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{{Short description|French historian (1907-1993)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
[[File:Roland Mousnier (1907-1993), historien, professeur, en 1935.jpg|right|177px|<center>Roland Mousnier (1935)]]▼
{{Infobox person
'''Roland Émile Mousnier''' ({{IPA-fr|munje|lang}}; Paris, September 7, 1907&ndash; February 8, 1993, Paris) was a French historian of the early modern period in [[France]] and of the comparative studies of different civilizations.▼
|name = Roland Mousnier
▲[[File:|image = Roland Mousnier (1907-1993), historien, professeur, en 1935.jpg|right|177px|<center>Roland Mousnier (1935)]]
|image_size =
|caption = Roland Mousnier, circa 1935
|birth_name = Roland Mousnier
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1907|09|07|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Paris]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1993|02|08|1907|09|07|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Paris]]
|body_discovered =
|death_cause =
|resting_place =
|resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->
|nationality = French
|citizenship =
|other_names =
|known_for = Social historian
|education =
|alma_mater = [[École pratique des hautes études]]
|employer = [[University of Paris]]
|occupation = Professor of History
|years_active = 1955-1977
|spouse = Jeanne Lecacheur
|partner =
|children =
|parents =
|relations =
|callsign =
|signature =
|website = }}
▲'''Roland Émile Mousnier''' ({{IPA-|fr|ʁɔlɑ̃ emil munje|lang}}; Paris, September 7, 1907&ndash; February 8, 1993, Paris) was a French historian of the [[early modern period]] in [[France]] and of the comparative studies of different civilizations.
 
==Life==
 
Mousnier was born in Paris and received his education at the ''[[École pratique des hautes études]]''. Between 1932 and 1947, Mousnierhe worked as a school teacher in [[Rouen]] and [[Paris]]. During the [[World War II|Second World War]], Mousnier was a member of the [[French Resistance]]. AfterIn 19451947, Mousnierhe servedwas appointed as a professor at [[Strasbourg University]], (1947–1955)before andmoving atto the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] (1955–1977)in 1955, where he remained until 1977. Keenly interested in [[social history]], Mousnier went to the United States to learn [[sociology]] and [[anthropology]]. In 1934, Mousnier married Jeanne Lecacheur.<ref name=Fin>{{sfn|Finley-Croswhite, Annette "Mousnier, Roland" pages |1999|pp=843-844 from ''The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing'', Volume 2, edited by Kelly Boyd, Fitzroy Publishers, London, Chicago, 1999 page 844</ref>}}
 
==Views==
<!-- [[Society of orders]] links here. -->
Mousnier was one of the few post-war French historians who was neither a detractormember of both the [[Annales School]], or a subscriber andto [[Marxist]] views of history. A right-wing [[Roman Catholic]], Mousnier had a famous feud with the Soviet Marxist historian [[Boris Porchnev]] over whether peasant revolts in 17th-century France reflectedwere classa warfarefunction orof not.class Mousnierstruggle; deniedhe thereargued wassince muchthe of ideaconcept of class inwas Francelargely duringunknown in that period, whichPorchnev thuswas meantwrong thatto thereidentify could have been no class war in 17th-century Franceit as Porchneva maintaineddriver. In Mousnier's view, social classes did not emerge as an important factor in French society until the 18th century, with the coming of a more market-oriented economy.<ref name{{sfn|Finley-Croswhite|1999|pp=Fin/> Mousnier also published the private papers of the [[Pierre Séguier|chancelier Séguier]] in 1964.843-844}}▼
 
[[Image:Charles-Alexandre de Calonne - Vigée-Lebrun 1784.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|
▲Mousnier was one of the few post-war French historians who was a detractor of both the [[Annales School]] and [[Marxist]] views of history. A right-wing [[Roman Catholic]], Mousnier had a famous feud with the Soviet Marxist historian [[Boris Porchnev]] over whether peasant revolts in 17th-century France reflected class warfare or not. Mousnier denied there was much of idea of class in France during that period, which thus meant that there could have been no class war in 17th-century France as Porchnev maintained. In Mousnier's view, social classes did not emerge as an important factor in French society until the 18th century, with the coming of a more market-oriented economy.<ref name=Fin/> Mousnier also published the private papers of the [[Pierre Séguier|chancelier Séguier]] in 1964.
alt=An official dressed as a 'noble of the robe'|An official dressed as a [[Nobles of the Robe|Noblesse de robe]]]]
 
Mousnier's most notable claim to fame was his argument that early modern [[France]] was a "society of orders". In Mousnier's view, people in the period from the 15th century to the 18th century regarded honor, status and social prestige as far more important than wealth. As such, society was split vertically via social ranks rather than being split horizontally via class. Mousnier made it his life work to study how the relationships between different orders operated through networks of patronage. Mousnier referred to these relationships as ''maître-fidèle'' relations between those in the socially superior and those in the socially inferior orders. In general, Mousnier focused on elites in French society. In his view, differences between such orders as the land-owning ''[[noblesse d'épée]]'' (nobility of the sword) and the bureaucratic ''[[noblesse de robe]]'' (nobility of the robe) were more important than differences between the nobility and the peasantry. One of Mousnier's best known books, ''L'Assassinat d'Henri IV'' ('The Assassination of Henry IV') examined the climate of opinion and social context in 1610 France, in which a Catholic fanatic named [[François Ravaillac]] assassinated King [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]]. Mousnier's conclusion was that there were numerous "potential Ravaillacs" in France who were looking for a chance to kill the King.<ref name=Fin/>
 
