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{{Short description|King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506-1548}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sigismund I the Old
| image = Kulmbach Sigismund I the Old.jpg
| caption = Portrait by [[Hans Süß von Kulmbach|Kulmbach]], 1511-1518
| succession = [[King of Poland]]<br />[[Grand Duke of Lithuania]]
| reign = 8 December 1506 – 1 April 1548
| coronation = 24 January 1507 in [[Wawel Cathedral]], Kraków
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| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Barbara Zápolya]]|1512|1515|end=d}}
* {{marriage|[[Bona Sforza]]<br />|1517}}
}}
| birth_date = 1 January 1467
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| burial_place = [[Wawel Cathedral]], Kraków
| issue = {{Plainlist|
* [[John of the Lithuanian Dukes|John
* [[Hedwig Jagiellon, Electress of Brandenburg|Hedwig, Electress of Bradenburg]]
* [[Isabella Jagiellon|Isabella, Queen of Hungary]]
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| father = [[Casimir IV Jagiellon|Casimir IV of Poland]]
| mother = [[Elisabeth of Austria (1436-1505)|Elisabeth of Austria]]
| religion = [[
| signature = Autograph-ZygmuntStary.png
}}
'''Sigismund I the Old''' ({{lang-pl|Zygmunt I Stary}}, {{lang-lt|Žygimantas II Senasis}}; 1 January 1467 – 1 April 1548) was [[List of Polish monarchs|King]] of [[Poland]] and [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]] from 1506 until his death in 1548. Sigismund I was a member of the [[Jagiellonian dynasty]], the son of [[Casimir IV of Poland|Casimir IV]] and younger brother of Kings [[John I Albert]] and [[Alexander I Jagiellon]]. He was nicknamed '''"the Old"''' in later [[historiography]] to distinguish him from his son and successor, [[Sigismund II Augustus]]. Before ascending to the Polish and Lithuanian thrones, he was [[Duke of Głogów]] from 1499, [[Duke of Opava]] from 1501, and governor of Silesia from 1504 on behalf of his brother, King [[Vladislaus II of Hungary|Vladislaus II]] of Bohemia and Hungary.
Sigismund was born in the town of [[Kozienice]] in 1467 as the fifth son of Casimir IV and his wife [[Elizabeth of Austria (1436–1505)|Elizabeth of Austria]]. He was one of thirteen children and was not expected to assume the throne after his father. Sigismund's eldest brother and rightful heir [[Vladislaus II of Hungary|Vladislaus II]] instead became the [[King of Bohemia]], [[King of Hungary|Hungary]] and [[King of Croatia|Croatia]] as the successor to [[George of Poděbrady]] in Bohemia and then to [[Matthias Corvinus]] in Hungary, thus temporarily uniting these kingdoms. When Casimir died, the Polish-Lithuanian realm was divided between the remaining two older sons, with John Albert being crowned King of Poland, and Alexander as Grand Duke of Lithuania. Alexander inherited Poland following John Albert's sudden death in 1501. Hence, Sigismund's reign only began when he succeeded Alexander to both titles in 1506 at the age of 39.
