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{{short description|Slavic title meaning "Lord"}}
{{Italic title}}
'''''Gospodar''''' or '''''hospodar''''', also '''''gospodin''''' for short version, is a term of [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] origin, meaning "[[lord]]"<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Hospodar|volume=13|page=801}}</ref> or "[[Master (form of address)|master]]". The compound ({{
== Etymology ==
The etymology of the word can be traced back to the connotation of the Indo-European patron-client and guest-host relationship.
=== Patron-client ===
Rich patrons sponsored feasts as a way for them to promote and secure a political hierarchy built on the unequal mobilization of labor and resources, by displaying their generosity towards the rest of the community. Rivals competed publicly through the size and complexity of their feasts, and alliances were confirmed by gift-giving and promises made during those public gatherings. The host of the feast was called the *''ghosti-potis'', the 'lord of the guests', who honored the immortal gods and his mortal guests with gifts of food, drink, and poetry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anthony |first=David W. |last2=Ringe |first2=Don |date=2015-01-01 |title=The Indo-European Homeland from Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124812 |journal=Annual Review of Linguistics |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=199–219 |doi=10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124812 |issn=2333-9683}}</ref>
=== Guest-host ===
In [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]], the term *''ghós-ti''-, whose original meaning must have been "table companion", could either mean a ''host'' or a ''guest.'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Anthony |first=David W. |title=The Horse, the wheel and language: how bronze-age riders from the eurasian steppes shaped the modern world |date=2007 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-05887-0 |location=Princeton (N. J.)}}</ref> The connotation of an obligatory reciprocity between both guests and hosts has persisted in descendant [[Cognate|cognates]], such as Latin ''hospēs'' ("foreigner, guest; host"), Old English ''ġiest'' ("stranger, guest"), or [[Old Church Slavonic]] ''gostĭ'' ("guest") and ''gospodĭ'' ("master").<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mallory |first=J. P. |title=The Oxford introduction to Proto Indo European and the Proto Indo European world |last2=Adams |first2=Douglas Q. |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-929668-2 |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook of comparative and historical Indo-European linguistics |date=2017 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=978-3-11-018614-7 |editor-last=Klein |editor-first=Jared S. |series=Handbücher zur sprach- und kommunikationswissenschaft = Handbooks of linguistics and communication science |location=Berlin ; Boston |editor-last2=Joseph |editor-first2=Brian D. |editor-last3=Fritz |editor-first3=Matthias}}</ref>
The ''*potis'' compound is rare as a Slavic lexeme. It might have arisen as an additional calque of the Greek '<nowiki/>''despótēs' (-πότης),'' yet the presence of ''*potis'' in Iranic languages e.g Avestani ''dəng'' ''paitiš'' “master of the house”, might indicate an older and universal usage of the compound.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benveniste |first=Émile |date=1973 |title=Introduction - The Center for Hellenic Studies |url=https://chs.harvard.edu/chapter/introduction-14/}}</ref> The word ''*batь'' (attested in Bulgarian and Ukrainian and meaning bigger brother and later additionally transforming into '''bashta''<nowiki/>' or father in Bulgarian) is shared among Uralic, Turkic and Iranic languages, with the p- > b- transformation likely indicating a transition through a Turkic language of an originally Indo-European word. Another view is that it is a baby-talk modification of ''*bratrъ'' (“brother”), since it morphologically resembles kin terms ending in ''*-tь'', including ''*zętь'' (“son-in-law”), ''*tьstь'' (“father-in-law”), ''*netь(jь)'' (“nephew”).<ref>{{Citation |title=Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/batь |date=2024-03-02 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/bat%D1%8C&oldid=78295478 |access-date=2024-07-08 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]] word ''[[wiktionary:пандур#Bulgarian|*pǫdurъ]] (“watchman, guard”)''<ref>{{Citation |title=пандур |date=2023-09-10 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80&oldid=76078923 |access-date=2024-07-08 |language=en}}</ref> is also notable in its relation to the word and is a later loanword in Hungarian.
==''Gospodar'' v. ''hospodar''==
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==Slavic usage==
[[File:Dominik Špatinka (Hospodář moravský, 1883).png|thumb|Dominik Špatinka, hospodar of Moravia]]
In the Slavic language family, compound "''gospodar''" / "''hospodar''" is usually applied to the master/owner of a house/household or other property and also the head of a family or clan. In some languages the ''hospodar''s house or household is called "''hospóda''", however, in other, such as in South Slavic, "(''g)ospoda''" translates as "''[[gentry]]''" as just a plural derived from "''gospodin''" and/or "''gospodar''". There is also an alternative form for the head of the household, "''gazda''", "''gazdarica''" as a feminine, and "''gazdinstvo''" as a household and/or property. "Gazda" form is also common in [[Hungary]].
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== Non-Slavic usage ==
[[File:Mavrojeni Hospodar in der Walacheij, in Kriegskleidung.jpg|thumb|Nicholas Mavrogheni, hospodar of Wallachia]]
The rulers of [[Wallachia]] and [[Moldavia]] were styled ''hospodars''<ref name=EB1911/> in Slavic writings from the 14th century to 1866; the English equivalent of this title is Lord (with the meaning of autonomous ruler). ''Hospodar'' was used in addition to the title ''[[Voivode|voivod]]''
The term made its way into the [[Romanian language|Romanian]] language after many centuries, but under a different meaning ''gospodar'' (female: ''gospodină'') means a good manager of a household or a property (''gospodărie'').
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==See also==
*[[:Category:Slavic titles|Slavic titles]]
*[[Slavic honorifics]]
*[[Voivode|Voivod]]
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