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Venice has been known as "La Dominante", "La Serenissima", "Queen of the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]]", "City of Water", "City of Masks", "City of Bridges", "The Floating City", and "City of Canals". The lagoon and the historic parts of the city within the lagoon were inscribed as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 1987, covering an area of {{convert|70176.4|hectare}}.<ref name="UNESCO Venice">{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/394 |title=Venice and its Lagoon |access-date=28 February 2024 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226082945/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/394 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings, their [[architecture]], and artwork.<ref name="UNESCO Venice" /> Venice is known for several important artistic movements – especially during the [[Italian Renaissance|Renaissance period]] – and has played an important role in the history of instrumental and operatic music; it is the birthplace of [[Baroque music|Baroque]] composers [[Tomaso Albinoni]] and [[Antonio Vivaldi]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Chambers |first=David |title=Venice: A documentary history |year=1992 |publisher=Oxford |location=England |isbn=0-8020-8424-9 |page=78}}</ref>
In the 21st century, Venice remains a very popular tourist destination, a major cultural centre, and has often been ranked one of the most beautiful cities in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themeshnews.com/top-10-most-beautiful-cities-in-the-world-2016/ |title=Top 10 most Beautiful Cities in the World 2017 |date=28 July 2016 |access-date=30 March 2017 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090926/http://www.themeshnews.com/top-10-most-beautiful-cities-in-the-world-2016/ |url-status=dead |website=The Mesh News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldchacha.com/most-beautiful-cities-capital-in-the-world/10/ |title=Top 10 most Beautiful Cities in the World 2018 |date=2 September 2018 |access-date=5 January 2019 |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109104155/https://worldchacha.com/most-beautiful-cities-capital-in-the-world/10/ |url-status=dead |website=worldchacha.com}}</ref> It has been described by ''[[The Times]]'' as one of Europe's most romantic cities<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/holiday_type/breaks/article1936951.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507015418/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/holiday_type/breaks/article1936951.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 May 2009 |work=The Times |location=London |title=Europe's most romantic city breaks |date=17 June 2007 |access-date=27 May 2010 |first1=Stephen |last1=Bleach |first2=Brian |last2=Schofield |first3=Vincent |last3=Crump}}</ref> and by ''[[The New York Times]]'' as "undoubtedly the most beautiful city built by man".<ref>{{cite news |last=Barzini |first=Luigi |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/30/books/the-most-beautiful-city-in-the-world.html |title=The Most Beautiful and Wonderful City In The World |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 May 1982}}</ref> However, the city faces challenges including an excessive number of tourists, pollution, tide peaks and cruise ships sailing too close to buildings.<ref name="NatgeoWorrall201610">{{cite magazine |last1=Worrall |first1=Simon |date=16 October 2016 |title=Tourists could destroy Venice – If floods don't first |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/10/if-venice-dies-salvatore-settis-tourism-flood/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018220249/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/10/if-venice-dies-salvatore-settis-tourism-flood/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 October 2016 |magazine=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |language=en |access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="GuardianBuckley201611">{{cite news |last1=Buckley |first1=Jonathan |date=2 November 2016 |title=When will Venice sink? You asked Google – Here's the answer |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/02/when-will-venice-sink-google |access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 November 2017 |title=Venice just banned mega cruise ships from sailing through the city |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |location=UK |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/venice-cruise-ship-ban-55-tonnes-marghera-port-where-is-it-italy-a8044026.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220811/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/venice-cruise-ship-ban-55-tonnes-marghera-port-where-is-it-italy-a8044026.html |archive-date=11 August 2022}}</ref> In light of the fact that Venice and its lagoon are under constant threat in terms of their ecology and the safeguarding of the cultural heritage, Venice's UNESCO listing has been under constant examination by UNESCO.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/7767 |title=Decision 44 COM 7B.50 Venice and its Lagoon (Italy) (C 394) |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref>
== History ==
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[[File:Képes krónika - 15.oldal - Velence megalapítása.jpg|alt=Chronicon Pictum, Italians, Aquileia, Venice, city, refugees, boat, sea, medieval, chronicle, book, illumination, illustration, history|thumb|The foundation of Venice as depicted in the [[Chronicon Pictum]] in 1358. According to the Hungarian chronicle, King [[Attila]] of the [[Huns]] besieged [[Aquileia]], the inhabitants of the city first fled to a sea island and then founded Venice on the island of Rialto.|left]]
Beginning as early as AD 166–168, the [[Quadi]] and [[Marcomanni]] destroyed the main Roman town in the area, present-day [[Oderzo]]. This part of [[Roman Italy]] was again overrun in the early 5th century by the [[Visigoths]] and, some 50 years later, by the Huns led by [[Attila]]. The last and most enduring immigration into the north of the Italian peninsula, that of the [[Lombards]] in 568, left the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] only a small strip of coastline in the current Veneto, including Venice. The Roman/Byzantine territory was organized as the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]], administered from that ancient port and overseen by a viceroy (the [[Exarch]]) appointed by the Emperor in [[Constantinople]]. Ravenna and Venice were connected
