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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox football biography
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'''Robert Enke''' (24 August 1977 – 10 November 2009)<ref name="stern_20091111">{{cite web | title =Nationaltorwart Robert Enke ist tot | publisher=[[stern (magazine)|stern.de]] | date = 11 November 2009 | access-date =11 November 2009 | url = http://www.stern.de/sport-motor/fussball/hartplatzhelden/polizei-geht-von-selbstmord-aus-nationaltorwart-robert-enke-ist-tot-1520909.html | language = de}}</ref> was a German professional [[Association football|footballer]] who played as a [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]].
He played for [[Borussia Mönchengladbach|Mönchengladbach]], [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]], and [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]], but made
He won eight full international caps for the [[Germany national football team|Germany national team]] between the [[1999 Confederations Cup]] and his death in 2009, and was part of the squad which finished as runners-up in [[UEFA Euro 2008|Euro 2008]].
==Early life==
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===Life abroad===
In June 1999, he joined [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] in Portugal, signing a three-year contract,<ref>{{cite news|title=Guivarc'h signs four-year deal at Auxerre|newspaper=Evening News|date=4 June 1999|id={{ProQuest|327479635}}}}</ref> and becoming one of four goalkeepers on the team's books. Enke had a history of panic attacks<ref name=Reng />{{rp|page=88}} and had second thoughts soon after signing for the team. He realised however that, having signed a contract, he was obliged to fulfil it.<ref name=Reng />{{rp|page=76}} The club were then managed by Enke's countryman [[Jupp Heynckes]], who promptly made him captain. His time in Portugal was a turbulent one, as the club changed manager three times in his three seasons there and suffered their lowest ever league finish (sixth) in a trophyless spell, beset by financial difficulties that caused players wages to often be late. In spite of these issues, Enke quickly gained the admiration of Benfica's fans, and he is still fondly remembered by many of them.
Despite these problems, Enke's performances gained him the admiration of ''Encarnados'' (reds) fans, as well as interest from clubs like [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://64.34.162.112/news/2001Feb/20010202_7089_world_soccer.html|title=Arsenal may bid for Benfica's Enke|access-date=22 February 2008|publisher=World Soccer News|date=2 February 2001|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603211733/http://64.34.162.112/news/2001Feb/20010202_7089_world_soccer.html|archive-date=3 June 2008}}</ref> [[Atlético Madrid]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://64.34.162.112/news/2002Mar/20020320_12838_world_soccer.html|title=Atletico start Enke move in motion|access-date=22 February 2008|date=20 March 2002|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929082345/http://64.34.162.112/news/2002Mar/20020320_12838_world_soccer.html|archive-date=29 September 2007|work=World Soccer News}}</ref> and [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] chasing him.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/1694910.stm|title=Enke in Man Utd no-go|access-date =22 February 2008|publisher=BBC Sport | date= 6 December 2001}}</ref> After contract talks with Benfica stalled, Enke took up the offer of Spanish giants [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] and moved on a free transfer in June 2002 on a three-year deal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/2024644.stm|title=Barça swoop for Enke|access-date =22 February 2008|publisher=BBC Sport |date= 4 June 2002}}</ref>
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His brief taste of [[La Liga]] came in a 20-minute appearance as a substitute in a 2–2 draw at [[Osasuna]] on 2 March 2003. He did manage to sample some European action during his spell though as he made two [[UEFA Champions League]] appearances, against [[Club Brugge K.V.|Club Brugge]] and [[Galatasaray S.K. (football team)|Galatasaray]] in the group stage.
The following season, as [[Frank Rijkaard]] replaced [[Louis van Gaal]] as coach, Enke was loaned out to Turkish side [[Fenerbahçe S.K. (football team)|Fenerbahçe]] – then managed by German coach [[Christoph Daum]] – as part of the deal that saw [[Rüştü Reçber]] move to the Spanish club. However, his career continued to stall as he managed to play just a solitary game there, a traumatic 0–3 defeat to [[Istanbulspor]] on 10 August 2003. His own fans pelted him with firelighters and bottles during the game, blaming him for this bitter defeat. These scenes caused Enke to immediately quit the club and his planned one-year loan and return to Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.derwesten.de/nachrichten/sport/fussball/2009/11/10/news-140396062/detail.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113154022/http://www.derwesten.de/nachrichten/sport/fussball/2009/11/10/news-140396062/detail.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 November 2009 |title=Robert Enke ging in seiner Karriere schwere Wege |language=de |publisher=Der Westen|date= 10 November 2009|access-date =11 November 2009}}</ref> It was at this time that Enke suffered his first spell of depression,
After a four-month spell back at Barcelona, but outside the first team squad, Enke dropped down to the Spanish [[Segunda División]] when he was loaned to [[CD Tenerife]] in January 2004 for the remainder of the season.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.rsssf.org/players/robenkedata.html | title = Robert Enke - Matches and Goals in Bundesliga | first = Matthias | last = Arnhold | date = 7 December 2017 | access-date = 15 December 2017 | publisher = Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Here, he enjoyed an upturn, performing strongly and winning acclaim from the fans and other clubs. Although he believed his career was destined to remain in the lower leagues, he left Tenerife to join Hannover 96 in the Bundesliga.
