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'''Queens''' is a [[Boroughs of New York City|borough of New York City]], coextensive with '''Queens County''', in the [[U.S. state]] of [[New York (state)|New York]]. Located atnear the western end of [[Long Island]], it is the largest of the five [[New York City]] boroughs by area. It is bordered by the borough of [[Brooklyn]]<ref name="queensoverviewnys">{{cite web|url=https://www.ny.gov/counties/queens|title=Queens|publisher=[[New York (state)|New York State]]|access-date=April 27, 2020|quote=Queens is the easternmost and largest in area of the five boroughs of New York City, geographically adjacent to the borough of Brooklyn}}</ref> and by [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] to its east, and shares maritime borders with the boroughs of [[Manhattan]], [[the Bronx]], and [[Staten Island]], as well as with [[New Jersey]].<ref>[https://global.mapit.mysociety.org/area/981356/touches.html Areas touching Monmouth County], MapIt. Accessed September 6, 2023.</ref> Queens is the most [[linguistics|linguistically]] and [[ethnically diverse]] place in the world.<ref name="BusinessQueensMostEthnicallyAndLinguisticallyDiverseWorld>{{cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/02/queens-in-new-york-has-more-languages-than-anywhere-in-the-world/#:~:text=There%20are%20as%20many%20as,Endangered%20Language%20Alliance%20(ELA).|title=Welcome to the language capital of the world: Queens, New York|author=Gus Lubin|publisher=[[World Economic Forum]], in collaboration with [[Business Insider]]|access-date=August 201731, Feb2024|quote=There 15"are as many as 800 languages spoken in New York City, and nowhere in the world has more than Queens, according to the Endangered Language Alliance (ELA).}}</ref><ref name="Narula 2014 apr 29" /><ref name="Axios 2019 Jul 4" />
 
With a population of 2,405,464 as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]],<ref name="2020-Census-Map" /> Queens is the second-most populous county in New York state, behind Kings County (Brooklyn), and is therefore also the second-most populous of the five New York City boroughs. If Queens were its own city, it would be the [[List of United States cities by population|fourth most-populous in the U.S.]] after [[New York City]] itself, [[Los Angeles]], and [[Chicago]]. Queens is the fourth-most densely populated borough in New York City and the fourth-most densely populated [[U.S. county]]. It is highly diverse as about 47% of its residents are [[foreign born|foreign-born]].<ref name="USCensus-Queens foreign-born 2020" />
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{{US Census population
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|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="USCensus-Decennial 2015" /><br />1790-1960<ref name="Forstall 1995 Apr 20" /> 1900-1990<ref name="Forstall 1995 Apr 20" /> 1990-2000<ref name="USCensus-Queens foreign-born 2010" /> 2010-2018<ref name="USCensus-Queens foreign-born 2020" /> 2020<ref name="2020-Census-Map" />
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[[File:Bwy Elmhurst Chinatown jeh.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The [[Elmhurst, Queens#Chinatown, Elmhurst (唐人街, 艾姆赫斯特)|Elmhurst Chinatown (艾姆赫斯特 唐人街)]] at the corner of Broadway and Dongan Avenue]]
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The New York City Department of City Planning was alarmed by the negligible reported increase in population between 2000 and 2010. Areas with high proportions of immigrants and undocumented aliens are traditionally undercounted for a variety of reasons, often based on a mistrust of government officials or an unwillingness to be identified. In many cases, counts of vacant apartment units did not match data from local surveys and reports from property owners.<ref name="NYTs 2011 May 24" />
[[File:Ethnic Origins in Queens.png|thumb|Ethnic origins in Queens]]
[[File:Ethnic Origins in Queens.png|thumb|Ethnic origins in Queens]] {{As is the case elsewhere in the United States due to a recent decline in border security, as of |2023}}, illegal [[Chinese emigration|Chinese immigration]] to New York City, especially to Queens and its [[Flushing Chinatown]], has accelerated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/24/us/politics/china-migrants-us-border.html|title=Growing Numbers of Chinese Migrants Are Crossing the Southern Border|author=Eileen Sullivan|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 24, 2023|access-date=November 24, 2023|quote=Most who have come to the United States in the past year were middle-class adults who have headed to New York after being released from custody. New York has been a prime destination for migrants from other nations as well, particularly Venezuelans, who rely on the city’s resources, including its shelters. But few of the Chinese migrants are staying in the shelters. Instead, they are going where Chinese citizens have gone for generations: Flushing, Queens. Or to some, the Chinese Manhattan...“New York is a self-sufficient Chinese immigrants community,” said the Rev. Mike Chan, the executive director of the Chinese Christian Herald Crusade, a faith-based group in the neighborhood.}}</ref>
 
