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{{Short description|Ethnic groups whose average height is unusually short}}
{{Use dmy dates |date=August 2024}}
{{About|modern ethnic groups||Pygmy (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Pygmy peoples
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}}
In [[anthropology]], '''pygmy peoples''' are [[ethnic group]]s whose average height is unusually short. The term '''pygmyism''' is used to describe the [[phenotype]] of [[endemic]] [[short stature]] (as opposed to disproportionate [[dwarfism]] occurring in isolated cases in a population) for populations in which adult men are on average less than {{
The terms "Asiatic Pygmies" and "Oceanic pygmies" have been used to describe the [[Negrito]] populations of [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Australo-Melanesian]] peoples of short stature.<ref>{{Cite book |author-link=Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau |first=Armand de |last=Quatrefages de Bréau |title=The Pygmies |date=1895 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S08-AAAAYAAJ |access-date=2022-06-30}}</ref> The [[Taron people]] of [[Myanmar]] are an exceptional case of a "pygmy" population of [[Mongoloid|East Asian]] phenotype.
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The term ''pygmy'', as used to refer to diminutive people, derives from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] πυγμαῖος ''pygmaios'' via [[Latin]] {{Lang|la|Pygmaei}} (sing. ''{{Lang|la|Pygmaeus}}''), derived from πυγμή – meaning a short forearm cubit, or a measure of length corresponding to the distance from the wrist to the elbow or knuckles.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Pygmy |volume=22 |pages=677–679 |first=Robert Murray |last=Leslie |short=1}}</ref> (See also [[Cubit#Ancient Greece|Greek πῆχυς]] ''pēkhys''.) In [[Greek mythology]], the word describes a tribe of [[dwarfism|dwarfs]], first described by [[Homer]], the ancient Greek poet, and reputed to live in India and south of modern-day Ethiopia.<ref>{{Citation |title=pygmy |dictionary=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pygmy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195134/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pygmy |archive-date=2013-10-29}}</ref>
[[File:African Pigmies CNE-v1-p58-B.jpg|thumb|African pygmies and a European visitor, {{Circa|1921}}|alt=Two men with a woman holding a baby]]
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== Africa ==
{{
[[African Pygmies]] live in several ethnic groups in Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo (ROC), Central African Republic, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Madagascar, and Zambia.<ref name="focus" /> There are at least a dozen pygmy groups, sometimes unrelated to each other. The best known are the [[Mbenga people|Mbenga]] (Aka and Baka) of the western [[Congo basin]], who speak [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] and [[Ubangian languages]]; the [[Mbuti]] (Efe ''etc.'') of the [[Ituri Rainforest]], who speak Bantu and [[Central Sudanic languages]], and the [[Great Lakes Twa|Twa]] of the [[African Great Lakes]], who speak Bantu [[Kirundi|Rundi]] and [[Kiga language|Kiga]]. Most pygmy communities are partially hunter-gatherers, living partially but not exclusively on the wild products of their environment. They trade with neighbouring farmers to acquire cultivated foods and other material items; no group lives deep in the forest without access to agricultural products.<ref name="focus" /> It is estimated that there are between 250,000 and 600,000 Pygmies living in the [[
[[File:Pygmy languages (Bahuchet).png|thumb|Distribution of Pygmies and their languages according to Bahuchet (2006). The [[southern Twa]] are not shown.]]
=== Origins ===
Expansion to Central Africa by the ancestors of African Pygmies most likely took place before 130,000 years ago, and certainly before 60,000 years ago.<ref name=":0"/> A commonly held belief is that African Pygmies are the direct descendants of [[Late Stone Age]] hunter-gatherer peoples of the central African rainforest, who were partially absorbed or displaced by later immigration of agricultural peoples, and adopted their [[
Some 30% of [[Aka language]] is not Bantu, and a similar percentage of [[Baka language]] is not Ubangian. Much of pygmy vocabulary is botanical, dealing with honey collecting, or is otherwise specialized for the forest and is shared between the two western pygmy groups. It has been proposed that this is the remnant of an independent western pygmy (Mbenga or "Baaka") language. However, this type of vocabulary is subject to widespread borrowing among the Pygmies and neighboring peoples, and the "Baaka" language was only reconstructed to the 15th century.<ref>Serge Bahuchet, 1993, ''History of the inhabitants of the central African rain forest: perspectives from comparative linguistics.'' In C.M. Hladik, ed., ''Tropical forests, people, and food: Biocultural interactions and applications to development.'' Paris: Unesco/Parthenon. {{ISBN|1-85070-380-9}}</ref>
African Pygmy populations are genetically diverse and extremely divergent from all other human populations, suggesting they have an ancient indigenous lineage. Their [[Genetic marker|uniparental markers]] represent the second-most ancient divergence, after those typically found in [[Khoisan]] peoples.<ref name="Tishkoff2009">{{cite journal | title = The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans | journal = Science | year = 2009 | display-authors = 1 | pmid = 19407144 | doi = 10.1126/science.1172257 | last1 = Tishkoff | first1 = SA | last2 = Reed | first2 = FA | last3 = Friedlaender | first3 = FR | last4 = Ehret | first4 = C | last5 = Ranciaro | first5 = A | last6 = Froment | first6 = A | last7 = Hirbo | first7 = JB | last8 = Awomoyi | first8 = AA | last9 = Bodo | first9 = JM | volume = 324 | issue = 5930 | pages = 1035–44 | pmc = 2947357 | bibcode = 2009Sci...324.1035T
| last1 = Patin | first1 = E.