A capable monarch and a patron of arts, Sigismund established Polish rule over [[Ducal Prussia]] and annexed the [[Duchy of Mazovia]] with [[Warsaw]],
Sigismund was married twice, first to noblewoman [[Barbara Zápolya]] from Hungary and then to Bona Sforza, the daughter of [[Gian Galeazzo Sforza]], [[Duke of Milan]].{{sfn|Nowakowska|2019|p=xi}} Their only son and the last Jagiellon king, Sigismund Augustus, was co-crowned ''[[vivente rege]]'' in 1529 and formally assumed throne when Sigismund the Old died in 1548.{{sfn|Nowakowska|2019|p=x}}
==Early life and coronation==
[[File:Wiener Doppelhochzeit.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Sigismund (far right) with Emperor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] and brother [[Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary|Vladislaus II]] in Vienna, 1515. Woodcut by [[Albrecht Dürer]]]]
When Casimir died in 1492, Sigismund was his only son without any titles or land. From 1495 to 1496, he petitioned his brother Alexander to provide him with land, and Elisabeth
John I Albert died suddenly in 1501, and was succeeded by Alexander I, who died in 1506. After his death, Sigismund arrived in [[Vilnius]], where he was elected by the Lithuanian Ducal Council on 13 September 1506 as [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]], contrary to the [[Union of Mielnik]] (1501), which proposed a joint Polish-Lithuanian election of a monarch. On 8 December 1506, during the session of the Polish Senate in [[Piotrków Trybunalski|Piotrków]], Sigismund was elected King of Poland. He arrived in [[Kraków]] on 20 January 1507 and was crowned four days later in [[Wawel Cathedral]] by Primate Andrzej Boryszewski.<ref>[[Ludwik Finkel]], Elekcja Zygmunta I, Kraków 1910, s. 214.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Duczmal|first=Małgorzata|title=Jagiellonowie: leksykon biograficzny|publisher=Wydawnictwo Literackie|year=1996|isbn=83-08-02577-3|location=Kraków|page=548|trans-title=Jagiellons: biographical lexicon}}</ref>
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===Crown of the Kingdom of Poland===
[[File:Zygmunt I nadaje szlachectwo profesorom Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.jpg|thumb
The internal situation in Poland was characterised by broad authorisation of the Chamber of Deputies, confirmed and extended in the constitution of ''[[Nihil novi]]''. During Alexander's reign, the law of ''Nihil novi'' had been instituted, which forbade kings of Poland from enacting laws without the consent of the [[Sejm]]. Sigismund had little control over the act, unlike the senators, whom he personally appointed. Eventually, during his reign, Sigismund benefited from the advice of the local nobility, competent ministers in charge of the royal judiciary system, and the wealthy influential treasurers of Kraków. Although he was reluctant to the parliamentary system and political independence of the nobility, he recognised the authority of legal norms, supported legalism and summoned annual sessions of the Sejm, usually obtaining funds on state defence. However he was unsuccessful at attempting to create a permanent fund for defence from the annual income tax. Despite this, in 1527 he established a conscript army and the bureaucracy needed to finance it. He set up the legal codes that formalised [[serfdom]] in Poland, placing the peasants into the private estates of nobles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wielkahistoria.pl/to-nie-szlachta-upowszechnila-w-polsce-panszczyzne-ziemianie-wzieli-przyklad-z-najpotezniejszej-instytucji-w-kraju/ |language=pl |title=To nie szlachta upowszechniła w Polsce pańszczyznę. Ziemianie wzięli przykład z najpotężniejszej instytucji w kraju |website=wielkahistoria.pl |author=Kamil Janicki |date=2 September 2021 |access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref>
[[File:Giovanni Maria Mosca, medaglia di sigismondo I di polonia.JPG|thumb|left|175px|Medal featuring the profile of Sigismund I, by [[Giovanni Maria Mosca]]]]
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Likely related to tax matters was an unsuccessful attempt on the life of the king, made on 5 May 1523. The identity of the would-be assassin - who shot the ruler while he was strolling in the evening around the cloisters of the [[Wawel castle]] - and his potential supporters was never established. Unclear motives remained after the assassination attempt. Three weeks before the event, Sigismund I introduced a new edict that was very unfavourable and somewhat hostile to the high-ranking nobles and their interests.
Sigismund I achieved several economic successes, including partial debt reduction, separation of accounts of public taxation from the royal treasury, strengthening of the activities of the mint operating in Kraków, and the attempt to organise the processing of income from operating salt mines.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://polishhistory.pl/sigismund-i-the-old-a-good-thrifty-king/ |title=SIGISMUND I THE OLD: A GOOD, THRIFTY KING |website=polishhistory.pl |author=Michał Rzeczycki |access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref> Furthermore, he issued a statute for the [[Armenians in Poland|Armenians]] (1519) and strongly intended to harmonise the judicial system across the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://muzhp.pl/kalendarium/statut-ormianski |language=pl |title=Statut ormiański |website=muzhp.pl |access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref>
Between 1530 and 1538 the king issued two statutes defining the rules for the selection of the monarch, which permanently established the election ''viritim''. The laws held that all social groups, regardless of their wealth, could watch the election process (''unusquisque qui vellet''), and the election was to be free (''electio Regis libera'').
