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[[File:Fernand_Pauriol.png|thumb|right|Fernand Pauriol when he was a young man]]
'''Fernand Baptistin Pauriol''' (13 September 1913 in [[Mallemort]] – 12 August 1944 in [[Fresnes, Val-de-Marne|Fresnes]]) was a French communist, journalist and resistance fighter with the [[French Communist Party]] (PCF) during [[World War II]].<ref name="Maitron">{{cite web |last1=Lemarquis |first1=René |last2=Pennetier |first2=Claude |last3=Guillon |first3=Jean-Marie |title=PAURIOL Fernand. Pseudonymes in the Resistance: Fernand Duval, Maurice Rivière |url=https://fusilles-40-44.maitron.fr/spip.php?article75920 |website=Maitron Fusillés |publisher=University of Paris, Centre for Social History |access-date=17 October 2023 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Bourg">{{cite book |last=Bourgeois |first=Guillaume |title=La Véritable Histoire de l'Orchestre rouge |publisher=Nouveau Monde |series=Le Grand Jeu |isbn=9782369420675 |date=2015|page=381}}</ref> As a young man, Pauriol trained and worked as a sailor, later specialising in [[wireless telegraphy]]. Under the influence of his father, he became interested in communist politics and that led him to join the PCF. In the later interwar period, he swapped his maritime career for a career working underground in the PCF. When the war started, his skills in building radio transmitters enabled him to become the director of communications for PCF
==Life==
Pauriol was born into a poor family of working class trades people. His father was a carpenter. As a child, he attended
Under his father's influence, Pauriol took an interest in politics, particularly [[communism|communist politics]]. In 1921, his father been a member of the [[French Section of the Workers' International]] before moving to the [[French communist party]] (PCF). His father represented the PCF in the cantonal elections of October 1934.<ref name="Maitron"/> In 1930, Pauriol joined the [[Mouvement Jeunes Communistes de France]], a political youth organisation of France that was close to the PCF.<ref name="Maitron"/> He spent a year in that communist youth organisation before joining the PCF itself as a fully fledged communist.<ref name="Maitron"/>
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==Career==
Pauriol began his career in [[Wireless telegraphy|radio telegraphy]] working for several months in the water and forestry service (Eaux et Forêts). In 1932, he was appointed to the position of coastal radio telegraphist sailor at the [[Compagnie Paquet]] shipping company in 1932, in a position he held until 1935.<ref name="Maitron"/> In the same year, he was [[conscription in France|conscripted]] into the [[French Navy]] while based at [[Toulon]].<ref name="Maitron"/> During the same period, Pauriol was secretary of the PCF in Mallemort, for an appointment that lasted from October 1931 to October 1934, at the same time he was sailor.<ref name="Maitron"/> In the PCF, he worked for the colonial commission. While his ship was in port in [[North Africa]], he would distribute communist leaflets in the local settlement.<ref name="Maitron"/> At some point Pauriol became a member of the [[International Red Aid|Secours Rouge International]] (SRI), a [[Communist International]] organisation and became member of the SRI steering committee and leader of the [[Limoges]] congress.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bourgeois |first=Guillaume |title=La Véritable Histoire de l'Orchestre rouge |publisher=Nouveau Monde |series=Le Grand Jeu |isbn=9782369420675 |date=2015|page=279}}</ref> At the beginning of 1936, he was ordered to move to [[Marseille]] to provide the local SRI organisation a new orientation.<ref name="Maitron"/> He was appointed a communist instructor for the [[Bouches-du-Rhône]], [[Var (department)|Var]], [[Alpes-Maritimes]] [[Departments of France|departments]]. While he was working with SRI, Pauriol wrote a large number of articles for "Defense", the newspaper of SRI.<ref name="Maitron"/>
