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| result = Cuban government victory
| combatant1 = {{flagdeco|Cuba|1902}} '''Insurgents''':
* [[Anti-
* [[Fulgencio Batista|Batista]] loyalists
'''Supported by''':<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.svg}} [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] (1959–1961)<br />{{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}} (1959–1961)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Clodfelter|first1=Micheal|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures,
| combatant2 = '''{{flag|Cuba|name=Government of Cuba}}'''<br />'''Supported by''':<br />{{flag|Soviet Union}}
| commander1 = {{flagdeco|Cuba|1902}} [[Osvaldo Ramírez García|Osvaldo Ramírez]]{{KIA}}<br /> {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Revolutionary Directorate.svg}} [[William Alexander Morgan|William A. Morgan]]{{Executed}}<br /> {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Revolutionary Directorate.svg}} [[Eloy Gutiérrez Menoyo]]{{POW}}<br />Sinesio Walsh{{POW}}{{sfnp|Brown|2017|loc=Paragraph 35}}
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Fidel Castro
| units1 = {{circa}} 177 outlawed groups{{sfnp|Brown|2017|loc=Paragraph 78}}
* Former [[Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil|DRE]] guerrillas
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Revolutionary Directorate.svg}} Remnants of the [[Second National Front of Escambray]]
| units2 = [[File:FAR emblem.svg|20px]] [[Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces]]<br />[[National Revolutionary Militia]]<br />Department of State Security{{sfnp|Brown|2017|loc=Paragraph 39}}
| strength1 = 2,000{{sfnp|Brown|2017|loc=Paragraph 78}}–3,995<ref name="Swanger, p. 243">Swanger, p. 243</ref> combatants<br />6,000+ collaborators{{sfnp|Brown|2017|loc=Paragraph 78}}
| strength2 = 250,000 (armed forces and militia)<ref name="Swanger, p. 243">Swanger, p. 243</ref>
| casualties1 = 2,000–3,000 killed<br />5,000 captured
| casualties2 = '''Armed Forces''':<br />500 soldiers killed<br />1,000+ soldiers wounded<br />'''Militia''':<br>
| casualties3 = 1,000–7,000 total deaths<ref>Joanna Swanger. "Rebel Lands of Cuba: The Campesino Struggles of Oriente and Escambray, 1934–1974."
}}
{{Campaignbox Cuban Revolution}}
The '''Escambray rebellion''' was an armed conflict from 1959 to 1965 in the [[Escambray Mountains]] during which several insurgent groups fought against the [[Cuba]]n government led by [[Fidel Castro]]. The military operation against the rebellion was called the '''Struggle Against Bandits''' ({{lang-es|Lucha
The rebels were a mix of former soldiers of the [[Fulgencio Batista|Batista]]
==Beginning==
The uprising began almost immediately after the success of the [[Cuban Revolution]] in 1959. It was led by an ex-guerrilla that had fought against Batista before, but rejected the socialist turn the Cuban Revolution had taken and the ensuing close ties with the [[Soviet Union]]. Small landowning farmers, who disagreed with the socialist government's collectivization of Cuban farmlands also played a central role in the failed rebellion. The uprising was also secretly backed by the [[CIA]] and the [[Eisenhower administration]] because of Castro's ties with the Soviet Union.<ref name="Warner, Michael">{{Cite book|title=The CIA's internal probe of the Bay of Pigs affair|last=Warner
The insurgent ''guajiro'' rural farmers were aided by some former [[Fulgencio Batista|Batista]] forces but were led mostly by former [[Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil|DRE]] rebels (13 March Movement), such as the anti-communists Osvaldo Ramirez and Comandante [[William Alexander Morgan]], both of whom had fought Batista's ''casquitos'' in the same area only a few years before (Morgan himself was executed in 1961, long before the resistance ended).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/william-morgan.htm | title = William Morgan | publisher = Latin American Studies}}</ref> Ramirez and Morgan were viewed by the United States as potential pro-democracy options for Cuba and sent CIA-trained Cuban exiles to promote and spread word of them being an alternative to Castro.<ref name="Warner, Michael"/>
==Insurgency==
The CIA provided some aid to the insurgents but withdrew all support after the failed [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] in 1961, ensuring their ultimate defeat. Some of the failures could be attributed to Castro's "roll up" of CIA operatives in Cuba.<ref name = "Volkman">Volkman, 1995.{{Page?|date=April 2023}}</ref> After the Bay of Pigs failure, Osvaldo Ramirez returned to the [[Escambray Mountains]] and declined an offer by Castro's emissary, Comandante Faure Chomón, to surrender.
The main tactic of the Cuban government was to deploy thousands of troops against small groups of rebels, forming progressively-constricting rings of encirclement.<ref name = "Encinosa">Encinosa, Unvanquished, pp. 73–86.</ref> The communist leaders that Castro sent to clear the Escambray Mountains were ordered to exterminate the rebels. They were to "comb the brush elbow to elbow" until they had completely cleared the hills of anti-communist rebels.<ref name = "
==Defeat==
Both their smaller numbers and the lack of outside assistance, particularly supplies, eventually led to the rebels' defeat.<ref name = "
==Legacy==
The
[[Raúl Castro]] claimed in a speech in 1970 that the rebellion killed 500 members of the [[Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces]]. The death toll of the rebels and others involved in the rebellion (such as civilians and pro-government militias) is unknown. Estimates for total combatant deaths range from 1,000 to 7,000.<ref>Joanna Swanger. "Rebel Lands of Cuba: The Campesino Struggles of Oriente and Escambray, 1934–1974." Page 243.</ref>
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==Sources==
* {{cite journal| last = Brown| first = Jonathan| title = The bandido counterrevolution in Cuba,
* De la Cova, Antonio Rafael. 2007. ''The Moncada Attack: Birth of the Cuban Revolutio''n. University of South Carolina Press. {{ISBN|978-1-57003-672-9}}, p. 314 note 47.
* Dreke, Victor (Edited by Mary-Alice Waters) 2002. ''From el Escambray to the Congo''. Pathfinder Press, New York. {{ISBN|0-87348-947-0}}, {{ISBN|0-87348-948-9}}.
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[[Category:20th-century rebellions]]
[[Category:Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution]]
[[Category:Anti-communist guerrilla organizations]]
[[Category:Opposition to Fidel Castro]]
[[Category:Peasant revolts]]
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[[Category:Sancti Spíritus Province]]
[[Category:Villa Clara Province]]
[[Category:Civil wars involving the states and peoples of North America]]
[[Category:Civil wars of the 20th century]]
[[Category:Cold War rebellions]]
[[Category:Counter-revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1959]]
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[[Category:1959 establishments in Cuba]]
[[Category:1965 disestablishments in Cuba]]
[[Category:Insurgencies]]
[[Category:Wars involving Cuba]]
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