| last2 = Laval | first2 = G.
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=== Violence against Pygmies ===
==== Reported genocides ====
{{
The pygmy population was a target of the [[Interahamwe]] during the 1994 [[Rwandan genocide]]. Of the 30,000 Pygmies in Rwanda, an estimated 10,000 were killed and another 10,000 were displaced. They have been described as "forgotten victims" of the genocide.<ref name=SeshadriICE2>"In Rwanda, an estimated 10,000 of the 30,000-strong pygmy community was slaughtered during the Rwandan genocide, making them the "forgotten victims" of the Rwandan genocide."{{cite web |url=http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/pygmy.htm |title=Pygmies in the Congo Basin and Conflict |author=Raja Seshadri |date=7 November 2005 |work=Case Study 163 |publisher=The Inventory of Conflict & Environment, [[American University]] |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025741/http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/pygmy.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
From the end of 2002 through January 2003 around 60,000 Pygmy civilians and 10,000 combatants were killed and often [[Human cannibalism|cannibalized]] in an extermination campaign known as "[[Effacer le tableau]]" during the [[Second Congo War]].<ref name=SeshadriICE1>"Between October 2002 and January 2003, two the rebel groups, the MLC and RCD-N in the East of the Congo launched a premeditated, systematic genocide against the local tribes and Pygmies nicknamed operation "[[Effacer le tableau]]" ("erase the board"). During their offensive against the civilian population of the Ituri region, the rebel groups left more than 60,000 dead and over 100,000 displaced. The rebels even engaged in slavery and cannibalism. Human Rights Reports state that this was due to the fact that rebel groups, often far away from their bases of supply and desperate for food, enslaved the Pygmies on captured farms to grow provisions for their militias or when times get really tough simply slaughter them like animals and devour their flesh which some believe gives them magical powers.11. Fatality Level of Dispute (military and civilian fatalities): 70,000 estimated"see:{{cite web |url=http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/pygmy.htm |title=Pygmies in the Congo Basin and Conflict |author=Raja Seshadri |date=7 November 2005 |work=Case Study 163 |publisher=[[The Inventory of Conflict & Environment]], [[American University]] |access-date=21 July 2012 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025741/http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/pygmy.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/rebels-eating-pygmies-as-mass-slaughter-continues-in-congo-despite-peace-agreement-601088.html |title=Rebels 'eating Pygmies' as mass slaughter continues in Congo despite peace agreement |author=Basildon Peta |work=[[The Independent]] |date=January 9, 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226172041/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/rebels-eating-pygmies-as-mass-slaughter-continues-in-congo-despite-peace-agreement-601088.html |archive-date=December 26, 2010 |author-link=Basildon Peta }}</ref> Human rights activists have made demands for the massacre to be recognized as [[genocide]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2933524.stm |title=DR Congo Pygmies appeal to UN |work=BBC News |date=23 May 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213023950/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2933524.stm |archive-date=13 December 2010 }}</ref>
===== Forced removal =====
{{Main|Fortress conservation}}
In a strategy
==== Reported slavery ====
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=== Southeast Asia ===
[[File:Ati woman.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ati (tribe)|Ati]] woman of the Philippines]]
[[Negrito]]s in [[Southeast Asia]] (including the [[Batak people (Philippines)|Batak]] and [[
