport|Tegel Airport]], the airport was temporarily closed to civilian air traffic, reopening in 1985. All flight operations were later discontinued completely in 2008, due to the construction of the [[Berlin Brandenburg Airport|Berlin Brandenburg International Airport]] (BER), although this airport did not open until 2020.
===Dispute about the continued use of the area===
Two German political parties, the [[CDU/CSU|CDU]] and [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]], initiated a referendum against the shutdown of flight operations. The referendum ultimately failed after not getting enough support from local citizens.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Küpper|first=Mechthild|title=Flughafen Tempelhof: Das war's. War's das?|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/flughafen-tempelhof-das-war-s-war-s-das-1548795.html|access-date=2020-04-12|newspaper=Faz.net|language=de}}</ref>
Later, several thousand activists came together in an alliance called ''Squat Tempelhof'' in order to occupy the site and protest against the plans for re-use. This planned mass occupation of the closed field was to make the point that the area (unused and fenced off at the time), should be accessible to citizens. The [[Senate of Berlin|Berlin Senate]] had promised that after the closure of the airport, the space would be opened to the general population but by June 2009 this had not yet happened. Many residents, as well as tenant alliances and the [[Alliance 90/The Greens|Green party]] came together to organize.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 19, 2009|title="Squat Tempelhof" erwartet 10.000 Besetzer|url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/Tempelhof-Besetzung;art270,2827529|website=Der Tagesspiegel|language=de}}</ref> However, the occupation was prevented by the police. Around 1,500 officers were on duty and 102 demonstrators were arrested.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-07-24|title=Flughafen-Besetzung scheitert|url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/panorama/320/472840/text/|access-date=2021-05-19|website=Sueddeutsche.de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724161040/http://www.sueddeutsche.de/panorama/320/472840/text/|archive-date=2009-07-24|language=de}}</ref>
== Tempelhofer Feld park ==
=== 2010 Opening ===
The field re-opened on May 8, 2010 as ''Tempelhofer Park'', a recreational area in Berlin districts [[Neukölln]] and [[Tempelhof]]. During the first open weekend, the park was visited by around 235,000 visitors. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bilanz der Öffnung des Tempelhofer Parks: Senatorin ist sehr zufrieden|url=http://orion.senstadt.verwalt-berlin.de/aktuell/pressebox/archiv_volltext.shtml?arch_1005/nachricht3869.html|access-date=2021-05-19|website=orion.senstadt.verwalt-berlin.de|language=de}}</ref>
=== Park description ===
▲
[[File:Tempelhofer Park 1.jpg|thumb|Tempelhofer Feld park]]
The park is accessible from sunrise to sunset and can be accessed via ten entrances. Six of them are located at the eastern end of the former runways along Oderstraße, two at [[Tempelhof station]] and the [[Paradestraße (Berlin U-Bahn)|Paradestraße U-Bahn]] at Tempelhofer Damm, and two at Columbiadamm, on the level of the 1866 Islamic cemetery with the Şehitlik Mosque, and Golßener Straße.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2018-08-20|title=Park Tempelhofer Feld|url=https://www.berlin.de/en/parks-and-gardens/3561883-4407152-park-tempelhofer-feld.en.html|date=10 August 2018|website=berlin.de}}</ref>
=== Unsuccessful development attempts ===
Throughout the time that Tempelhofer Feld has functioned as a public park, there have been many attempts to develop and privatize it. Each time there has been significant citizen pushback.
The Berlin Senate is officially responsible for the park planning, though private initiatives have also tried to realize their plans for the field. This has led to additional planning conflicts as there is no independent mediation institution between these two interest groups. Many plans were made, including hosting the International Garden Exhibition (IGA), a state library, and housing. These plans were stopped completely by a successful citizen's [[referendum]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IGA Berlin 2017 / Land Berlin|url=https://www.berlin.de/senuvk/umwelt/stadtgruen/geschichte/de/gartenschauen/iga_berlin_2017.shtml|access-date=2021-05-20|website=www.berlin.de}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Mehr Demokratie e.V.: Berliner Volksbegehren "100 Prozent Tempelhofer Feld" auf Erfolgskurs|url=https://www.mehr-demokratie.de/news/2014/berliner-volksbegehren-100-prozent-tempelhofer-feld-auf-erfolgskurs/|access-date=2021-05-20|website=www.mehr-demokratie.de}}</ref>
The activism necessary to save the park was ongoing for several years, starting with the founding of the citizen's action group called ''100% Tempelhofer Feld'' in September 2011. Their aim was to stop Senate plans and prevent all future building on the site. They organized the referendum to completely preserve the public space, so that it could not be used for state, residential or commercial purposes.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Litschko|first=Konrad|date=2011-10-19|title=taz-Serie Schillerkiez: Bürgerprotest: Volksbegehren gegen Tempelhof-Bebauung|language=de|work=Die Tageszeitung: taz|url=https://taz.de/!5109494/|access-date=2021-05-20|issn=0931-9085}}</ref> They announced a petition in autumn 2012 and began the collection of signatures that December. On May 25, 2014 the referendum passed with 64.3 percent of votes in favor.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 5, 2014|title=Press release: Referendum on May 25, 2014|url=https://www.wahlen-berlin.de/abstimmungen/VE2014_TFeld/presse/20140605VE.pdf|access-date=May 20, 2021|publisher=Die Landesabstimmungsleiterin (the state ballot director), Office of Statistics Berlin-Brandenburg}}</ref>
== References ==
{{
{{Authority control}}
▲{{coord|52.476|13.395|type:landmark_region:DE_dim:3000|display=title}}
[[Category:Urban public parks]]
[[Category:Squares in Berlin]]
[[Category:Tempelhof-Schöneberg]]
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