===Ethnic groups===
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====Long Island Rail Road====
[[File:Bombardier M7 7799 enters Flushing.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Flushing – Main Street (LIRR station)|Flushing – Main Street LIRR station]]]]
The [[Long Island Rail Road]], also part of the [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority|MTA]], operates 24 hours a day, 7seven days a week, including holidays – carrying an average of 301,000 customers a day (80 million a year, adjusting downward for weekends) on about 735 scheduled trains.<ref name="MTA-LIRR-info" /> It is the busiest commuter rail hub in the United States. Most of its branches originate or terminate at [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Penn Station]]. All but one of its branches (the [[Port Washington Branch]]) pass through [[Jamaica station|Jamaica]]. Within the [[City Terminal Zone]], Queens has stations in [[Long Island City station|Long Island City]], [[Hunterspoint Avenue station (LIRR)|Hunterspoint Avenue]] (in [[Long Island City]]), [[Bayside station (LIRR)|Bayside]], [[Forest Hills station (LIRR)|Forest Hills]], [[Flushing–Main Street station (LIRR)|Flushing]], [[Woodside station (LIRR)|Woodside]], and [[Kew Gardens, Queens|Kew Gardens]]. There are also two stations where LIRR passengers can transfer to the subway.
 
Until 1998, the LIRR served 5 stations on the Lower Montauk branch between Jamaica and Hunterspoint Avenue. The LIRR used the track for non-stop service between Jamaica and Hunterspoint until 2012, when service was rerouted onto the main line and the line was leased to the [[New York and Atlantic Railway]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lower Montauk Branch Passenger Rail Study |url=https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/lower-montauk-final-report-jan2018.pdf}}</ref>
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==The Cemetery Belt==
{{main|Rural Cemetery Act}}
Several large cemeteries in Queens – [[St. Michael's Cemetery (New York)|St. Michaels]], [[All Faiths Cemetery|Luthern]], [[Calvary Cemetery (Queens)|Calvary]], [[Cypress Hills Cemetery|Cypress Hill]], [[Mount Olivet Cemetery (Queens)|Mt. Olivet]] and [[Mount Zion Cemetery (New York City)|Mt. Zion]] – together with several in Brooklyn are collectively known as The Cemetery Belt. There are about five million burials in the borough and Calvary, with about 3 million burials,<ref>Williams, Keith. [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/27/nyregion/why-the-brooklyn-queens-border-is-full-of-dead-people.html "Why the Brooklyn-Queens Border Is Full of Dead People"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 27, 2017. Accessed January 23, 2024. "There are more than a dozen cemeteries near the line separating the two boroughs, in an area sometimes called the Cemetery Belt. More than five million people are buried in Queens alone, outnumbering those living there by more than two to one.... Calvary Cemetery in Queens, where three million Catholics are buried, and Washington Cemetery, a Jewish graveyard in Brooklyn, are among sites that have been completely developed."</ref> has the largest number of interments of any cemetery in the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |editoreditor1= Kenneth T. Jackson, |editor2=Lisa Keller, |editor3=Nancy Flood |date= December 2010|title= The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC |location= |publisher= [[Yale University Press]]|page= |isbn= 9780300182576}}</ref>
 