The traditional first [[doge of Venice]], [[Paolo Lucio Anafesto]] (Anafestus Paulicius), was elected in 697, as written in the [[Chronicon Venetum et Gradense|oldest chronicle]] by [[John, deacon of Venice]] {{Circa|1008}}. Some modern historians claim Paolo Lucio Anafesto was actually the [[Paul (exarch)|Exarch Paul]], and Paul's successor, [[Marcello Tegalliano]], was Paul's ''[[magister militum]]'' (or "general"), literally "master of soldiers". In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the exarchate rose in a rebellion over the [[iconoclastic controversy]], at the urging of [[Pope Gregory II]]. The exarch, held responsible for the acts of his master, Byzantine Emperor [[Leo III the Isaurian|Leo III]], was murdered, and many officials were put to flight in the chaos. At about this time, the people of the lagoon elected their own independent leader for the first time, although the relationship of this to the uprisings is not clear. [[Orso Ipato|Ursus]] was the first of 117 "doges" (''doge'' is the [[Venetian language|Venetian dialectal]] equivalent of the Latin ''[[dux]]'' ("leader"); the corresponding word in English is [[duke]], in standard Italian ''duca'' (see also "[[duce]]".) Whatever his original views, Ursus supported Emperor Leo III's successful military expedition to recover Ravenna, sending both men and ships. In recognition of this, Venice was "granted numerous privileges and concessions" and Ursus, who had personally taken the field, was confirmed by Leo as ''dux''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Norwich |first=John Julius |author-link=John Julius Norwich |date=1982 |title=A History of Venice |title-link=A History of Venice |location=New York |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |page=13}}</ref> and given the added title of ''[[hypatus]]'' (from the Greek for "[[consul]]").<ref>Alethea Wiel (1995)[1898]. ''A History of Venice'', pp. 26–27. New York: Barnes & Noble (reprint orig. 1898 London).</ref>
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=== ''Sestieri'' ===
The historic city of Venice has historically been divided into six ''[[sestiere|sestieri]]'', and is made up of a total of 127 individual islands, most of which are separated from their neighbors by narrow channels only.<ref>[https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-121715-123903/unrestricted/VE15-Isles_Report.pdf Georges Gauthier, David McDonald, Jenna O’Connell, Nick Panzarino: Exploring the City of Islands: Interactive Resources for Analyzing the Islands of Venice. Worcester 2015], linking to [https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/0B_p7yl-zJQKleVdxNFQzUk1RQlk?resourcekey=0-StHTtIWfeqspBpUCDxTviQ Google Drive, darin ''ICQ, Spreadsheets, VE15-Isles_Isles_Lagoon_data'']</ref>
[[File:Sestieri di Venezia.svg|thumb|right|''Sestieri'':
{{Legend|purple|Cannaregio}}
{{Legend|blue|Castello}}
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{{Legend|red|Santa Croce}}
]]
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable col2center col3right col4right col5right col6right"
|+ ''Sestiere''
|-
! ''Sestiere'' || {{Abbr|Abbr.|Abbreviation}} || Area ({{Abbrlink|ha|Hectare}}) || {{Abbr|Pop.|Population}} (2011-10-09) || Density || {{Abbr|No.|Number}} of islands
|-
| [[Cannaregio]] || CN || 121.36 || 16.950 || 13.967 || 33
|-
| [[Castello, Venice|Castello]] || CS || 173.97 || 14.813 || 8.514 || 26
|-
| [[San Marco (sestiere of Venice)|San Marco]] || SM || 54.48 || 4.145 || 7.552 || 16
|-
| [[Dorsoduro]] || DD || 161.32 || 13.398 || 8.305 || 31
|-
| [[San Polo]] || SP || 46.70 || 9.183 || 19.665 || 7
|-
| [[Santa Croce (Venice)|Santa Croce]] || SC || 88.57 || 2.257 || 2.548 || 14
|- class="sortbottom" style="background-color: #ddd;"
| Historic centre || {{n/a}} || 646.80{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} || 60.746 || 9.392 || 127
|}
Each ''sestiere'' is now a statistical and historical area without any degree of autonomy.<ref name="imagesofvenice.com">{{Cite web |last=Coulling |first=Ian |date=2 November 2020 |title=Districts & Attractions – Introduction |url=https://imagesofvenice.com/districts-and-attractions-introduction/ |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=Images of Venice |language=en-US}}</ref>
The six fingers or phalanges of the ''ferro'' on the bow of a [[gondola]] represent the six ''sestieri''.<ref name="imagesofvenice.com" />
The ''sestieri'' are divided into [[parish]]es—initially 70 in 1033, but reduced under [[Napoleon]], and now numbering just 38. These parishes predate the ''sestieri'', which were created in about 1170. Each parish exhibited unique characteristics but also belonged to an integrated network. Each community chose its own patron saint, staged its own festivals, congregated around its own market centre, constructed its own bell towers, and developed its own customs.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Venice: History Of The Floating City |last=Ferraro |first=Joanne |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |location=New York}}</ref>
Other islands of the [[Venetian Lagoon]] do not form part of any of the ''sestieri'', having historically enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy.<ref name="www.scoprivenezia.com">{{Cite web |title=Sestieri – Quartieri di Venezia |trans-title=Sestieri – Neighborhoods of Venice |url=https://www.scoprivenezia.com/sestieri |last=Mancebo |first=Ivanka Garcia |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=www.scoprivenezia.com |language=it}}</ref>
Each ''sestiere'' has its own [[house numbering]] system. Each house has a unique number in the district, from one to several thousand, generally numbered from one corner of the area to another, but not usually in a readily understandable manner.<ref name="www.scoprivenezia.com" />
== Economy ==
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=== Tourism ===
[[File:Tourism Venice 3.svg|thumb|right|450px|The annual trend of tourism sector in Venice from 2013 to 2023 is divided by the number of presences per type of hotel estabilishments. The total number of presences indicates the number of nights spent by tourists in hotel establishments.]]
[[File:Praia de Veneza (483008092).jpg|thumb|right|The beach of [[Lido di Venezia]]]]
[[File:Tourism on the Canal in Burano (Venice).jpg|thumb|Burano, tourist destination usually reached via vaporetto]]
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