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{{short description|
{{Italic title}}
'''''Gospodar''''' or '''''hospodar''''', also '''''gospodin''''' for short version, is a term of [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] origin, meaning "[[lord]]"<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Hospodar|volume=13|page=801}}</ref> or "[[Master (form of address)|master]]". The compound ({{
== Etymology
The etymology of the word can be traced back to the connotation of the Indo-European patron-client and guest-host relationship.
=== Patron-client ===
The pronunciation ''hospodar'' of a word written as ''господар'' in many Slavonic languages, which retains the [[Cyrillic script]], could be due to the influence of either [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], where the first letter is pronounced as [[Voiced glottal fricative|[ɦ]]], or that of the [[Church Slavonic language|Church Slavonic]], where it is pronounced as [[Voiced velar fricative|[ɣ]]].{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}▼
Rich patrons sponsored feasts as a way for them to promote and secure a political hierarchy built on the unequal mobilization of labor and resources, by displaying their generosity towards the rest of the community. Rivals competed publicly through the size and complexity of their feasts, and alliances were confirmed by gift-giving and promises made during those public gatherings. The host of the feast was called the *''ghosti-potis'', the 'lord of the guests', who honored the immortal gods and his mortal guests with gifts of food, drink, and poetry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anthony |first=David W. |last2=Ringe |first2=Don |date=2015-01-01 |title=The Indo-European Homeland from Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124812 |journal=Annual Review of Linguistics |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=199–219 |doi=10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124812 |issn=2333-9683}}</ref>
=== Guest-host ===
The title was used briefly towards the end of the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]]. In 1394-95, [[Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria]] referred to himself not as a [[Tsar]] (as traditionally), but as a ''gospodin'' of [[Tarnovo]], and in foreign sources was styled [[herzog]] or merely called an "infidel [[bey]]". This was possibly to indicate vassalage to [[Bayezid I]] or the yielding of the imperial title to [[Ivan Sratsimir of Bulgaria|Ivan Sratsimir]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Цар Константин II Асен (1397-1422) - последният владетел на средновековна България |last=Павлов |first=Пламен |access-date=2007-02-10 |url=http://liternet.bg/publish13/p_pavlov/konstantin_II_asen.htm |publisher=LiterNet |date=2006-07-18 |language=bg }}</ref>▼
In [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]], the term *''ghós-ti''-, whose original meaning must have been "table companion", could either mean a ''host'' or a ''guest.'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Anthony |first=David W. |title=The Horse, the wheel and language: how bronze-age riders from the eurasian steppes shaped the modern world |date=2007 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-05887-0 |location=Princeton (N. J.)}}</ref> The connotation of an obligatory reciprocity between both guests and hosts has persisted in descendant [[Cognate|cognates]], such as Latin ''hospēs'' ("foreigner, guest; host"), Old English ''ġiest'' ("stranger, guest"), or [[Old Church Slavonic]] ''gostĭ'' ("guest") and ''gospodĭ'' ("master").<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mallory |first=J. P. |title=The Oxford introduction to Proto Indo European and the Proto Indo European world |last2=Adams |first2=Douglas Q. |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-929668-2 |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook of comparative and historical Indo-European linguistics |date=2017 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=978-3-11-018614-7 |editor-last=Klein |editor-first=Jared S. |series=Handbücher zur sprach- und kommunikationswissenschaft = Handbooks of linguistics and communication science |location=Berlin ; Boston |editor-last2=Joseph |editor-first2=Brian D. |editor-last3=Fritz |editor-first3=Matthias}}</ref>
The ''*potis'' compound is rare as a Slavic lexeme. It might have arisen as an additional calque of the Greek '<nowiki/>''despótēs' (-πότης),'' yet the presence of ''*potis'' in Iranic languages e.g Avestani ''dəng'' ''paitiš'' “master of the house”, might indicate an older and universal usage of the compound.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benveniste |first=Émile |date=1973 |title=Introduction - The Center for Hellenic Studies |url=https://chs.harvard.edu/chapter/introduction-14/}}</ref> The word ''*batь'' (attested in Bulgarian and Ukrainian and meaning bigger brother and later additionally transforming into '''bashta''<nowiki/>' or father in Bulgarian) is shared among Uralic, Turkic and Iranic languages, with the p- > b- transformation likely indicating a transition through a Turkic language of an originally Indo-European word. Another view is that it is a baby-talk modification of ''*bratrъ'' (“brother”), since it morphologically resembles kin terms ending in ''*-tь'', including ''*zętь'' (“son-in-law”), ''*tьstь'' (“father-in-law”), ''*netь(jь)'' (“nephew”).<ref>{{Citation |title=Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/batь |date=2024-03-02 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/bat%D1%8C&oldid=78295478 |access-date=2024-07-08 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]] word ''[[wiktionary:пандур#Bulgarian|*pǫdurъ]] (“watchman, guard”)''<ref>{{Citation |title=пандур |date=2023-09-10 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80&oldid=76078923 |access-date=2024-07-08 |language=en}}</ref> is also notable in its relation to the word and is a later loanword in Hungarian.
The [[Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] population of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] used the term to style [[List of rulers of Lithuania|Grand Duke of Lithuania]]; in that sense it is also used in official documents (e.g. [[Statutes of Lithuania]]), given that [[Chancery Slavonic]] was an official language in the eastern parts of the Grand Duchy.▼
==''Gospodar'' v. ''hospodar''==
▲''Gospodar'' ({{lang-be|гаспадар}}, {{lang-bg|господар}}, {{lang-mk|господар}}, {{lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl|gospodar|господар}}, {{lang-ua|господар}}) is a derivative of ''gospod''<ref name=EB1911/> / ''gospodin'', {{trans|lord / gentleman}} (spelled with a capital G, ''Gospod'' / ''Gospodin'', it translates as Lord for [[God]]).