Their origin and the route of their migration to Asia is a matter of great speculation. They are genetically distant from Africans<ref name="Thangaraj">{{cite journal| doi = 10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01336-2| first = Kumarasamy| last = Thangaraj| display-authors = etal| title = Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population| journal = Current Biology| volume = 13| issue = 2| pages = 86–93(8)| date = 21 January 2003| pmid = 12546781| s2cid = 12155496| doi-access = free| bibcode = 2003CBio...13...86T}}</ref> and have been shown to have separated early from Asians,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yew|first1=Chee-Wei|last2=Lu|first2=Dongsheng|last3=Deng|first3=Lian|last4=Wong|first4=Lai-Ping|last5=Ong|first5=Rick Twee-Hee|last6=Lu|first6=Yan|last7=Wang|first7=Xiaoji|last8=Yunus|first8=Yushimah|last9=Aghakhanian|first9=Farhang|last10=Mokhtar|first10=Siti Shuhada|last11=Hoque|first11=Mohammad Zahirul|date=2018|title=Genomic structure of the native inhabitants of Peninsular Malaysia and North Borneo suggests complex human population history in Southeast Asia|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29383489/|journal=Human Genetics|volume=137|issue=2|pages=161–173|doi=10.1007/s00439-018-1869-0|issn=1432-1203|pmid=29383489|s2cid=253969988 |quote=The analysis of time of divergence suggested that ancestors of Negrito were the earliest settlers in the Malay Peninsula, whom first separated from the Papuans ~ 50-33 thousand years ago (kya), followed by East Asian (~ 40-15 kya)...}}</ref> suggesting that they are either surviving descendants of settlers from the early [[
[[Frank Kingdon-Ward]] in the early 20th century reported a tribe of pygmy [[
The cause of their diminutive size is unknown, but diet and [[
{{cite web |title=A Journey Through Northern Burma: Along the Salt Road |last=Klieger |first=P. Christiaan |others=Photos by Dong Lin |date=2005 |website=Woodland Travels |location=Botahtaung Township, Myanmar |url=http://www.woodlandtravels.com/northenburma.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110095841/http://www.woodlandtravels.com/northenburma.html |archive-date=2009-01-10}}
{{Cite web |last=Klieger |first=Christiaan |others=Photos by Dong Lin |title=Myanmar Anthropology – High Altitude Anthropology |work=[[California Academy of Sciences]] Science NOW: Where in the World |orig-date=Archive 2001–March 2004 |url=http://www.calacademy.org/science_now/archive/where_in_the_world/ckleiger_myanmar.php |access-date=2011-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202153046/http://www.calacademy.org/science_now/archive/where_in_the_world/ckleiger_myanmar.php |archive-date=2008-12-02}}
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=== Disputed pygmy presence in Australia ===
Australian anthropologist [[Norman Tindale]] and American anthropologist [[Joseph Birdsell]] suggested there were 12 Negrito-like tribes of short-statured [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] peoples living on the coastal and rainforest areas around [[Cairns]] on the lands of the [[Mbabaram people]] and [[Djabugay]] people.<ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Norman Tindale |last=Tindale |first=Norman B. |title=Tjapukai (QLD) |date=16 December 2003 |orig-date=Reproduced from N.B. Tindale's ''Aboriginal Tribes of Australia'' (1974) |website=Tindale's Catalogue of Australian Aboriginal Tribes |publisher=[[South Australian Museum]] |url=http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/orig/tindale/hdms/tindaletribes/tjapukai.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726175601/http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/orig/tindale/HDMS/tindaletribes/tjapukai.htm |archive-date=2008-07-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite Q |Q128257949 |mode=cs1 |chapter=Tjapukai (QLD)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author-link=Colin Groves |last=Groves |first=Colin |title=Australia for the Australians |journal=Australian Humanities Review |date=June 2002 |issue=26 |url=http://australianhumanitiesreview.org/2002/06/01/australia-for-the-australians/ |access-date=2022-07-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115141723/http://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-June-2002/groves.html |archive-date=2009-01-15}} <!-- OLD URL http://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-June-2002/groves.html --></ref> Birdsell found that the average adult male height of Aboriginal people in this region was significantly less than that of other Aboriginal Australian groups; however, it was still greater than the maximum height for classification as a pygmy people, so the term ''pygmy'' may be considered a misnomer.<ref>{{Cite journal|author-link=Peter Hiscock|last=Hiscock|first=Peter |date=2005|title=The extinction of rigour: a comment on 'The extinction of the Australian Pygmies' by Keith Windschuttle and Tim Gillin|jstor=24046693|journal=[[
[[File:Aboriginal encampment in rainforest behind Cairns, 1890.jpg|thumb|Aboriginal encampment in rainforest behind Cairns, 1890. This is the photograph (attributed to A. Atkinson) found by Norman Tindale in 1938, which sent him and Joseph Birdsell in search of the people depicted. He identified the location by the wild banana leaves on the roof of the hut.]]