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With the international retirement of previous number one Jens Lehmann at Euro 2008, Enke was poised to make the position his own and played in several [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification - UEFA Group 4|World Cup 2010 qualifiers]]. However, in October 2008, he broke the [[scaphoid]] of his left hand while training with the national team for a qualifier against Russia. After undergoing surgery, he was sidelined for two months, and was replaced by [[René Adler]]. Upon his return in January 2009, he again became the number one keeper in the national team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/nov/10/robert-enke-germany-died|title=Police confirm Germany goalkeeper Robert Enke left suicide note|work=The Guardian|date=11 November 2009|access-date=20 March 2017}}</ref>
In September and October 2009, Enke was again out of action for several weeks. The reason given to the Hannover 96 coaching was an intestinal infection [[campylobacter]], although it is revealed in Ronald Reng's book ''A Life Too Short: The Tragic Story of Robert Enke'' that this was only partly true and in fact Enke's depression had returned. He did not return to football until late October, as a result of which he was not called up for a friendly against [[Chile national football team|Chile]] for which the national team was preparing when he died. This game was subsequently called off as a mark of respect to Enke.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLB21882720091111 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821034048/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLB21882720091111 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 August 2010 |title=Germany cancel Chile friendly after Enke suicide |work=Reuters | date = 11 November 2009 |access-date =11 November 2009 | first=Karolos | last=Grohmann}}</ref> Prior to his death, Enke was expected to be Germany's number one goalkeeper at the 2010 World Cup, ahead of [[Manuel Neuer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/13/sports/worldcup/world-cup-2014-before-manuel-neuer-was-germanys-keeper-there-was-robert-enke.html?_r=0|title=Germany's Haunting Emptiness in Goal|work=The New York Times| first = Sam | last = Borden |date=12 July 2014|access-date=20 March 2017}}</ref>
He died having won eight full international caps. His final international appearance came on 12 August 2009 when he kept a [[clean sheet]] against [[Azerbaijan national football team|Azerbaijan]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/european_football/article6913191.ece | title = Robert Enke: a career of peaks and troughs |work=The Times |location=UK | access-date =6 January 2010 | date = 12 November 2009 | first = Gabriele | last = Marcotti}}</ref>
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==Death==
[[File:Robert Enke Trauerstelle.jpg|thumb|200px|Tributes at [[HDI-Arena]] in Hanover]]
On the night of 10 November 2009, at the age of 32, Enke died by [[rail suicide]], standing in front of a regional express train at a [[level crossing]] in [[Eilvese]], Neustadt am Rübenberge.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/8353733.stm |title=Germany keeper dies in accident |publisher=BBC News |date=10 November 2009 | access-date =10 November 2009}}</ref><ref name="confirmed suicide">{{cite web | url = http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/11112009/58/international-football-enke-death-confirmed-suicide.html | title = Enke death confirmed as suicide | publisher=Eurosport | date = 11 November 2009 | access-date =11 November 2009}}</ref> Police confirmed a suicide note was discovered but would not publicise its details.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/startseite/517056/artikel_robert-enke-zum-tod-des-nationaltorwarts.html | title = Robert Enke (24.08.1977 – 10.11.2009) | language = de | publisher=kicker.de | access-date =1 April 2011 | date = 9 November 2010}}</ref> His widow, Teresa, revealed that her husband had been suffering from [[Major depressive disorder|depression]] for six years and was treated by a psychiatrist.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.stern.de/sport/fussball/teresa-enke-letzte-hoffnung-liebe-1521152.html | title = Teresa Enke: Letzte Hoffnung Liebe | publisher=Stern.de | language = de | date = 11 November 2009 | access-date =11 November 2009}}</ref> After the death of his daughter Lara in 2006, he struggled to cope with the loss.<ref name="bbcdeath"/>
Many fans immediately flocked to Hannover 96's [[AWD-Arena]] home to lay flowers and light candles and sign the book of condolences upon news breaking. His former club Barcelona held a minute's silence before their game that night, and several international matches the following weekend paid the same tribute. As a mark of respect, the Germany national team cancelled their friendly match against Chile which had been scheduled for 14 November.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=697278&sec=europe&cc=5739|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214231651/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=697278&sec=europe&cc=5739|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2009|title= Germany call off Chile friendly | date = 11 November 2009 | access-date =11 November 2009}}</ref> A minute's silence was also held at all Bundesliga games during 21–22 November 2009 and at Benfica's game in the [[Taça de Portugal|Cup of Portugal]].<ref name="suicide stuns football">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/8353964.stm |title=Goalkeeper suicide stuns football |publisher=BBC News |date = 11 November 2009 | access-date =11 November 2009}}</ref> Germany also cancelled a planned training session and all interviews after his death. [[Oliver Bierhoff]], the national team's general manager, said: "We are all shocked. We are lost for words."<ref name="bbcdeath">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/internationals/8353964.stm |work=BBC News | title=Goalkeeper suicide stuns football | date=11 November 2009}}</ref>