==See also==
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==References==
<references><ref name="Antos 2009">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Antos,|2009|p=}} |last1=Antos |first1=Jason D. <!--({{italics correction|''né''}} Jason D. Antonopoulos; born 1981) How to do that without causing a script warning?--> |date=2009 |title=Queens |location=[[Charleston, South Carolina]] |publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]]}} {{LCCN|2008925020}}; {{ISBN|978-0-7385-6308-4}}; {{OCLC|1065560700|show=all}}.
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li>{{hanging indent |text={{cite book |title=''Via Google Books''|url={{GBurl|deGPmYTCca4C|p=12}} |type=preview only |via= |page=12}} }}</li>
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<ref name="Religion-stats 2010">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|ARDA,|2010}} |last1=ARDA |author-link1=Association of Religion Data Archives |date=2010 |title=County Membership Report – Queens County (New York) |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/rcms2010A.asp?U=36081&T=county&Y=2010&S=adh |publisher=The [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] |access-date=January 2, 2020 |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806161722/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/rcms2010A.asp?U=36081&T=county&Y=2010&S=adh |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Beers-maps 1873">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Beers,|1873|p= }} |last1=Beers |first1=((Frederick William (1839–1933), cartographer (supervisor))) |date=1873 |title=Atlas of Long Island, New York – From Recent and Actual Surveys and Records |url=https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e2-6331-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99 |language=en-US |type=192 pages, including 98 color maps, folded |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=Beers, Comstock & Cline (publisher). Charles Hart (1824–1914) (printer). Louis E. Neuman (1835–1902) (engraver) |access-date=September 1, 2021 |via=[[New York Public Library]], Digital Collections and the [[Library of Congress]] }} {{LCCN|2016430357}}; {{OCLC|994815013|show=all}}, {{OCLC search link|953568433}} & {{OCLC search link|13964902}} ([[microfilm]]).
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Beers: "Map of Long Island",|1873|p= }} |title=''"Map of Long Island"'' |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2005625368/ }} {{OCLC|767854563}}. }}</li>
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<ref name="Biography-John-McEnroe 2014 Apr 2">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|''Biography.com'', "John McEnroe," April 2,|2014}} |work=[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]] |date=April 2, 2014 |title=John McEnroe |url=https://www.biography.com/athlete/john-mcenroe |publisher=[[A&E Television Networks]] |access-date=February 15, 2018 |archive-date=May 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518162349/https://www.biography.com/athlete/john-mcenroe |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Ciccone-Leigh 2008">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Ciccone & Leigh, July|2008|p=}} |last1=Ciccone |first1=Christopher |last2=Leigh |first2=((Wendy (1950–2016))) |author-link2=:de:Wendy Leigh |date=July 2008 |title=Life With My Sister Madonna |url={{GBurl|mqqFX9lU98IC|p=56|dq="corona"+"breakfast club"}} |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster|Simion Spotlight Entertainment]] |page=56 |access-date=August 31, 2010 |via=[[Google Books]]}} ''See article → [[Life with My Sister Madonna]].'' {{LCCN|2008300312}} (hardcover), {{LCCN|2009536200}} (paperback); {{ISBN|1-4165-8762-4|978-1-4165-8762-0}}; {{OCLC|232128720|show=all}}.</ref>
 
<ref name="CCSSE 2003">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|CCSSE,|2003|p=}} |last1=Community College Survey of Student Engagement (CCSSE) (publisher) |author-link1=Community College Survey of Student Engagement |date=2003 |title=''"Engaging Community Colleges – National Benchmarks of Quality – 2003 Findings"'' |url=https://cccse.org/sites/default/files/2003_National_Report.pdf |page=12 |access-date= }} {{OCLC|1064663491|425804160}}.
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Of the four categories, (i) Extra-Large Colleges (15,000 or more students), (ii) Large Colleges (8,000–14,999 students), (iii) Medium Colleges (4,500–7,999 students), and (iv) Small Colleges (4,499 or fewer students), [[LaGuardia Community College]] was in the top three of Large Colleges.</div></ref>
 
<ref name="DiNapoli 2013 Dec">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|DiNapoli,||p=}} |last1=DiNapoli |first1=Thomas Peter II |author-link1=Thomas DiNapoli |last2=Bleiwas |first2=((Kenneth B., Deputy Comptroller)) |date=December 2013 |title=An Economic Snapshot of Queens |url=https://www.osc.state.ny.us/files/reports/osdc/pdf/report-9-2014.pdf |publisher=[[New York Department of State]] |access-date=February 9, 2021}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Dominion 2011 Sep 6">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|''Dominion of New York,'' September 6,|2011}} |website=Dominion of New York |last=Dia |first=Hannington |date=September 6, 2011 |title=Best Black Arts & Culture in Queens 2011" (column) "Six Reasons to Love Queens |url=http://www.dominionofnewyork.com/2011/09/06/best-black-arts-culture-in-queens-2011/ |access-date=March 28, 2012}} ({{italics correction|''Dominion''}} was founded in 2012 by Kelly Virella).</ref>
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<ref name="Forbes 2014 Apr 10">{{cite magazine |ref={{SfnRef|''Forbes'', April 10,|2014|p=}} |magazine=[[Forbes]] |last=Shao |first=Heng |date=April 10, 2014 |title=Join the Great Gatsby: Chinese Real Estate Buyers Fan Out to Long Island's North Shore |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hengshao/2014/04/10/chinese-real-estate-buyers-fan-out-to-long-islands-north-shore/ |page=14 |access-date=April 2, 2016}} {{EBSCOhost|95585487}}.</ref>
 