Sigismund successfully organised the agricultural economy, looked after the development of the royal cities and recovered numerous goods of the treasury belonging to the crown that were under lien. During the financial activities, the King received full support of his wife, Queen Bona, who aimed to expand the royal estates by purchasing and improving economic efficiency. In 1514 he set up the [[Council of Four Lands]] and put [[Abraham of Bohemia]] in charge of it.<ref>{{Cite web|title=YIVO {{!}} Bohemus, Abraham Judeus|url=https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Bohemus_Abraham_Judeus|access-date=2024-01-19|website=yivoencyclopedia.org}}</ref>
===Chicken War Rebellion===
[[File:Rodakowski Chicken War.png|thumb
At the start of his reign, King Sigismund I the Old inherited a Kingdom of Poland with a century-long tradition of liberties of the nobility, confirmed in numerous privileges. A rebellion in [[Lviv|Lwów]] widely known as
To strengthen his power, Sigismund initiated a set of reforms, establishing a permanent conscription army in 1527 and extending the bureaucratic apparatus necessary to govern the state and finance the army. Supported by his Italian consort Bona Sforza, he began buying up land and issue agriculture reformas to enlarge the royal treasury. He initiated a process of restitution of royal properties, previously pawned or rented to the nobles.
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Sigismund was intermittently at war with [[Vasili III of Russia|Vasili III]] of [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Muscovy]] beginning in 1507, before the Polish army was fully under his command. Further tensions escalated when Vasili also discovered that Sigismund was bribing Khan [[Meñli I Giray]] to attack the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]].<ref name="sol54">Soloviev (1976), p. 54</ref> In December 1512, Muscovite forces marched into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania seeking to capture [[Smolensk]], a major trading center between Russia and Europe.<ref>Soloviev (1976), p. 55</ref> The initial six- and four-week sieges in 1513 were a failure,<ref>Stevens (2007), pp. 57–58</ref> but the [[Siege of Smolensk (1514)|city fell to the Muscovites in July 1514]].<ref name="sol54"/>
[[File:Armour with face shield (29601268792).jpg|thumb
Russia subsequently suffered a series of disastrous defeats in the field. In 1512, [[Grand Hetman of Lithuania]], [[Konstanty Ostrogski]], ransacked the region of [[Severia]] and vanquished a Russian force of approximately 6,000 men. On 8 September 1514, Muscovy suffered a major defeat at the [[Battle of Orsha]], which prevented the Russians to place all the former [[Kievan Rus]]' lands under their lordship.<ref>Soloviev (1976), p. 59</ref> Poland exploited the battle for [[propaganda]] purposes with strong anti-Russian sentiment. A letter sent to [[Rome]] stated that "Muscovites are not Christians; they are cruel and barbaric; they are Asians and not Europeans; they are in league with Turks and the Tatars to destroy Christendom".<ref name=poe>{{cite book |first=Marshall T. |last=Poe |title=A People Born to Slavery: Russia in Early Modern European Ethnography, 1478-1748 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bvLHqFOTLL4C&pg=PA21 |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2001 |isbn= 0-8014-3798-9 |page=21}}</ref>
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The negotiations came to an end and the alliance was disbanded when Francis' troops were defeated by Charles V at the [[Battle of Pavia]] in 1525.<ref name="Setton312">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgQNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA312|title=The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571|first=Kenneth Meyer|last=Setton|date=2 January 1976|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=9780871691613|via=Google Books}}</ref> Disturbed by the failure of his campaign, Francis turned to Hungary instead and formed a [[Franco-Hungarian alliance]] with King [[John Zápolya]] in 1528.<ref name="Setton312"/>
After the death of [[Janusz III of Masovia]] in 1526, Sigismund succeeded in uniting the [[Duchy of Masovia]] and [[Warsaw]] with the Kingdom of Poland. There was speculation whether Janusz and his younger brother [[Stanisław of Masovia|Stanisław]] were poisoned by a subject of Queen Bona.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muzeumwarszawy.pl/en/obiekt/fragment-of-a-robe-of-the-dukes-of-masovia/|title=Fragment of a robe of the dukes of Masovia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://przekroj.pl/nauka/malo-czarujacy-koniec-piastow-mazowieckich-adam-weglowski|title=Mało czarujący koniec Piastów mazowieckich - Kwartalnik Przekrój|website=przekroj.pl|date=20 February 2018 }}</ref> The accusations were so pervasive and rampant that Sigismund ordered an investigation, as a result of which a special edict was declared on 9 February 1528 confirming that the Masovian princes died naturally or due to related illness. According to chronicler [[Jan Długosz]], the real cause of the death of both princes could have been inherited [[tuberculosis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wilanow-palac.pl/ostatni_ksiazeta_mazowieccy.html|title=Ostatni książęta mazowieccy|website=www.wilanow-palac.pl}}</ref>
In other matters of policy, Sigismund sought peaceful coexistence with the [[Khanate of Crimea]], but was unable to completely end [[Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe|border skirmishes]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historia.org.pl/2014/06/14/stosunki-polsko-tureckie-w-czasach-zygmunta-iii-wazy-1587-1632/|title=Stosunki polsko-tureckie w czasach Zygmunta III Wazy | HISTORIA.org.pl - historia, kultura, muzea, matura, rekonstrukcje i recenzje historyczne|date=14 June 2014}}</ref>
===Teutonic Knights===
[[
Over two centuries of wars against the [[Teutonic Knights]] ended in 1525 with the [[Treaty of Kraków]] after the final [[Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eceurope/teutord14.html|title=WHKMLA: History of the Teutonic Order, 1409-1525|website=www.zum.de}}</ref> Previously, the [[Second Peace of Thorn (1466)]] placed the Teutonic Order under Polish suzerainty and interfered with German interests in [[Livonia]], [[Pomerania]], [[Warmia]] and [[Masuria]]. The Order attempted to avoid paying tribute to Polish monarchs which was a demonstration of weakness and dependence.
