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→top: considered by twelvers, an important clarification. The sources of the deleted version were not great: one declared Zaydism to be popular in Pakistan (?), but does not name Saudi Arabia |
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{{for|the surname Zaidi and other uses|Zaidi (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox religious group|group=Zaydis|image=Ansar Allah Logo.svg|image_caption=A calligraphic logo used by Ansar Allah, a Zaydi Shia movement in Yemen commonly called the Houthis, with Arabic text: "Oh ye who believe, be supporters of God" (Quran 61:14)|founder=[[Zayd ibn Ali]]|region1=north-western [[Yemen]] (893 CE, by [[al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya]])|region2=[[northern Iran]] (Tabaristan, 864 CE, by Hasan ibn Zayd, expanded to Daylam and Gilan)|regions=north-western [[Yemen]], southern [[Saudi Arabia]]}}
{{Shia Islam|Branches}}
'''Zaydism''' ({{Lang-ar|الزَّيْدِيَّة|translit=az-Zaydiyya}}) is
Most of the world's Zaydis are located in Northern [[Yemen]],
==History==
In the 7th century some early Muslims expected [[Ali]] to become a first [[caliph]], successor to [[Muhammad]]. After ascension of [[Abu Bakr]], supporters of Ali (and future Shia) continued to believe only people from the Prophet's family to qualify as rulers and selected one leader, imam, from each generation (the proto-Sunni, in contrast, recognized Abu Bakr as a [[Rashidun|legitimate first caliph]]).{{sfn|Salmoni|Loidolt|Wells|2010|p=285}} The Zaydis emerged in reverence of [[Zayd ibn Ali]]'s [[Revolt of Zayd ibn Ali |failed uprising]] against the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad caliph]] [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik]] ({{reign|724|743}}). While a majority of the early Shia recognized Zayd's brother, [[Muhammad al-Baqir]], as the fifth leader, some considered Zayd as the fifth imam, and thus in the [[8th century]] formed the Zaydi or "'''Fivers'''" offshoot of Islam.{{sfn|Salmoni|Loidolt|Wells|2010|p=285}}
The Zaydis formed the states in what is now known as [[northern Iran]] ([[Tabaristan]], 864 [[Common era|CE]], by [[Hasan ibn Zayd]], expanded to [[Daylam]] and [[Gilan]]) and later in [[Yemen]] (893 CE, by [[al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya]]). The Zaydis on the [[Caspian Sea]] were forcefully converted to [[Twelver Shi'ism]] in the 16th century.{{sfn|Salmoni|Loidolt|Wells|2010|pp=285-286}}
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==Law==
In matters of [[Islamic jurisprudence]], the Zaydis follow [[Zayd ibn
==Theology==
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The second group, the Sulaymaniyya, named for Sulayman ibn Jarir, held that the Imamate should be a matter to be decided by consultation. They felt that the companions, including Abu Bakr and 'Umar, had been in error in failing to follow 'Ali but it did not amount to sin.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}
The third group is known as the [[Batriyya]], Tabiriyya, or Salihiyya for Kathir an-Nawa al-Abtar and Hasan ibn Salih. Their beliefs are virtually identical to those of the Sulaymaniyya, except they see Uthman also as in error but not in sin.<ref name="Sayyid 2005 p.50, 51">Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali Al-Zaidi, ''At-tarikh
The term [[rafida]] was a term used by Zayd ibn Ali on those who rejected him in his last hours for his refusal to condemn the first two Caliphs of the Muslim world, Abu Bakr and Umar.<ref>''The Waning of the Umayyad Caliphate'' by Tabarī, Carole Hillenbrand, 1989, p. 37</ref> Zayd bitterly scolds the "rejectors" (''rafidha'') who deserted him, an appellation used by [[Salafis]] to refer to Twelver Shi'a to this day.<ref>''The Encyclopedia of Religion'' Vol.16, Mircea Eliade, Charles J. Adams, Macmillan, 1987, p. 243. ''"They were called "Rafida by the followers of Zayd...the term became a pejorative nickname among Sunni Muslims, who used it, however to refer to the Imamiyah's repudiation of the first three caliphs preceding Ali..."''</ref>
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====Karkiya dynasty====
The [[Karkiya dynasty]], or Kia dynasty, was a Zaydi Shia dynasty which ruled over Bia pish (eastern Gilan) from the 1370s to 1592. They claimed Sasanian ancestry as well.<ref>{{
====Alid dynasty====
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{{Citation |last=Hodgson |first=Marshall |year=1961 |title=Venture of Islam |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=262}}</ref> Zaydi<ref>{{Citation |last=Ibn Abī Zarʻ al-Fāsī |first=ʻAlī ibn ʻAbd Allāh |publication-date=1972 |year=1340 |title=Rawḍ al-Qirṭās: Anīs al-Muṭrib bi-Rawd al-Qirṭās fī Akhbār Mulūk al-Maghrib wa-Tārīkh Madīnat Fās |location=ar-Rabāṭ |publisher=Dār al-Manṣūr|page=38|title-link=Rawd al-Qirtas }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hespress.com/?browser=view&EgyxpID=5116 |title=حين يكتشف المغاربة أنهم كانوا شيعة وخوارج قبل أن يصبحوا مالكيين ! |publisher=Hespress.com |access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zeStDQZOSgC&q=Idrisid+dynasty+zaydi&pg=PA218 |title=Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law |via=Google Books |access-date=30 November 2013|isbn=978-0691100999 |last1=Goldziher |first1=Ignác |last2=Hamori |first2=Andras |last3=Jūldtsīhar |first3=Ijnās |year=1981 |publisher=Princeton University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBwOF6jXBdIC&q=Idrisid+dynasty+zaidi&pg=PA844 |title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics |via=Google Books |date= 2003|access-date=30 November 2013|isbn=9780766137042 |last1=Hastings |first1=James |publisher=Kessinger }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=101310 |title=The Institute of Ismaili Studies – The Initial Destination of the Fatimid caliphate: The Yemen or The Maghrib? |publisher=Iis.ac.uk |access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter3/Ch_3_25.htm |title=25. Shi'ah tenets concerning the question of the imamate |publisher=Muslimphilosophy.com |access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref> dynasty, ruling 788–985.