In his view, differences within the same order were more important than those between classes. Within the [[Estates of the realm#Second Estate|nobility]], there were rigid divisions between the ''[[noblesse de robe]]'', or [[Nobles of the robe]], whose rank derived from holding judicial or administrative posts and were often hard-working professionals, unlike the aristocratic ''Noblesse d'épée'' or [[Nobles of the Sword]].{{sfn|Gasper|2013|p=244}}
Mousnier also produced the 1969 book ''Les Hiérarchies sociales '' (Social Hierarchies) that looked at how different civilizations such as [[Tibet]], [[China]], [[Germany]], [[Russia]] and [[France]] were organized across time.<ref name=Fin/> ''Les Hiérarchies sociales '' was very critical of communist societies and those based on "technocratic orders", and many have denounced the book as a right-wing rant against [[Communism]].▼
 
One of his best known books, ''L'Assassinat d'Henri IV'', or 'The Assassination of Henry IV' examined the climate of opinion and social context in 1610 France, in which a Catholic fanatic named [[François Ravaillac]] assassinated King [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]]. Mousnier's conclusion was that there were numerous "potential Ravaillacs" in France who were looking for a chance to kill the King.{{sfn|Finley-Croswhite|1999|pp=843-844}}
 
▲MousnierIn also1964, producedhe published the private papers of [[Pierre Séguier]], who was [[Grand Chancellor of France|Chancellor of France]] from 1635 to 1672. In 1969, he bookpublished ''Les Hiérarchies sociales '', (or ''Social Hierarchies)'', thata lookedstudy atof howthe evolution of different civilizations such as [[Tibet]], [[China]], [[Germany]], [[Russia]] and [[France]]; were organized across time.<ref name=Fin/> ''Les Hiérarchies sociales ''this was very critical of communist societies and those based on "technocratic orders", and many have denounced the book as a right.{{sfn|Finley-wing rant against [[Communism]].Croswhite|1999|pp=843-844}}
 
==Work==
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*''Lettres et mémoires adressées au chancelier Séguier (1633–1649)'', 1964.
*''Problèmes de stratification sociales : deux cahiers de la noblesse pour les États géneraux de 1649-1651'' (with J.-P. Labatut and Y. Durandà), 1965.
*''La participation des gouvernés à l'activité des gouvernants dans la France du XVIIe et du XVIIIe siècles'', 1966. Social hierarchies : 1450 to the present
*''Fureurs paysannes: les paysans dans les révoltes du XVIIe siècle (France, Russie, Chine)'', 1967.
*''Les hiérarchies sociales de 1450 à nos jours'', 1969 (translated as: Social hierarchies: 1450 to the present, 1973).
*"French Institutions and Society, 1610-1661" from ''[[The New Cambridge Modern History]]'', Volume 4: ''The Decline of Spain and the Thirty Year's War'' edited by J.P. Cooper, 1970.
*''La plume, la faucille et le marteau: institutions et société en France du Moyen âge à la Révolution'', 1970.
*''Les institutions de la France sous la monarchie absolue, 1598-1789'', 2 volumes, 1974-19801974–1980.
*''La famille, l'enfant et l'éducation en France et en Grande-Bretagne du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle'', 1975.
*''Recherches sur la stratification sociale à Paris aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles'', 1976.
*''Paris, capitale au temps de Richelieu et de Mazarin'', 1978.
*''La monarchie absolue en Europe: du Ve siècle à nos jours'', 1982.
*"Les fidélités et les clientèles en France aux XVIe, XVIIe, et XVIIIe siècles", pages 35–46 from ''Histoire sociale'', Volume 15, 1982.
*''L'homme rouge, ou la vie du cardinal de Richelieu'', 1582–1642'', 1992.
 
==NotesReferences==
{{Reflist}}
 
==ReferencesSources==
*''Hommage à Roland Mousnier: clientèles et fidélités en Europe à l'époque moderne'', edited by Yves Durand, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1981.
* {{cite book|last=Finley-Croswhite, |first=Annette|editor-last=Boyd|editor-first=Kelly|title= "Mousnier, Roland" pages 843-844 fromin ''The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing'', Volume 2, edited by Kelly Boyd, Fitzroy Publishers, London, Chicago, |publisher=Routledge|year=1999.|isbn=978-1884964336}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gasper |first1=Julia |title=The Marquis d'Argens: A Philosophical Life |date=2013 |publisher=Lexington |isbn=978-0739182338 }}
*Hayden, J. Michael "Models, Mousnier, and ''Qualité'': The Social Structure of Early Modern France", pages 375-398 from ''French History'', Volume 10, 1996.
 
==External links==
*[httphttps://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-roland-mousnier-1472789.html Obituary of Roland Mousnier]
 
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:French anti-communists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Paris faculty]]
[[Category:20th-century French historians]]
[[Category:French male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century French male writers]]
[[Category:Corresponding fellows of the British Academy]]
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