In accordance with the new Treaty of Kraków, the Order was abruptly [[secular]]ized and turned [[de facto]] into a puppet state of Poland which lasted until the [[Treaty of Bromberg]] in 1655. Sigismund's nephew [[Albert, Duke of Prussia]], converted to [[Lutheranism]] under the persuasion of [[Martin Luther]], and paid a feudal homage to Sigismund.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Albert-duke-of-Prussia|title=Albert | duke of Prussia|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=13 May 2023 }}</ref> In return he was granted the domains of the Order as the First Duke of [[Duchy of Prussia|Prussia]]. This became known in Polish and Lithuanian history as the "[[Prussian Homage]]", which was often featured in arts. The [[Prussian Landtag]] and parliament assembled in [[Königsberg]], where envoys embraced both the new Duke and the [[Protestant Reformation]]. Thereupon, the Teutonic Order lost its importance as a [[military order (religious society)|military order]] in Prussia and retreated to the Holy Roman Empire where it became secluded.<ref name="auto"/>
==Renaissance and legacy==
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Among the illustrious figures that guested or lived in Poland at the time were [[Bartholommeo Berecci]], [[Francesco Fiorentino]], [[Santi Gucci|Santi]] and [[Mateo Gucci]], [[Bernardo Morando]], [[Giovanni Battista di Quadro]] and [[Hans Dürer]]. Most of the decorators working for the court were foreigners, especially Italians and [[Germans]] who had a profound impact on Poland's architecture as a whole.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ostrowski|1992|p=47}}</ref> The centrepiece of their work is [[Wawel Castle]] in Kraków, the seat of Polish monarchs as well as one of the largest castles in Central Europe. Situated on a [[Wawel Hill|hill]] overlooking [[Kraków Old Town|Old Town]], the fortified residence was extensively reconstructed in the Renaissance style and to the personal needs of the royal family. The Italian [[cloister]]ed courtyard in the shape of a [[quadrangle (architecture)|quadrangle]], corridors, archways and portals were designed by Fiorentino with the help of [[Benedykt from Sandomierz]]. A similar design was undertaken in [[Niepołomice Castle]], the hunting retreat of the Jagiellons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.muzeum.niepolomice.pl/|title=STRONA GŁÓWNA|website=www.muzeum.niepolomice.pl}}</ref>
[[File:Matejko Hanging of the Zygmunt bell.jpg|thumb
The most prominent example of Sigismund's architectural legacy is a [[Sigismund's Chapel|funerary monument in the form of a chapel]] at [[Wawel Cathedral]]. It was constructed between 1519 and 1533 according to plans by Bartolomeo Berrecci of [[Florence]], and serves as a [[mausoleum]] of the last Jagiellons.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/Kaplic_Z.htm|title=Krakow info - Wawel Cathedral's Sigismund Chapel | The Renaissance masterpiece of Krakow architecture|website=www.krakow-info.com}}</ref> The exterior [[dome]] is gold-plated and interior tombs made of marble were designed by Santi Gucci.<ref name="auto4"/> Historians, experts and architects unanimously voted the chapel as "the most beautiful example of the [[Tuscany|Tuscan]] [[Renaissance]] north of the Alps".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nimmrichter |first1=Johann |last2=Kautek |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Schreiner |first3=Manfred |date=2007 |title=LACONA 6 proceedings |isbn=978-3-540-72129-1 |page=125}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rouček |first=Joseph Slabey |date=1949 |title=Slavonic encyclopaedia |publisher=Philosophical Library |page=24 |quote=The much admired Sigismund Chapel, called 'the pearl of the Renaissance north of the Alps' by foreign scholars.