In 1936, Pauriol joined the "Rouge-Midi", the weekly newspaper of the communist party in the Marseille region.<ref name="Bourg"/> On the 18 January 1936, Pauriol published an article in the "Rouge-Midi" that called on French communists to invest in the SRI to support the victims of capitalism and fascism.<ref name="Maitron"/> He described the operational requirements of the SRI organisation for the next year, stating that it needed at least 100000 members and commenting:
::
In 1937, Pauriol talents as a journalist led [[François Billoux]] to appoint him as editor-in-chief of "Rouge-Midi".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tasca |first1=Angelo |last2=Peschanski |first2=Denis |title=Vichy 1940-1944 : quaderni e documenti inediti di Angelo Tasca |date=1986 |publisher=Feltrinelli Editore |isbn=978-88-07-99044-1 |page=128 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Levy |first=D.A.L. |date=1982 |title=The Marseilles Working-class Movement, 1936-1938 |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ea858fea-4474-4f6f-982e-e386b4049c50/files/m035a43cb808cb8fb1da8a9826ee30716 |degree=D.Phil Modern History |chapter= |publisher=Nuffield College, University of Oxford|location=Oxford |page=130}}</ref> The next day, he represented the central committee of the PCF at the departmental conference of the SRI. Representatives of the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front]] organizations were invited to the conference.<ref name="Maitron"/>
==World War II==
At the beginning of the war, the communist parties in Europe needed to continue communications with parties in the Soviet Union, for example the [[Communist International]] (Comintern) and in this respect the PCF was no different. In 1938, Pauriol was evaluated twice by the executive committee of the PCF to prove his electrical engineering and radio telegraphist skills were up to par.<ref name="Maitron"/> When he was released from his conscription, he immediately went to work underground for the now banned PCF,
===Juliette affair===
In May 1943, Pauriol was contacted via the PCF liaison agent Juliette Moussier<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tasca |first1=Angelo |last2=Peschanski |first2=Denis |title=Vichy 1940-1944 : quaderni e documenti inediti di Angelo Tasca |date=1986 |publisher=Feltrinelli Editore |isbn=978-88-07-99044-1 |page=128 |language=fr}}</ref> who informed him that she had first been visited by [[Abraham Rajchmann]]<ref name="Perrault_p355">{{cite book |last1=Perrault |first1=Gilles |title=The Red Orchestra |date=1969 |publisher=Schocken Books |location=New York |isbn=0805209522 |language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/redorchestra00perr_0|page=355}}</ref> and then later [[Hillel Katz]]. On both occasions, she had pretended she did not know them.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Perrault |first1=Gilles |title=The Red Orchestra |date=1969 |publisher=Schocken Books |location=New York |isbn=0805209522 |language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/redorchestra00perr_0|page=356}}</ref> The meeting with Moussier had been arranged by Gestapo officer [[Karl Giering]] of the [[Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle]] and was part of a German [[Funkspiel]] operation. Trepper was in custody of the [[Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Perrault |first1=Gilles |title=The Red Orchestra |date=1969 |publisher=Schocken Books |location=New York |isbn=0805209522 |language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/redorchestra00perr_0|pages=354–355}}</ref> Ostensibly the operation was to prove to Soviet intelligence that he was still free and enable the Funkspiel operation to continue, otherwise he would likely have been executed<ref>{{cite book |last=Bourgeois |first=Guillaume |title=La Véritable Histoire de l'Orchestre rouge |publisher=Nouveau Monde |series=Le Grand Jeu |isbn=9782369420675 |date=2015|pages=299–311}}</ref> but in reality it was an operation by Trepper to pass a message to the PCF that confirmed the espionage network had collapsed. Trepper had instructed Moussier not to recognise anybody from the Trepper network except himself.<ref name="Perrault_p355"/> On 10 May 1943, Trepper finally obtained permission from [[Karl Giering]] to meet with Moussier directly.