<ref name="French 1860">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|French,|1860|p=}} |last1=French |first1=((John Homer (1824–1888))) |date=1860 |chapter=Queens County |title=Gazeteer of the State of New York |url=http://history.rays-place.com/ny/queens-towns.htm |url-status=dead |type=towns in Queens County |location=[[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]] |publisher=R. Pearsall Smith (publisher) |access-date=December 28, 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104114722/http://history.rays-place.com/ny/queens-towns.htm |archive-date=January 4, 2013 |via=[[Wayback Machine]] }}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|French, Google Books (Harvard),|1860|pp=}} |title=''Access – via Google Books (Harvard University)'' |url={{GBurl|R_zHwh4xByQC|p=546}} |pages=546–551 }} }}</ol></ref>
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<ref name="Google-Maps-Queens">{{cite web |work=[[Google Maps]] |ref={{SfnRef|Google (map)}} |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Queens,+NY/@40.6511939,-74.0112772,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89c24369470a592b:0x4109d18b6c5c7b05!8m2!3d40.7282239!4d-73.7948516 |title=Overview Map of Queens |access-date=January 6, 2017 }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Greenspan">{{cite web |last1=Greenspan |first1=((Walter Perry (1945–2012))) |title=Geographic History of Queens County |url=http://sites.rootsweb.com/~nyqueen2/History.htm |access-date=December 23, 2007}}
<div style="margin-left:3em">
Greenspan, formerly a commodities analyst, was, for the last ten years of his life, active with Metro New York Genealogy. In the 1980s, he was, among other things, Presidident of the New York Chapter of the [[Futures Industry Association]].</div></ref>
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<ref name="Wired 2019 Jun 15">{{cite magazine |ref={{SfnRef}} |last1=Martin |first1=Aarian |date=June 15, 2019 |title=New York City Flexes Again, Extending Cap on Uber and Lyft" – "Officials want to extend the city's limit on the number of for-hire vehicles, and may consider a congestion charge |url=https://www.wired.com/story/new-york-city-flexes-extending-cap-uber-lyft/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |access-date=September 21, 2021 }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Martin-Stocker-Nichols-Shaheen 2021 Feb">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Martin, Stocker, Nichols, Shaheen, February|2021|}} |last1=Martin |first1=Elliot William, PhD |last2=Stocker |first2=Adam |last3=Nichols |first3=Aqshems M. |last4=Shaheen |first4=Susan Alison, PhD |title=''"Roundtrip Carsharing in New York City: An Evaluation of a Pilot Program and System Impacts"'' |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/roundtrip-carsharing-in-nyc-pilot-evaluation.pdf |publisher=[[UC Berkeley]], [[Institute of Transportation Studies]] (ITS), Transportation Sustainability Research Center (TSRC) |via=[[New York City Department of Transportation]] }} {{doi|10.7922/G2R49P23}}; [[eScholarship]] {{URL|https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5kb1r71v|5kb1r71v}} (permalink); {{OCLC|1249955145}}.</ref>
 
<ref name="McCurdy 2019">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|McCurdy,|2019|p=}} |last1=McCurdy |first1=John Gilbert |date=2019 |title=Quarters – The Accommodation of the British Army and the Coming of the American Revolution |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]}} {{LCCN|2019002331}} (print); {{LCCN|2019004115}} (ebook); {{ISBN|978-1-5017-3661-2}} (PDF); {{ISBN|978-1-5017-3662-9}} (ebook); {{ISBN|978-1-501-73660-5}} (cloth); {{OCLC|1137756892|show=all}}.
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<ref name="McGlinn 2002">{{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|McGlinn,|2002|p=}} |last1=McGlinn |first1=Lawrence Alan |date=2002 |title=Beyond Chinatown: Dual Immigration and the Chinese Population of Metropolitan New York City |url=http://msaag.aag.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/13_McGlinn.pdf |pages=110–119 |journal=Middle States Geographer |volume=35 |publisher=Middle States Division of the [[Association of American Geographers]] (publisher) |access-date=April 2, 2016}} {{ISSN|1067-2230}}.</ref>
 
