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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is already sufficiently detailed; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
[[File:Ilha de Mocanguê by Diego Baravelli (cropped).jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Rio–Niterói Bridge]]]]
[[File:A Saúde dos Portos (7110638275).jpg|200px|thumb|right|Port of Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil]]
▲EG.: São Paulo State Government declares 101.1 km of subway line while Federal Government declares only 88 km (for São Paulo). | SIMU - MDR, Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo - SP GOV | -->'''Transport infrastructure''' in [[Brazil]] is characterized by strong regional differences and lack of development of the national rail network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhl-discoverlogistics.com/cms/en/course/trends/america/brazil.jsp|title=Logistics in Brazil - DHL Logistik<!-- Bot generated title -->|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724063352/http://www.dhl-discoverlogistics.com/cms/en/course/trends/america/brazil.jsp|archive-date=2012-07-24}}</ref> Brazil's fast-growing economy, and especially the growth in exports, will place increasing demands on the transport networks.<ref name="ic.gc.ca">{{cite web |url=http://www.ic.gc.ca/scdt/bizmap/interface2.nsf/vDownload/ISA_3976/$file/X_9317614.PDF |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-09-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922065731/http://www.ic.gc.ca/scdt/bizmap/interface2.nsf/vDownload/ISA_3976/$file/X_9317614.PDF |archive-date=2012-09-22 }}</ref> However, sizeable new investments that are expected to address some of the issues are either planned or in progress.<ref name="ic.gc.ca"/><ref>[http://www.bsdlive.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=3130466 Home page | The world's leading construction web site<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref> It is common to travel domestically by air because the price is low. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Travelling in Brazil - Transportation: Air, bus, car...|url=http://www.aboutbrasil.com/modules/brazil-brasil/travel_about_brazil.php?hoofd=1&sub=1&art=10|access-date=2020-10-13|website=www.aboutbrasil.com}}</ref> Brazil has the second highest number of airports in the world, after the USA. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=15 December 2021|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/#transportation|url-status=live|access-date=26 December 2021|website=The World Factbook - CIA}}</ref>
==Railways==
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{{Further|RFFSA}}
[[Image:Ponte Rubinéia 4.jpg|thumb|Norte Brasil Railway]]
[[Image:Railway network Brazil.svg|thumb|Map of Brazilian rail network, 2016]]
The Brazilian [[railway]] network has an extension of about {{convert|30000|km|0|abbr=on}}. It is basically used for transporting ores.<ref
The Brazilian railroad system had a great expansion between 1875 and 1920. The heyday of the railway modal was interrupted during the Getúlio Vargas government, which prioritized the road modal. In the 1940s, the railway network was already facing several problems, from low-powered locomotives to uneconomical layouts. In 1957, a state-owned company was created, the National Railroad Network (RFFSA), which started to manage 18 railroads in the Union. Several deficit railways were closed under the promise of state investment in new projects, which did not happen. The actions were centralized in the government until the opening of the market in 1990. So, the National Privatization Plan was instituted, with dozens of concessions being made. However, they ended up concentrating the railways, mainly, in three large business groups, América Latina Logística (ALL), Vale S.A. and MRS Logística. The refurbishment generated an increase in productivity (cargoes transported increased by 30% with the same railway line). However, the main problem was that the reform not only gave away the railway line, but also geographical exclusivity. This resulted in the non-creation of competitive incentives for the expansion and renewal of the existing network. With the State maintaining the opening of new railways a difficult, slow and bureaucratic process, as it maintains the total monopoly of power over this sector, the railways did not expand any further in the country, and the sector was very outdated.
In 2021, a New Framework for Railways was created, allowing the construction of railways by authorization, as occurs in the exploration of infrastructure in sectors such as telecommunications, electricity and ports. It's also possible to authorize the exploration of stretches not implemented, idle, or in the process of being returned or deactivated. With the change of rules in the sector, in
*'''Total actual network:''' 29,888
:[[Broad gauge]]: 4,932 km {{RailGauge|1600mm|lk=on}} gauge (939 km electrified)
:[[Narrow gauge railway|Narrow gauge]]: 23,341 km {{RailGauge|1000mm|lk=on}} gauge (24 km electrified)
Line 31 ⟶ 28:
* A 12 km section of the former {{RailGauge|2ft6in}} gauge [[Estrada de Ferro Oeste de Minas]] is retained as a [[heritage railway]].
