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| name = Mainland serow
| image = Serow Capricornis sumatraensis.JPG
| fossil_range = Middle [[Pleistocene]]-[[Holocene|Present]]<ref>{{cite journal|author=K. Suraprasit, J.-J. Jaegar, Y. Chaimanee, O. Chavasseau, C. Yamee, P. Tian, and S. Panha|title=The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications|journal=ZooKeys|date=2016|issue=613 |pages=1–157|doi=10.3897/zookeys.613.8309|pmid=27667928 |pmc=5027644 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |title=''Capricornis sumatraensis'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Phan, T.D. |author2=Nijhawan, S. |author3=Li, S. |author4=Xiao, L. |date=2020 |title=''Capricornis sumatraensis'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T162916735A162916910 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T162916735A162916910.en |access-date=1916 NovemberJanuary 20212022}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
| genus = Capricornis
| species = sumatraensis<ref name=Mori_al2019>{{cite journal |author1=Mori, E. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Nerva, L. |author3=Lovari, S. |year=2019 |title=Reclassification of the serows and gorals: the end of a neverending story? |journal=Mammal Review |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=256–262 |doi=10.1111/mam.12154|s2cid=155777271 }}</ref>
| authority = ([[Johann Matthäus Bechstein|Bechstein]], 1799)
| synonyms = *''Naemorhedus sumatraensis''
*''Capricornis milneedwardsii''
| range_map = Range_Capricornis_sumatraensis.png
}}
 
The '''mainland serow''' ('''''Capricornis sumatraensis''''') is a [[serowspecies]] of [[speciesserow]] native to the [[Himalayas]], [[Southeast Asia]] and [[China]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /><ref name=Mori_al2019/>
 
The mainland serow is related closely to the [[red serow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/mammals/chinese-serow.htm|title=Chinese Serow|website=Ecology Asia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902041538/https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/mammals/chinese-serow.htm|archive-date=2 September 2022}}</ref>
 
== Taxonomy ==
In 1831, [[Brian Houghton Hodgson]] first [[Species description|described]] a goat-like animal with short annulated horns occurring in [[Montane ecosystems|montane]] regions between the [[Sutlej]] and [[Teesta River]]s under the name "Bubaline Antelope".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hodgson, B.H. |year=1831 |title=On the Bubaline Antelope. (Nobis.) |journal=Gleanings in Science |volume=3 |issue=April |pages=122–123 |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofzoo01zool/page/12/mode/2up}}</ref> As "Bubaline" was preoccupied, he gave it the [[scientific name]] ''Antelope thar'' a few months later.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hodgson, B.H. |year=1831 |title=Contributions in Natural History |journal=Gleanings in Science |volume=3 |issue=October |pages=320–324 |url=https://archive.org/details/gleaningsscienc3/page/324/mode/2up}}</ref>
When [[William Ogilby]] described the genus ''[[Capricornis]]'' in 1838, he determined the Himalayan serow as [[type species]] of this genus.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ogilby, W. |year=1836 |title=On the generic characters of Ruminants |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=8 |pages=131–140 |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofgen36zool/page/n151/mode/2up}}</ref>
 
Teeth from ''C. sumatraensis'' were found in a dig from [[Khok Sung district|Khok Sung]], estimated to originate from the [[Chibanian|Middle Pleistocene]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Suraprasit |first1=Kantapon |last2=Jaeger |first2=Jean-Jacques |last3=Chaimanee |first3=Yaowalak |last4=Chavasseau |first4=Olivier |last5=Yamee |first5=Chotima |last6=Tian |first6=Pannipa |last7=Panha |first7=Somsak |date=2016-08-30 |title=The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications |url=https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/8309/ |journal=ZooKeys |language=en |issue=613 |pages=1–157 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.613.8309 |pmid=27667928 |pmc=5027644 |issn=1313-2970|doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
== Characteristics ==
The mainland serow possesses guard hairs on its coat that are bristly or coarse and cover the layer of fur closest to its skin to varying degrees. The animal has a mane that runs from the horns to the middle of the dorsal aspect of the animal between the scapulae covering the skin. The horns are only characteristic of the males and are light-colored, approximately six inches in length, and curve slightly towards the animal's back. The mainland serow, both male and female, is quitearound largethree andfeet hashigh beenat knownthe toshoulder, growand totypically beweighs sixaround feet{{cvt|200|lb}}.<ref>{{Cite longweb and|title=serow three{{!}} feetmammal high{{!}} atBritannica the|url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/serow shoulder,|access-date=2022-09-02 and|website=www.britannica.com an|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite adultweb typically|last=Cunningham weighs|first=Stephanie over|title=Capricornis 150&nbsp;kgsumatraensis (Sumatran serow) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Capricornis_sumatraensis/ |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=Animal Diversity Web |language=en}}</ref>▼
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2019}}
▲The mainland serow possesses guard hairs on its coat that are bristly or coarse and cover the layer of fur closest to its skin to varying degrees. The animal has a mane that runs from the horns to the middle of the dorsal aspect of the animal between the scapulae covering the skin. The horns are only characteristic of the males and are light-colored, approximately six inches in length, and curve slightly towards the animal's back. The mainland serow is quite large and has been known to grow to be six feet long and three feet high at the shoulder, and an adult typically weighs over 150&nbsp;kg.
 