<ref name="Mushabac-Wigan 1997">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Mushabac & Wigan, |1997|p=}}|last1=Mushabac |first1=Jane Esther |last2=Wigan |first2=Angela Harman <!--({{italics correction|''maiden''}}; born 1943; married to composer Mel W. Marvin) how to do that without causing a script warning?--> |date=1999
|orig-date=1997 |title=A Short and Remarkable History of New York City |type=entry: "1683"}}
<ol type="i" start="1">
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"Moving the home of the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] in 1978 across the borough of Queens, from the serene surroundings of [[Forest Hills, Queens|Forest Hills]] to the 46.5 cement acres [188,000 m2; 2,030,000 sq ft; 18.8 ha] of [[Flushing Meadows]], further expanded the US Open's ability to deliver world-class tennis and star-studded entertainment to the masses. Indeed, the [[USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center]] (the world's largest <u>public tennis facility</u> when not hosting tournament tennis) and its centerpiece, [[Arthur Ashe Stadium]] (the world's largest tennis stadium), have enabled the US Open to become the world's best-attended annual sporting event, with nearly three-quarters of a million fans on-site each year."</div></ref>
 
<ref name="Room 1997–2006">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Room, 1997,|2006|p=}} |last1=Room |first1=((Adrian (1933–2010))) |author-link1=Adrian Room |title=Place Names of the World |location=[[Jefferson, North Carolina]] |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]}}
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |title=''1st ed. →'' Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities, and Historic Sites |url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl00room/page/294/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater |date=1997 |url-access=registration |type=entry: "Queens" |via=[[Internet Archive]] ([[Columbia University]]) |page=295| isbn=9780786401727 | last1=Room | first1=Adrian | publisher=McFarland }} }} {{LCCN|9638011}}; {{ISBN|0-7864-0172-9}}; {{OCLC|1023788128|show=all}}.</li>
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<li> {{hanging indent |text={{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|qdXCAgAAQBAJ|p=1}} |type=limited preview}} }}</ol></ref>
 
<ref name="Seyfried-Peterson">{{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|Seyfried & Peterson, December 17,|2007}} |last1=Seyfried |first1=((Vincent Francis (1918–2012))) |author-link1=Vincent F. Seyfried |last2=Peterson |first2=((Jon Alvah, PhD)) |date=December 17, 2007 |title=Historical Essay: A Thumbnail View |url=http://www.queensbp.org/content_web/tourism/tourism_history.shtml |journal=Cultural Affairs |type=official history page of the [[Queens Borough President]]'s office |url-status=dead |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218014547/http://www.queensbp.org/content_web/tourism/tourism_history.shtml |archive-date=December 18, 2007 |via=[[Wayback Machine]] }} {{OCLC|640142399|639544317}}.
<div style="margin-left:3em">
{{space|3}}"From the final withdrawal of the British in November 1783, until the 1830s, Queens continued as an essentially Long Island area of farms and villages. The location of the county government in Mineola (in present-day Nassau County) underscores the island orientation of that era. The population grew hardly at all, increasing only from 5,791 in 1800 to 7,806 in 1830, suggesting that many younger sons moved away, seeking fortunes where land was not yet so fully taken up for farming."<br />
{{space|3}}"Even more crucial to future development was the opening of the [[Queensboro Bridge]] in 1909. This span ended the isolation of the borough's road system at precisely the time when mass use of the automobile was getting underway in the United States."</div></ref>
 
<ref name="Seyfried 2004">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Seyfried,|2004|p=}} |last1=Seyfried |first1=((Vincent Francis (1918–2012))) |title=A Walk Through Queens with David Hartman and Historian Barry Lewis |url=http://www.thirteen.org/queens/history3.html |website=Educational Broadcasting Corporation |year=2004 |access-date=December 29, 2007}}
<div style="margin-left:3em">
{{space|3}}"The most momentous event in the history of Queens occurred in 1909 when the long-planned [[Queensboro Bridge]] was finally opened. This ended the century-old isolation of the county and dependence on ferries."</div></ref>
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"[[Johnny Ramone]], 55, was born John Cummings and grew up in [[Forest Hills, N.Y.]], soaking up rock in the '60s but then moving to an edgier sound."</div></ref>
 