}}</ref> The monarch also commissioned a 12.6-tonne bell which was named in his honour. The [[Sigismund Bell|Royal Sigismund Bell]] was installed 13 July 1521 on Wawel Cathedral's northernmost tower. Apart from religious and national holidays, the bell rung on some of the most significant moments in Polish history and is one of [[National symbols of Poland|Poland's national symbols]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.katedra-wawelska.pl/english/the_royal_sigismund_bell,54.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222024925/http://www.katedra-wawelska.pl/english/the_royal_sigismund_bell,54.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2010|title=Królewska Katedra na Wawelu p.w. św. Stanisława BM i św. Wacława - The Royal Sigismund Bell|date=22 December 2010}}</ref>
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==Death and succession==
Sigismund suffered from numerous illnesses and diseases, especially towards the end of his life. Most notably, he was tormented by constant fevers since youth as well as [[gout]] and acute [[rheumatism]] in the autumn of 1528.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.polityka.pl/pomocnikhistoryczny/1723354,1,na-co-chorowali-jagiellonowie-podagra-syfilis-alkoholizm-i-inne-choroby-dynastii.read|title = Na co chorowali Jagiellonowie? Podagra, syfilis, alkoholizm i inne choroby dynastii|date = 17 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wilanow-palac.pl/smierc_zygmunta_i_starego.html|title=Śmierć Zygmunta I Starego|website=www.wilanow-palac.pl}}</ref> The condition, which severely affected his joints and right leg, was repetitive and continued in 1529 and 1534. It is likely that Sigismund Augustus was co-crowned ''vivente rege'' in 1529 as a result of these pervasive pains and in case his father died unexpectedly.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://ciekawostkihistoryczne.pl/2014/08/29/jak-bardzo-stary-byl-zygmunt-stary/|title=Jak bardzo stary był… Zygmunt Stary?|website=CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl|date=29 August 2014 }}</ref> Furthermore, bad eating habits and a poor diet contributed to the king's ailing health, in particular large amounts of beer and [[mead]].<ref name="auto1"/> Eventually, the king's inability to walk forced him to be carried in a [[Litter (vehicle)|litter]]. However, despite his age, Sigismund was of sound mind throughout and remained active in politics until death.<ref name="auto2"/> In 1543, he recovered from an [[influenza]] which spread in Kraków and in 1545 he enjoyed a last hunting excursion to Niepołomice.<ref name="auto3"/>
Sigismund died on 1 April 1548, Easter day at the age of 81 and was buried on 7 July at Wawel Cathedral in Kraków. He was succeeded by his only legitimate son, [[Sigismund II Augustus]], who became the last Jagiellon king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. In 1587 Sigismund the Old's grandson, [[Sigismund III]] from the [[House of Vasa]], was elected King of Poland. He was the son of [[Catherine Jagiellon]] and her husband [[John III of Sweden|John III Vasa of Sweden]]. Hence, Sigismund III could not belong to the Jagiellonian dynasty by his mother, but the Jagiellon bloodline of Polish monarchs continued until the death of Sigismund Vasa's second son [[John II Casimir]].
==Portraits and art==
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==Marriages and issue==
[[File:Anonymous Medal of Sigismund the Old.jpg|thumb|Medal of Sigismund I the Old.]]
In 1512, Sigismund married [[Barbara Zápolya]] (d. 1515),{{sfn|Nowakowska|2019|p=xi}} a Hungarian noblewoman, with whom he had two daughters:
*[[Hedwig Jagiellon, Electress of Brandenburg|Electress Hedwig of Brandenburg]] (15 March 1513 – 7 February 1573), wed 1535 [[Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg]]
*Anna (1 July 1515 – 8 May 1520).