== Distribution and habitat ==
The mainland serow is foundoccurs in central and southern [[China]], [[India, Vietnam]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], and in the Indonesian Islandsisland of [[Sumatra]].<ref Its distribution follows forested mountain ranges.name=iucn/>▼
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2019}}
In [[Assam]], it inhabits hilly forests above an elevation of {{cvt|300|m}}, but descends to {{cvt|100|m}} in winter.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Choudhury, A. |year=2003 |title=Status of serow (''Capricornis sumatraensis'') in Assam |journal=Tigerpaper |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=1–2 |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ak877e/ak877e.pdf}}</ref> It prefers elevations of {{cvt|2500-3500|m}} in the Nepal [[Himalayas]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Aryal, A. |year=2009 |title=Habitat ecology of Himalayan serow (''Capricornis sumatraensis ssp. thar'') in Annapurna Conservation Area of Nepal |journal=Tigerpaper |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=12–20 |url=https://www.fao.org/3/ak851e/ak851e00.pdf#page=14}}</ref>
▲The mainland serow is found in central and southern [[China]], [[Vietnam]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], and in Indonesian Islands of [[Sumatra]]. Its distribution follows forested mountain ranges.
In Tibet, its distribution follows forested mountain ranges.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=P. |last2=Zhang |first2=E. |date=2004 |title=Habitat selection and its seasonal change of serow (''Capricornis sumatraensis'') in Cibagou Nature Reserve, Tibet |url=https://europepmc.org/article/cba/400325 |journal=Acta Theriologica Sinica |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=6–12}}</ref>
 
The mainland serow inhabits steep, rugged hills up to an elevation of {{convert|4500|m|abbr=on}}. It prefers rocky terrain but is also found in forests and flat areas. It is able to swim to small offshore islands. This species has a moderate level of tolerance to human disturbance, and could persist well in habitat fragments and secondary forests, though avoiding farmlands.
 
== Behaviour and ecology ==
The mainland serow is territorial and lives alone or in small groups.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lovari |first1=S. |last2=Mori |first2=E. |last3=Procaccio |first3=E.L. |date=2020 |title=On the behavioural biology of the Mainland Serow: A comparative study |journal=Animals |volume=10 |issue=9 |page=1669 |doi=10.3390/ani10091669 |pmid=32948037 |pmc=7552253 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2019}}
Females give birth to a single young after a [[gestation]] period of about eight months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Sumatran Serow |url=https://eol.org/pages/1038801 |access-date=November 4, 2022 |website=Encyclopaedia of Life}}</ref>
The mainland serow is territorial and lives alone or in small groups. It usually stays in a small area of only a few square miles where it grazes on grass, shoots and leaves from along beaten paths. It marks its territory with droppings and markings. It is most active at dawn and dusk, and spends the rest of the day in thick vegetation.
 
[[Fossil]]s from Khok Sung in northeastern Thailand suggest it was a forest dweller in this palaeoenvironment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suraprasit |first=K. |last2=Bocherens |first2=H. |last3=Chaimanee |first3=Y. |last4=Panha |first4=S. |last5=Jaeger |first5=J.-J. |year=2018 |title=Late Middle Pleistocene ecology and climate in Northeastern Thailand inferred from the stable isotope analysis of Khok Sung herbivore tooth enamel and the land mammal cenogram |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=193 |pages=24–42 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.06.004}}</ref>
 
== Conservation ==
The mainland serow gives birth to a single young usually in September or October. The gestation period is about eight months.
The mainland serow is protected under [[CITES Appendix I]].<ref name=iucn />
 
== References ==
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{{Taxonbar|from1=Q10593990|from2=Q431337}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:serow, mainland}}
[[Category:Serows|mainland serow]]
[[Category:Mammals of Indonesia]]
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