On 15 November 2009, nearly 40,000 attendees filled the AWD-Arena for his memorial service. Enke's coffin, covered in white roses, was carried by six of his Hannover 96 teammates.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.svz.de/nachrichten/home/top-thema/article//ruhe-in-frieden-anruehrender-abschied-von-enke.html | title = Ruhe in Frieden: Anrührender Abschied von Enke | publisher = Schweriner Volkszeitung | date = 15 November 2009 | access-date = 18 May 2010 | language = de | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120918061339/http://www.svz.de/nachrichten/home/top-thema/article//ruhe-in-frieden-anruehrender-abschied-von-enke.html | archive-date = 18 September 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> He was then buried in Neustadt, outside Hannover, next to his daughter's grave.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.abendblatt.de/sport/fussball/article1270929/Er-war-einer-von-uns-Trauerfeier-mit-vielen-Emotionen.html | title = "Er war einer von uns" – Trauerfeier mit vielen Emotionen | publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt | date = 16 November 2009 | access-date =1 April 2011 | language = de}}</ref> As a further mark of respect for their former team mate, the players of Hannover 96 displayed the number one in a circle on the breast of their jerseys, as approved by the [[Deutsche Fußball Liga|DFL]] as a subtle tribute, for the rest of the [[2009–10 Bundesliga|2009–10 Bundesliga season]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/8379003.stm|title=Hannover pay tribute to Robert Enke with special shirt|work=BBC Sport |date=25 November 2009|access-date=25 November 2009}}</ref>
In 2019, a ten-year memorial event was held at a theatre hall in Hannover.<ref name="memorial">{{Cite web | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50377937 | title = Robert Enke: Remembering former Germany and Hannover goalkeeper, 10 years on | date = 12 November 2019 | website = BBC Sport | access-date = 12 November 2019 | first = Joe | last = Lynskey}}</ref>
Over the months after Enke's death, the number of railway suicides increased dramatically,<ref name=enkeeffect>{{cite news |last1=Cadenbach |first1=Christoph |title=Der Enke-Effekt |url=https://sz-magazin.sueddeutsche.de/leben-und-gesellschaft/der-enke-effekt-77033 |access-date=28 February 2024 |work=SZ Magazin |date=18 February 2010 |language=de}}</ref> not only in Germany but, later research showed, several other nearby countries.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Koburger|first1=Nicole|last2=Mergl|first2=Roland|last3=Rummel-Kluge|first3=Christine|last4=Ibelshäuser|first4=Angela|last5=Meise|first5=Ullrich|last6=Postuvan|first6=Vita|last7=Roskar|first7=Saska|last8=Székely|first8=András|last9=Tóth|first9=Monika Ditta|last10=van der Feltz-Cornelis|first10=Christina|last11=Hegerl|first11=Ulrich|title=Celebrity suicide on the railway network: Can one case trigger international effects?|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165032715004036|journal=[[Journal of Affective Disorders|J. Affect. Disord.]]|date=2015|volume=185|pages=38–46|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2015.06.037|access-date=12 May 2024}}</ref> This effect, more generally known as [[Werther effect]], and was referred to as the '''{{vanchor|Enke effect}}''' ({{lang-de|Enke-Effekt}}) by German media. It was noted that coverage of Enke's suicide had many elements that researchers believe may encourage others to move forward with planned suicides: detailed descriptions of how he did it, down to the exact location, images of grieving fans leaving memorials at the stadium, and speculation as to whether his continuing despondence over his daughter's death or a football setback motivated him.<ref name=enkeeffect/><ref>{{cite news |title=Schreiben über Depression und Suizid: Der Enke-Effekt |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/medien/der-enke-effekt-4881550.html |access-date=28 February 2024 |work=Der Tagesspiegel Online |language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=Warren C. |last2=Horlacher |first2=David E. |title=Evaluating the Economic Benefits of Fertility Reduction |journal=Studies in Family Planning |date=March 1969 |volume=1 |issue=39 |pages=4 |doi=10.2307/1964900}}</ref>
===Biography===
[[Ronald Reng]]'s biography ''[[A Life
===Robert Enke Foundation===
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[[Category:Suicides in Germany]]
[[Category:Footballers from Jena]]
[[Category:
[[Category:German men's footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:Germany men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Germany men's under-21 international footballers]]
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[[Category:German expatriate sportspeople in Turkey]]
[[Category:German animal rights activists]]
[[Category:Sportspeople who died by suicide]]
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