===
[[Image:Estação Antero de Quental (15-07-2016) 03.jpg|thumb|[[Rio de Janeiro Metro]]]]
Line 37 ⟶ 34:
|-valign=top
|
* [[Teresina]] (13.5
*[[Juazeiro do Norte]] (13.6
*[[Sobral, Ceará|Sobral]] (13.9
*[[Belo Horizonte Metro|Belo Horizonte]] (28.1
*[[João Pessoa, Paraíba|João Pessoa]] (30
*[[Maceió]] (32.1
*[[Salvador
| width=40 |
|
* [[
*[[Porto Alegre Metro|Porto Alegre]] (43.4
*[[Fortaleza]] (43.6
*[[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]] (56.2
* [[Recife Metro|Recife]] (71
* [[Rio de Janeiro Metro|Rio de Janeiro]] (100
* [[São Paulo Metro|São Paulo]] (112.2
|}
===Railway links with adjacent countries===
Line 61 ⟶ 58:
===Tramways===
Brazil had a hundred tramway systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tramz.com/br/tto/1.html|title=INTRODUCTION|website=www.tramz.com|access-date=2007-01-16|archive-date=2008-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723172125/http://www.tramz.com/br/tto/1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Currently, there are vintage tramways operating in Belém, [[Campinas]], Campos do Jordão, [[Itatinga]], Rio de Janeiro and Santos.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tramz.com/br/be/be50.html|title=The Tramways of Belém|website=www.tramz.com|access-date=2007-08-01|archive-date=2009-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502084627/http://www.tramz.com/br/be/be50.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tramz.com/br/cp/pp.html|title=The Tramways of Campinas|website=www.tramz.com|access-date=2007-08-01|archive-date=2009-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918072908/http://www.tramz.com/br/cp/pp.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tramz.com/br/cj/cj.html|title=Campos do Jordão|website=www.tramz.com|access-date=2007-08-01|archive-date=2009-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304204649/http://www.tramz.com/br/cj/cj.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tramz.com/br/it/it.html|title=CODESP hydroelectric complex (Brazil)|website=www.tramz.com|access-date=2007-08-01|archive-date=2010-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531010436/http://www.tramz.com/br/it/it.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tramz.com/br/rj/st/st.html|title=THE SANTA TERESA TRAMWAY|website=www.tramz.com|access-date=2007-08-01|archive-date=2009-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504060014/http://www.tramz.com/br/rj/st/st.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tramz.com/br/ss/st.html|title=THE SCOTTISH TRAMS OF SANTOS|website=www.tramz.com|access-date=2007-08-01|archive-date=2010-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531011107/http://www.tramz.com/br/ss/st.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
== Highways ==
[[Image:Rodovia dos Imigrantes 1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rodovia dos Imigrantes]]]]
[[Image:Rodovias
[[Image:RodBandeirantes.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rodovia dos Bandeirantes]]]]
[[Image:BR050.jpg|thumb|right|[[BR-050]]]]
[[Image:BR-060, de Brasília a Goiânia.jpg|thumb|left|[[BR-060]]]]
[[Image:Rodovia do Café - BR-376, Imbaú.2.jpg|thumb|right|[[BR-376]]]]
[[Image:CURITIBA (BR 277 km 3,5, Trecho Curitiba-Paranaguá), Paraná, Brasil by Nivaldo Cit Filho - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|[[BR-277]]]]
''{{Main|Brazilian Highway System}}''
Brazil has more than {{convert|1720700|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[roads]], of which {{convert|213452|km|0|abbr=on}} are paved (12,4%), and about {{convert|
Although Brazil has the largest [[dual carriageway|duplicated road network]] in Latin America, it's considered insufficient for the country's needs: in 2021, it was calculated that the ideal amount of duplicated roads would be something around from {{convert|35000|km|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|42000|km|0|abbr=on}}. The main road axes also have problems because they often have inadequate geometry and constructive characteristics that don't allow quality long-distance flow (non-interference from local traffic and high speed). The Brazilian Federal Government has never implemented a National Highway Plan at the same level as developed countries such as the USA, Japan or European countries, which specifically aimed at inter-regional travel, and which should preferably be served by highways (which would differ from the common duplicated highways by geometric pattern, access control without access to neighboring lots, zero level crossings and returns, prohibition of circulation of non-motorized vehicles such as cyclists, animal traction or human propulsion, as per the [[Vienna Convention on Road Traffic|Vienna Convention]]). The Brazilian State, despite some planning efforts, has been guided by a reactive action to the increase in demand (only duplicating some roads with old and inadequate layout) and not by a purposeful vision, directing occupation and economic density in the territory. Another problem is the lack of directing the Union Budget towards infrastructure works: in Brazil there is no law that guarantees funds from the Federal Budget for works on highways and other modes of transport (unlike what happens in sectors such as Education and Health), depending exclusively on the goodwill of the rulers. In the US, for example, the gasoline tax can only be used for transport infrastructure works. Brazil even invested 1.5% of the country's budget in infrastructure in the 1970s, being the time when the most investment was made in highways; but in the 1990s, only 0.1% of the budget was invested in this sector, maintaining an average of 0.5% in the 2000s and 2010, insufficient amounts for the construction of an adequate road network. For comparative purposes, the average investment of the USA and the European Union was 1% between 1995 and 2013, even though they already have a much more advanced road infrastructure than Brazil.