<ref name="6sqft 2015 Sep 1">{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|''6sqft'', September 1,|2015}} |last1=6sqft |last2=Schulz |first2first1=Dana |date=September 1, 2015 |orig-year={{space|nit}}Updated August 23, 2017{{space|nit}} |title=A History of the US Open in New York: From the West Side Tennis Club to Arthur Ashe Stadium |url=https://www.6sqft.com/a-history-of-the-us-open-in-new-york-from-the-west-side-tennis-club-to-arthur-ashe-stadium/ |work=6sqft |access-date=October 22, 2015 |location=[[Chelsea, Manhattan]] |websitepublisher=CityRealty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216134353/https://www.6sqft.com/a-history-of-the-us-open-in-new-york-from-the-west-side-tennis-club-to-arthur-ashe-stadium/ |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Spiller-Queens-Menus-Project 2019">{{cite book |date=2019 |editor-last1=Spiller |editor-first1=Harley Judd |title=Menus from the United States. ''"Queens"'' |publisher=Harley J. Spiller Collection, [[University of Toronto Scarborough]], [[University of Toronto Libraries|Scarborough Library]]}} ({{URL|https://archive.org/details/spiller|Harley J. Spiller Collection}} at [[Internet Archive]]) ({{cite web |title=''Harley J. Spiller Collection'' |url=https://discoverarchives.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/harley-j-spiller-collection}} at the [[University of Toronto Libraries|Scarborough Library]]).</ref>
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<ref name="Business-Insider 2015 May 27">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Business Insider'', May 27, 2015}} |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |last=Robinson |first=Melia |date=May 27, 2015 |title=This Is What It's Like in One of the Biggest and Fastest-Growing Chinatowns in the World |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/i-ate-my-way-through-flushing-queens-and-now-i-get-why-its-the-bigger-and-better-chinatown-2015-5 |access-date=March 19, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730033121/http://www.businessinsider.com/i-ate-my-way-through-flushing-queens-and-now-i-get-why-its-the-bigger-and-better-chinatown-2015-5|archive-date=July 30, 2017}}</ref>
 
<!-- <ref name="Business-Insider 2017 Feb 15">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Business Insider'', February 15, 2017}} |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |last=Lubin |first=Gus |date=February 15, 2017 |title=Queens Has More Languages Than Anywhere in the World – Here's Where They're Found |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/queens-languages-map-2017-2 |access-date=December 29, 2019 |archive-date=2021-04-25 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210425173451/https://www.businessinsider.com/queens-languages-map-2017-2 |url-status=live}}</ref> -->
 
<ref name="CNN 2002 Jun 11">{{cite news |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=June 11, 2002 |title='Dapper Don' John Gotti Dead – Brought Down by the Bull |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/06/10/john.gotti/ |url-status=dead |access-date=August 31, 2010 |edition=U.S. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050813020339/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/06/10/john.gotti/ |archive-date=August 13, 2005 |via=[[Wayback Machine]]}}</ref>
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<ref name="CNN 2016 Apr 16">{{Cite news |ref={{SfnRef|CNN, April 16,|2016}} |publisher=[[CNN]] |last=Kaye |first=Randi |author-link=Randi Kaye |date=April 16, 2016 |title=See Donald Trump's Boyhood Neighborhood |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2016/04/16/donald-trump-boyhood-neighborhood-queens-kaye-pkg-ac.cnn |type=video |series=''[[Anderson Cooper 360°]]'' (series) |access-date=April 21, 2016}}</ref>
 