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bourgeois |first=Guillaume |title=La Véritable Histoire de l'Orchestre rouge |publisher=Nouveau Monde |series=Le Grand Jeu |isbn=9782369420675 |date=2015|page=419}}</ref> In early June 1943, Trepper met Moussier<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaňák |first1=Petr |last2=Vajskebr |first2=Jan |last3=Zumr |first3=Jan |title=Heinrich Reiser – válečný zločinec ve víru studené války |journal=Securitas Imperii: Journal for the Study of Modern Dictatorships |date=30 June 2021 |volume=38 |issue=1 |page=241 |doi=10.53096/YFLY3966|language=Czech|doi-access=free }}</ref> and passed a message from Giering, supposedly from Trepper to inform Soviet Intelligence that the French Rote Kapelle was still functioning, as well his own report{{efn|Treppers report survived and was found in 1990 in the archives of the Comintern. Bourgeois has analysed the report.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bourgeois |first=Guillaume |title=La Véritable Histoire de l'Orchestre rouge |publisher=Nouveau Monde |series=Le Grand Jeu |isbn=9782369420675 |date=2015|pages=421–440}}</ref>}} and a letter instructing Duclos to send the report to Soviet intelligence as soon as possible.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Perrault |first1=Gilles |title=The Red Orchestra |date=1969 |publisher=Schocken Books |location=New York |isbn=0805209522 |language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/redorchestra00perr_0|page=357}}</ref> After the meeting, Moussier went into hiding. During the summer Pauriol visited Moussier and her husband Milo in Beugne l'Abbe, west of [[Luçon]] and arranged for the couple to disappear.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bourgeois |first=Guillaume |title=La Véritable Histoire de l'Orchestre rouge |publisher=Nouveau Monde |series=Le Grand Jeu |isbn=9782369420675 |date=2015|page=441}}</ref>
On 7 July 1943 the first part of the message was transmitted to Soviet intelligence by [[Jacques Duclos]].<ref name="Firsov_p223">{{cite book|author1=Fridrikh Igorevich Firsov|author2=Harvey Klehr|author3=John Earl Haynes|title=Secret Cables of the Comintern, 1933-1943|date=27 May 2014|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19822-5|pages=223}}</ref> The second part followed on 10 July.<ref name="Firsov_p223"/>
▲When he was released from his conscription, he immediately went to work underground for the now banned PCF, where he lead along with this wife Hélène, a permanent team of around twenty French and Spanish people, providing radio communications for the group.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bourgeois |first=Guillaume |title=La Véritable Histoire de l'Orchestre rouge |publisher=Nouveau Monde |series=Le Grand Jeu |isbn=9782369420675 |date=2015|page=297}}</ref> The PCF seconded Pauriol to a Soviet espionage network that was run in Europe by [[Leopold Trepper]]<ref name="Maitron"/> in February 1942.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Perrault |first1=Gilles |title=The Red Orchestra |date=1969 |publisher=Schocken Books |location=New York |isbn=0-8052-0952-2 |language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/redorchestra00perr_0|page=104}}</ref> In April 1942, Pauriol constructed a radio transmitter that was used by Hersch and Miriam Sokol to provide a link to London for Trepper to transmit intelligence from an apartment in [[Maisons-Laffitte]]. The cipher clerk was Vera Ackermann.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bourgeois |first=Guillaume |title=La Véritable Histoire de l'Orchestre rouge |publisher=Nouveau Monde |series=Le Grand Jeu |isbn=9782369420675 |date=2015|page=118}}</ref>
==Arrest==
==Death==
On 19 January 1944, Pauriol was sentenced to death at a Luftwaffe court martial held in Paris by Judge Advocate [[Manfred Roeder (judge)|Manfred Roeder]].<ref name="Maitron"/> On 12 August 1944, he was shot in the yard of [[Fort Mont-Valérien]] and buried in the [[Cimetière parisien de Bagneux]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
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[[Category:Civilians who were court-martialed]]
[[Category:Executed Red Orchestra members]]
[[Category:Communist members of the French Resistance]]
[[Category:People from Mallemort]]
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