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Birdsell classified Aboriginal Australians into three major groups, mixed together to varying degrees: the Carpentarians, best represented in [[Arnhem Land]]; the Murrayans, centred in southeastern Australia; and the Barrineans. He argued that people related to Oceanic Negritos were the first arrivals, and had been absorbed or replaced over time by later incoming peoples; the present-day Barrineans retained the greatest proportion of ancestry from this original Negrito group, "[b]ut this is not to say that the Barrineans are Negritos ... the Negritic component is clearly subordinate, and ... the preponderant element is Murrayian."<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Joseph Birdsell |last=Birdsell |first=Joseph |date=1967 |title=Preliminary Data on the Trihybrid Origin of the Australian Aborigines |journal=Archaeology & Physical Anthropology in Oceania |volume=2 |issue=2}}</ref> This trihybrid model is generally considered defunct today; craniometric,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Larnach |first1=Neil William George |last2=Macintosh |first2=S. L. |date=1970 |title=The Craniology of the Aborigines of Queensland |publisher=University of Sydney |isbn=0855570016}}</ref> genetic,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McAllister |first1=Peter |last2=Nagle |first2=Nano |last3=Mitchell |first3=Robert John |display-authors=etal|title=The Australian Barrineans and Their Relationship to Southeast Asian Negritos: An Investigation using Mitochondrial Genomics |date=1 June 2013 |journal=Human Biology |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=485–94 |doi=10.3378/027.085.0322|pmid=24297238|hdl=10072/57320|s2cid=33171899|hdl-access=free}}</ref> and linguistic<ref>{{cite book |last=Dixon |first=R. M. W. |title=The Languages of Australia |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=1980 |page=262 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5w8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA262 |isbn=9780521294508}}</ref> evidence does not support a separate origin of Barrinean or other Aboriginal groups, and physical differences between Aboriginal groups can be explained by adaptation to differing environments.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gilligan| first1=Ian| last2=Bulbeck| first2=David| date=2007 |title=Environment and morphology in Australian Aborigines: A re-analysis of the Birdsell database |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=134|issue=1|pmid=17568440 | doi=10.1002/ajpa.20640 | pages=75–91}}</ref>
In 2002, the purported existence of short-statured people in Queensland was brought into the public eye by [[Keith Windschuttle]] and Tim Gillin{{clarify|date=June 2020}} in an article published by the [[
Some Aboriginal [[oral histories]] and [[oral tradition]]s from Queensland tell of "little red men". In 1957 a member of the Jinibara (the [[Dalla people]]) tribe of SE Queensland, Gaiarbau, who was born in 1873 and had lived for many years traditionally with his tribe, said that he knew of the "existence of these "little people – the Dinderi", also known as "Dimbilum", "Danagalalangur" and "Kandju". Gaiarbau claims he saw members of a "tribe of small people ... and said they were like dwarfs ... and ... not ... any of them stood five feet [1.5m]."<ref name="Winterbotham, Lindsay P. 1957">{{cite web |url= https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/36299846?q&versionId=46655024 |title=Gaiarbau's story of the Jinibara tribe of South East Queensland and its neighbours |author=Winterbotham, Lindsay P.|date=1957 }}</ref> The Dinderi are also recorded in other stories, such as one concerning a [[platypus]] myth<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=e6WBCgAAQBAJ |title=Aboriginal Pathways: in Southeast Queensland and the Richmond River |author=John Gladstone Steele|date=1983 |publisher=Univ. of Queensland Press |isbn=9780702257421 }}</ref> and another, ''The Dinderi and Gujum - The Legend of the Stones of the Mary River''.<ref>{{cite web | title=Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Service | website=Queensland Health | date=30 October 2017 | url=https://www.health.qld.gov.au/sunshinecoast/html/atsi-health-serv | access-date=16 June 2020}} [https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/file/0022/360634/lh-3.mp3 Audio]</ref>
Susan McIntyre-Tamwoy, archaeologist and
According to Nathan Sentance, a librarian from the indigenous Wiradjuri nation employed by the Australian National Museum, there is no known archaeological or biological evidence such a people existed. Sentance claims it is a myth used to justify the [[colonisation of Australia]] as well as other countries by Europeans.<ref>{{cite web | title=Dismantling the Australian pygmy people myth | website=The Australian Museum | url=https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/first-nations/debunking-australian-pygmy-people-myth/ | access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref>
=== Micronesia and Melanesia ===
Norman Gabel mentions that rumours exist of pygmy people in the interior mountains of [[Viti Levu]] in [[Fiji]], but explains he had no evidence of their existence as of 2012.<ref>{{cite
[[Edward Winslow Gifford|E. W. Gifford]] reiterated Gabel's statement in 2014 and claims that tribes of pygmies in the closest proximity to Fiji would most likely be found in Vanuatu.<ref name="auckland" />
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== Archaic humans ==
The extinct [[archaic human]] species ''[[Homo luzonensis]]'' has been classified as a pygmy group.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} The remains used to identify ''Homo luzonensis'' were discovered in [[Luzon]], [[the Philippines]], in 2007, and were designated as a species in 2019. ''[[Homo floresiensis]]'', another archaic human from the island of [[Flores]] in [[Indonesia]], stood around {{convert|1.1
== See also ==
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