<ref name="DNAinfo-NY 2014 Jan 20">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''DNAinfo New York'', January 20,|2014|p=}} |last1=DNAinfo New York |author-link1=DNAinfo |last2=Honan |first2=((Katie ({{italics correction|''née''}} Kathleen M. Honan; born 1985))) |date=January 20, 2014 |title=Rockaway Ferry Floats on Through May, but Trip Will Cost Nearly Double |url=http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20140120/rockaway-beach/rockaway-ferry-floats-on-through-may-but-trip-will-cost-nearly-double |access-date=April 20, 2014 |archive-date=March 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330064314/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20140120/rockaway-beach/rockaway-ferry-floats-on-through-may-but-trip-will-cost-nearly-double |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
<ref name="DNAinfo-NY 2015 Jan 20">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''DNAinfo New York'', January 20,|2015|p=}} |last1=DNAinfo New York |author-link1=DNAinfo |last2=Honan |first2=((Katie ({{italics correction|''née''}} Kathleen M. Honan; born 1985))) |date=January 20, 2015 |title=Cuomo Announces AirTrain to LaGuardia Airport from Subway, LIRR |url=http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150120/east-elmhurst/cuomo-announces-airtrain-laguardia-airport-from-subway-lirr |access-date=January 20, 2015 |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120233716/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150120/east-elmhurst/cuomo-announces-airtrain-laguardia-airport-from-subway-lirr |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Guardian-US-Ngu 2020 Aug 13">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|Ngu, August 13,|2020}} |last1=Guardian US, The |author-link1=The Guardian US |last2=Ngu |first2=Sarah |date=August 13, 2020 |title='Not What It Used to Be': In New York, Flushing's Asian Residents Brace Against Gentrification |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/13/flushing-queens-gentrification-luxury-developments |language=en-US |edition=US |access-date=January 29, 2021 |url-access=registration}}
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<ref name="Newsday 1994 Feb 22">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Newsday'', February 22,|1994|p=}} |last1=Newsday |author-link1=Newsday |last2=Pérez-Rivas |first2=Manuel |date=February 22, 1994 |title=Queens Neighbornoods" "Queens in Albany" (series) "Beach Nourished by $$$ |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/706886672/ |volume=54 |issue=172 |page=21 |url-access=subscription |access-date=August 4, 2018 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] }} {{ProQuest|278781750}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream).</ref>
 
<ref name="Newsday 1998 Feb 22">{{Cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Newsday'', February 22,|1998|p=}} |last1=Newsday |author-link1=Newsday |last2=Amon |first2=((Rhoda ({{italics correction|''née''}} Rhoda Sher; 1923–2008))) |date=February 22, 1998 |title=Our History – Our Towns – Nassau" (series) "Mineola: First Farmers, Then Lawyers |url=http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-historytown-hist002d%2C0%2C6131005.story?coll=ny_community_guide_lihistory_promo |type=All eds. |page=50 (section H) |access-date=November 11, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015160228/http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-historytown-hist002d%2C0%2C6131005.story?coll=ny_community_guide_lihistory_promo |archive-date=October 15, 2008 |via=[[Wayback Machine]] }} {{ProQuest|279117006}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream).
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"That was the year when the "Old Brig" courthouse was vacated after 90 years of housing lawbreakers. The county court moved from [[Mineola, Long Island|Mineola]] to [[Long Island City]]."</div></ref>
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<ol type="i" start="1">
<li> {{hanging indent|text={{Cite book |date=March 29, 1998 |title=''Nassau ed.'' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/707599747/ |volume= 58 |issue=208 |pages=A14–A15, A47–A48 |url-access=subscription }} }}</li>
<li> {{hanging indent|text={{Cite book |date=March 28, 1998 |title=''Suffolk ed.'' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/726258167/ |volume= 58, no. 207 |issue=208207 |pages=A16–A17, A53–A54 |url-access=subscription }} }}</ol></ref>
 
<ref name="Newsday 2016 Jul 1">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Newsday'', July 1,|2016|p=}} |last1=Newsday |author-link1=Newsday |last2=Kellogg |first2=Valerie |date=July 1, 2016 |title=Donald Trump's Boyhood Home Selling For $1.65M in Queens |url=http://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/donald-trump-s-boyhood-home-in-queens-is-for-sale-1.11994797 |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 17, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705064104/http://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/donald-trump-s-boyhood-home-in-queens-is-for-sale-1.11994797 |archive-date=July 5, 2016 |via=[[Wayback Machine]] }}</ref>
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<ref name="NY-Observer 2016 Feb 4">{{Cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Observer,'' February 4,|2016}} |last1=New York Observer |author-link1=New York Observer |last2=Jorgensen |first2=Jillian |date=February 4, 2016 |title=A Streetcar Named Independence: De Blasio Invests in Non-MTA Transit |language=en-US |url=http://observer.com/2016/02/a-streetcar-named-independence-de-blasio-invests-in-non-mta-transit/ |access-date=February 5, 2016}}</ref>
 