The Alavids established a Zaydi state in [[Deylaman]] and Tabaristan (northern Iran) in 864;<ref>Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali Al-Zaidi, ''At-tarikh
From the 12th–13th centuries, Zaydi communities acknowledged the [[Imams of Yemen]] or rival Imams within Iran.<ref>Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali Al-Zaidi, ''At-tarikh
The Buyid dynasty was initially Zaidi<ref>{{Citation|last=Walker|first=Paul Ernest|year=1999|title=Hamid Al-Din Al-Kirmani: Ismaili Thought in the Age of Al-Hakim |series=Ismaili Heritage Series|volume=3|place=London; New York|publisher=I.B. Tauris in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies |page=13|isbn=978-1-86064-321-7}}</ref> as were the Banu Ukhaidhir rulers of al-Yamama in the 9th and 10th centuries.<ref>Madelung, W. "al-Uk̲h̲ayḍir." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. [http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-7693]</ref>
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The leader of the Zaidi community took the title of [[Caliph]]. As such, the ruler of Yemen was known as the Caliph. [[Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya]], a descendant of Imam Hasan ibn Ali, founded this [[Rassids|Rassid]] state at [[Sa'dah|Sa'da]], al-Yaman, in c. 893–897. The Rassid [[Imamate]] continued until the middle of the 20th century, when a 1962 revolution deposed the Imam. After the fall of the Zaydi Imamate in 1962 many{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} Zaydi Shia in northern Yemen had converted to Sunni Islam.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ardic |first1=Nurullah|title=Islam and the Politics of Secularism: The Caliphate and Middle Eastern}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=May 2016}}
The Rassid state was founded under Jarudiyya thought;<ref name="Sayyid 2005">Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali Al-Zaidi, ''At-tarikh
In the 21st century, the most prominent Zaidi movement is the ''Shabab Al Mu'mineen'', commonly known as ''[[Houthis]]'', who have been engaged in an uprising against the Yemeni Government, causing a grave humanitarian crisis in north Yemen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/MidEastReligionCore_lg.jpg |title=Map : Islam |publisher=Gulf2000.columbia.edu |access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/maps.shtml |title=The Gulf/2000 Project – SIPA – Columbia University |publisher=Gulf2000.columbia.edu |access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref>
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====Houthi Yemen====
{{Main|Houthis}}
[[File:Ansar Allah Flag.svg|thumb|250x250px|Flag of the [[Houthi movement]], associated with the Zaydit doctrine]]Since 2004 in [[Yemen]], Zaidi fighters have been waging an [[Houthi insurgency in Yemen|uprising]] against factions belonging to the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] majority group in the country. The [[Houthis]], as they are often called, have asserted that their actions are for the defense of their community from the government and discrimination, though the [[Politics of Yemen|Yemeni government]] in turn accused them of wishing to bring it down and institute religious law.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7379929.stm |publisher=BBC News|title=Deadly blast strikes Yemen mosque |date=2 May 2008 |access-date=11 November 2009}}</ref>
On 21 September 2014, an agreement was signed in [[Sana'a]] under [[United Nations|UN]] patronage essentially giving the Houthis [[Houthi takeover in Yemen|control of the government]] after a decade of conflict.<ref>{{cite news|title=Houthis secure six ministerial portfolios in new Yemeni cabinet|url=http://www.aawsat.net/2014/10/article55337905|date=26 October 2014|access-date=24 April 2021|newspaper=ASharq Al-Awsat|author=Hamdan Al-Rahbi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029134357/http://www.aawsat.net/2014/10/article55337905|archive-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> Tribal militias then moved swiftly to consolidate their [[Battle of Sana'a (2014)|position]] in the capital, with the group officially declaring direct control over the state on 6 February 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/yemens-shia-rebels-finalize-coup-vow-to-dissolve-parliament/article22829401/|agency=The Globe and Mail|title=Yemen's Shia rebels finalize coup, vow to dissolve parliament|date=6 February 2015|access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref> This outcome followed the [[Yemeni Revolution|removal]] of Yemen's President [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] in 2012 in the wake of protracted [[Arab Spring]] protests. Saudi Arabia has exercised the predominant external influence in Yemen since the withdrawal of [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser's]] Egyptian expeditionary force marking the end of the bitter [[North Yemen Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/21/sanaa-violence-end-yemen-shia-houthi-agreement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922193208/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/21/sanaa-violence-end-yemen-shia-houthi-agreement|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 September 2014|title=Yemeni government reaches agreement with Shia Houthi rebels|work=The Guardian |date=21 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/21636|agency=Al-Akhbar|title=Yemen: Saudi Arabia recognizes new balance of power in Sanaa as Houthis topple Muslim Brothers|first=Ahmed|last=al-Zarqa|date=22 September 2014|access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref>
There is a wide array of domestic opponents to Houthi rule in Yemen, ranging from the conservative Sunni [[Al-Islah (Yemen)|Islah Party]] to the secular socialist [[Southern Movement]] to the [[
==Imams of Zaidis==
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