In 1517, Sigismund married [[Bona Sforza]],{{sfn|Pastrnak|2018|p=174}} with whom he had two sons and four daughters:
*[[Isabella Jagiellon|Queen Isabella of Hungary]] (18 January 1519 – 15 September 1559), wed 1539 [[John Zápolya]] (d. 1540)
*[[Sigismund II of Poland|Sigismund II Augustus]] (1 August 1520 – 7 July 1572)
*[[Sophia Jagiellon (1522–1575)|Sophia, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg]] (13 July 1522 – 28 May 1575), wed 22/25 February 1556 [[Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Henry V]], Duke of Brunswick-Lüneberg (d. 11 June 1568)
*[[Anna the Jagiellonian|Queen Anna of Poland]] (18 October 1523 – 9 September 1596), wed 1 May 1576 [[Stephen Báthory]] (d. 12 December 1586)
*[[Catherine Jagiellon|Queen Catherine of Sweden]] (1 November 1526 – 16 September 1583), wed 4 October 1562 John, Duke of Finland (later [[John III of Sweden]]) (d. 17 November 1592)
*Wojciech Olbracht (b. and d. 20 September 1527).
By his [[mistress (lover)|mistress]], [[Katarzyna Telniczanka]] (d. 1528),{{sfn|Mickūnaitė|2006|p=209}} he also fathered three children prior to his first marriage:
*[[John
*Regina (1500/1 – 20 May 1526), wed c. 20 October 1518 Hieronim Szafraniec, [[Starosta|Starost]] of [[Cieszyn]] (d. 1556/59);
*Katarzyna (1503 – before 9 September 1548), wed after 1522 George II [[Counts of Montfort (Swabia)|Count von Montfort in Pfannberg]] (d. 1544).
==Ancestry==
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|5= 5. [[Sophia of Halshany]]
|6= 6. [[Albert II of Germany]]
|7= 7. [[
|8= 8. [[Algirdas|Algirdas, King of Lithuania]]
|9= 9. [[Uliana Alexandrovna of Tver]]
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|14= 14. [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|15= 15. [[Barbara of Celje]]
}}
==See also==
{{Commons category|Sigismund I of Poland}}▼
* [[History of Poland (1385–1569)]]
* [[Zygmunt (bell)]]
* [[List of Polish monarchs#Jagiellon Dynasty|List of Polish monarchs]]
==Citations and references==
{{Reflist}}
===Cited sources===
* {{cite book |title=Making a Great Ruler: Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania |first=Giedrė |last=Mickūnaitė |publisher=Central European University Press |year=2006 }}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Nowakowska |editor-first=Natalia |title=Remembering the Jagiellonians |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-138-56239-4 }}
* {{cite journal |journal=Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza |year=2018 |volume=22 |pages=174–193 |first=Patrik |last=Pastrnak |title=Adducimus gemmam et florem: Bona Sforza's bridal journey (1518) in the light of rituals and ceremonies |doi=10.4467/25442562SDS.18.012.9814 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last=Soloviev |first=Sergei M. |author-link=Sergey Solovyov (historian) |year=1976 |title=History of Russia. The Age of Vasily III |volume=9 |editor-last=Graham |editor-first=Hugh F. |location=Gulf Breeze |publisher=Academic International Press |isbn=978-0875690667 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofrussia0010solo }}
* {{cite book |last=Stevens |first=Carol B. |title=Russia's Wars of Emergence 1460–1730 | year=2007 | publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=978-0-582-21891-8}}
* {{citation|last = Ostrowski| first = Jan K.| title = Cracow| year = 1992| publisher = International Cultural Centre|isbn =83-221-0621-1|language=pl}}
== External links ==
▲{{Commons category|Sigismund I of Poland}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Sigismund I. |volume= 25 |last= Bain |first= Robert Nisbet |author-link= Robert Nisbet Bain | pages = 67-68 |short=1}}
* [https://www.academia.edu/9872052/_P%C3%A1t%C3%BD_princ_Kn%C3%AD%C5%BEe_Zikmund_mezi_periferi%C3%AD_a_centrem_jagellonsk%C3%A9ho_sv%C4%9Bta_The_fifth_prince_Duke_Sigismund_between_periphery_and_centre_of_the_jagiellonian_world Petr Kozák, „Pátý princ“: Kníže Zikmund mezi periferií a centrem jagellonského světa]
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[[Category:1467 births]]
[[Category:1548 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kozienice]]
[[Category:16th-century Polish monarchs]]
[[Category:Polish Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Grand dukes of Lithuania]]
[[Category:Dukes of Głogów]]
[[Category:Dukes of Opava]]
[[Category:Jagiellonian dynasty]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece]]
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