The country has a medium rate of car ownership of 471 per 1000 people,<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Taxa de motorização no Brasil: veja o aumento em 20 anos|url=https://www.mobilize.org.br/estatisticas/70/taxa-de-motorizacao-no-brasil-veja-o-aumento-em-20-anos.html
The country still has several states where
==Waterways==
[[Image:Bacia tiete parana.png|thumb|right|250px|Tietê-Paraná Waterway]]
50,000
Among the main Brazilian [[waterway]]s, two stand out: [[Hidrovia Tietê-Paraná]] (which has a length of 2,400 km, 1,600 on the Paraná River and 800 km on the Tietê River, draining agricultural production from the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and part of Rondônia, Tocantins and Minas Gerais) and [[Hidrovia do Solimões-Amazonas]] (it has two sections: Solimões, which extends from Tabatinga to Manaus, with approximately 1600 km, and Amazonas, which extends from Manaus to Belém, with 1650 km. Almost entirely passenger transport from the Amazon plain is done by this waterway, in addition to practically all cargo transportation that is directed to the major regional centers of Belém and Manaus). In Brazil, this transport is still underutilized: the most important waterway stretches, from an economic point of view, are found in the Southeast and South of the country. Its full use still depends on the construction of locks, major dredging works and, mainly, of ports that allow intermodal integration.<ref>
==Pipelines==
* [[Natural-gas condensate|condensate]]/gas 62
* [[natural gas]] 11,696
* [[liquid petroleum]] gas 353
* [[crude oil]] 4,517
* refined products 5,959
==Seaports and harbors ==
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[[Image:Mapa portos.jpg|thumb|Main ports in Brazil]]
The busiest port in the country, and the 2nd busiest in all of Latin America, losing only to the [[Colón, Panama|Port of Colón]], is the [[Port of Santos]]. Other high-movement ports are the [[Port of Rio de Janeiro]], [[Port of Paranaguá]], [[Port of Itajaí]], [[Port of Rio Grande]], [[Port of São Francisco do Sul]] and [[Suape Port]].<ref>
=== Atlantic Ocean ===
Line 104:
|-valign=top
|
* [[
* [[Port of Paranaguá|Paranaguá]]
* [[Ilheus]]▼
* [[
* [[
* [[Port of Porto Alegre|Porto Alegre]]
| width=40 |
|
* [[
* [[Port of Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiro]]
* [[Port of Pecém|Pecém]]
▲* [[Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul|Rio Grande]]
* [[
* [[
* [[Port of Antonina|Antonina]]
| width=40 |
|
* [[Port of São Francisco do Sul|São Francisco do Sul]]
* [[São Sebastião, São Paulo|São Sebastião]]
* [[
* [[Port of Salvador|Salvador]]
* [[
|}
===Amazon river===
* [[Belém]]
* [[Port of Manaus|Manaus]]
* [[
===Paraguay River (international water way)===
Line 136 ⟶ 139:
770 ships ({{GT|1,000|disp=long}} (or over) totaling {{GT|3,964,808}}/{{DWT|9,909,094|metric|disp=long}}
''ships by type:'' (1999, 2019 and 2021 est.)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frota registrada na navegação de cabotagem e de longo curso por tipo de embarcação|url=https://anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br/2021/File/Aqu/AQU_3_4_2_1_1_1.XLSX
{|
|-valign=top
Line 154 ⟶ 157:
== Airports ==
{{see also|List of airports in Brazil|List of the busiest airports in Brazil}}
[[File:ViewfromAir-SaoPaulo.jpg|thumb|[[São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport]].]]
[[File:Riodejaneiro aerea aeroportogaleao-131756(cut).jpg|thumb|[[Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport]].]]
The country has the second largest number of airports in the world, behind only the United States. [[São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport|São Paulo/Guarulhos]], is the largest and busiest in the country. Brazil has 37 international airports,<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 July 2018|title=Lista de aeroportos Internacionais - 2018|url=https://anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br/2021/File/Aer/AER_4_3_2_1_1.xlsx
Most international flights must go to [[São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport]] or [[Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport]]. Belo Horizonte is the main international airport outside Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. A few go to Brasília, Recife, Natal, and just recently Fortaleza has accepted international flights.
Line 193 ⟶ 195:
== See also ==
* [[National Association of Cargo Transportation and Logistics]] (Brazil)
* [[Rail transport by country]]
* [[List of countries by road network size]]
== References ==
Line 204 ⟶ 208:
{{Americas topic|Transport in}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Transport In Brazil}}▼
[[Category:Transport in Brazil| ]]▼
==External links==
{{Commons category|Transport in Brazil}}
* [https://www.gov.br/infraestrutura/ Infrastructure Ministry of Brazil]
* [https://www.gov.br/antaq/ Brazilian National Aquatic Transport Agency (ANTAQ)]
* [https://www.gov.br/anac/ Brazilian National Civil Aviation Agency (ANAC)]
* [https://www.gov.br/antt/ Brazilian National Terrestrial Transportation Agency (ANTT)]
* [https://www.cnt.org.br/ Brazilian National Transport Confederation (CNT)]
▲{{DEFAULTSORT:Transport In Brazil}}
▲[[Category:Transport in Brazil| ]]
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