▲The pronunciation "''hospodar''" of a word written as "''господар''" in
==Slavic usage==
[[File:Dominik Špatinka (Hospodář moravský, 1883).png|thumb|Dominik Špatinka, hospodar of Moravia]]
In the Slavic language family, compound "''gospodar''" / "''hospodar''" is usually applied to the master/owner of a house/household or other property and also the head of a family or clan. In some languages the ''hospodar''s house or household is called "''hospóda''", however, in other, such as in South Slavic, "(''g)ospoda''" translates as "''[[gentry]]''" as just a plural derived from "''gospodin''" and/or "''gospodar''". There is also an alternative form for the head of the household, "''gazda''", "''gazdarica''" as a feminine, and "''gazdinstvo''" as a household and/or property. "Gazda" form is also common in [[Hungary]].
In [[Slovenian language|Slovene]], [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], [[Serbo-Croatian]] and [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], "''gospodar''" (''господар'') means a "master", "lord", or "sovereign lord".
In [[Slovak language|Slovak]] and [[Czech Republic|Czech]], the word ''Hospodin'' (capitalized) is an older and rare address of God. Related to it is ''hospodár'', in a stricter sense an owner or manager of a farm or similar establishment (''poľnohospodárstvo'' or [[agriculture]] is composed of "field" and ''hospodár''. In a broader sense, a manager of any resource. The verb ''hospodáriť'' is translated as "to manage", esp. money and property. In [[Czech language|Czech]], the word ''Hospodin'' (capitalized) is another address to God. Related to it is ''hospodář'' referring to a person, that manages some property (e.g. steward, major-domo, bailiff, [[manciple]] or bursar), especially in agriculture (e.g. husbandman, farmer, landowner).▼
Other derivatives of the word include "''gospodarstvo''", which means ownership, household and property, and economy, ''gospodin'' (господин), which translates as "[[Sir]]", "[[gentleman]]" and/or "[[Mister]]" (in Bulgarian, [[Russian language|Russian]], Macedonian, and Serbo-Croatian), and "''gospodstvo''" (in Serbo-Croatian). Meanwhile, "''Gospod''" and "''Gospodin''" refers to God and is identical to Russian ''gospod`'' (господь, "[[Lord#Religion|the Lord]]"<ref>used only for God</ref>) and ''gosudar''' ("[[wikt:sovereign|sovereign]]").<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Della |title=Oxford Essential Russian Dictionary |date=2010 |publisher=OUP Oxford |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-957643-2 |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmOcAQAAQBAJ |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>
In Slovene ''gospod'' ("Mister", "gentleman"), the [[Polish language|Polish]] ''gospodarz'' ("host", "owner", "presenter") usually used to describe a peasant/farmer (formal name for a peasant/farmer is "rolnik," and common is "chłop" which also means "guy"), and the [[Czech language|Czech]] ''hospodář'' (archaic term for "master"). All forms stem from the [[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]] word ''gospodü'' (господъ).
As a term denoting authority the word ''gospodar'' has also been the subject of ironic derision. A good example is the song "Gospodar" from the early 1980s by the Slovene [[punk rock]] band [[Pankrti]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Gospodar| last=Pankrti |access-date=2011-04-17 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_wgttux6_E |language=sl}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref>▼
▲In [[Slovak language|Slovak]] and [[Czech Republic|Czech]], the word ''Hospodin'' (capitalized) is an older and rare address of God. Related to it is ''hospodár'', in a stricter sense an owner or manager of a farm or similar establishment (''poľnohospodárstvo'') or [[agriculture]] is composed of "field" and ''hospodár''. In a broader sense, a manager of any resource. The verb ''hospodáriť'' is translated as "to manage", esp. money and property. In [[Czech language|Czech]], the word ''Hospodin'' (capitalized) is another address to God. Related to it is ''hospodář'' referring to a person, that manages some property (e.g. steward, major-domo, bailiff, [[manciple]] or bursar), especially in agriculture (e.g. husbandman, farmer, landowner).
===Medieval usage examples===
▲The title was used briefly towards the end of the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]]. In
In [[Medieval Bosnia|Bosnia]] and [[Medieval Serbia|Serbia]] all male persons of noble status were referred to as ''gospodin'' regardless of their hereditary title, even monarchs.
▲The [[Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] population of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] used the term to style [[List of rulers of Lithuania|Grand Duke of Lithuania]]; in that sense it is also used in official documents (e.g. [[Statutes of Lithuania]]), given that [[Chancery Slavonic]] was an official language in the eastern parts of the Grand Duchy.
===In popular culture===
▲As a term denoting authority the word ''gospodar'' has also been the subject of ironic derision. A good example is the song "Gospodar" from the early 1980s by the Slovene [[punk rock]] band [[Pankrti]].<ref>{{cite
== Non-Slavic usage ==
[[File:Mavrojeni Hospodar in der Walacheij, in Kriegskleidung.jpg|thumb|Nicholas Mavrogheni, hospodar of Wallachia]]
The rulers of [[Wallachia]] and [[Moldavia]] were styled ''hospodars''<ref name=EB1911/> in Slavic writings from the 14th century to 1866; the English equivalent of this title is Lord (with the meaning of autonomous ruler). ''Hospodar'' was used in addition to the title ''[[Voivode|voivod]]''
The term made its way into the [[Romanian language|Romanian]] language after many centuries, but under a different meaning ''gospodar'' (female: ''gospodină'') means a good manager of a household or a property (''gospodărie'').
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==See also==
*[[:Category:Slavic titles|Slavic titles]]
*[[Slavic honorifics]]
*[[Voivode|Voivod]]
*[[Domn]]
*[[Phanariotes]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:History of Moldavia]]
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