<ref name="NY1 2014 Nov 1">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''NY1 News'', November 1,|2014|p= }} |last1=NY1 News |author-link1=NY1 |last2=Chung |first2first1=Lori |author-link2= |date=November 1, 2014 |title=Commuters Bemoan Closing of Rockaway Ferry |url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/archives/2014/11/01/commuters-bemoan-closing-of-rockaway-ferry.NYC_218228 |language=en-US |work=[[NY1|Spectrum News NY1]] |publisher=[[Charter Communications]] |access-date=January 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212122028/https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/archives/2014/11/01/commuters-bemoan-closing-of-rockaway-ferry.NYC_218228 |archive-date=December 12, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="NY1 2019 Oct 7">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''NY1 News'', October 7,|2019}} |last1=NY1 News |author-link1=NY1 |last2=McGowan |first2first1=Clodagh |author-link2= |date=October 7, 2019 |title=How Jackson Heights Earned the Nickname 'Little Colombia' |url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2019/10/07/how-jackson-heights-earned-the-nickname--little-columbia |language=en-US |work=[[NY1|Spectrum News NY1]] |publisher=[[Charter Communications]] |access-date=May 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929132303/https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2019/10/07/how-jackson-heights-earned-the-nickname--little-columbia |archive-date=September 29, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="NYTs 1872 Feb 25">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', February 25,|1872|p=}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1872/02/25/78777602.pdf |title=The Queens County Court-House Question – A New Building to be Erected at Mineola |date=February 25, 1872 |volume=21 |issue=6375 |page=4 (columns 6 & 7) |access-date=November 11, 2012}} ({{cite news |title=''permalink'' |work=The New York Times |url=https://nyti.ms/3BVfifN |url-access=subscription |via=[[TimesMachine]]}}</ref>
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<ref name="NYTs 1985 Jan 21">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', January 21,|1985}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 21, 1985 |title=Upstate Storm Eases: Record Low Hits City |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1985/01/21/230412.html |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] |volume=134 |issue=46296 |page=10 (section A) |access-date=August 4, 2018 }} {{ProQuest|425294243}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream) ({{cite news |title=''permalink'' |work=The New York Times |url=https://nyti.ms/3hlmEkV |url-access=subscription |via=[[TimesMachine]]}}</ref>
 
<ref name="NYTs 1998 Mar 25">{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', March 25,|1998}} |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Litsky |first=((Frank how to include date without trigging a script warning? (1926–2018))) |author-link2=Frank Litsky |date=March 25, 1998 |title=Basketball: N.I.T. – Minnesota Will Meet Penn State for the Title |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E0DD1E38F936A15750C0A96E958260 |volume=147 |issue=51107 |page=2 (section C) |access-date=October 18, 2007 }} {{ProQuest|430936116}} (hardcopy; US Newsstream); {{ProQuest|2236193029}} (online; US Newsstream) ({{cite news |title=''permalink'' |work=The New York Times |url=https://nyti.ms/2YxeUWn |url-access=subscription |via=[[TimesMachine]]}}
<div style="margin-left:3em">
"[[Rafer Alston]], the junior point guard from [[South Jamaica, Queens]], explained it this way {{nowrap| ... }}"</div></ref>
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<ref name="Chan 2005">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Chan,|2005}} |date=2005 |editor-last1=Chan |editor-first1=Wai Sze (Lacey) |title=Quick Demographic Facts for Queens Library Service Areas |url=http://www.queenslibrary.org/pub/QuickFacts.asp |via=Queenslibrary.org |publisher=[[Queens Borough Public Library]], Programs and Services Department |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927072015/http://www.queenslibrary.org/pub/QuickFacts.asp |archive-date=September 27, 2011}} {{ISBN|0-9645-3375-8|978-0-9645-3375-2}}; {{OCLC|69186196|70698782}} → [http://classify.oclc.org/classify2/ClassifyDemo?wi=70698782 OCLC Classify 70698782].</ref>
 
<ref name="Cohen 2012 Jun">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Cohen, Ukeles, Miller, June|2012|p=}} |last1=Cohen |first1=Steven Martin, PhD |author-link1=Steven M. Cohen |last2=Ukeles |first2=Jacob Benjamin, PhD |last3=Miller |first3=Ronald, PhD |date=June 2012 |title=Jewish Community Study of New York 2011: Comprehensive Report |url=https://www.ujafedny.org/api/get/785729/download/ |publisher=Jewish Policy & Action Research, [[UJA-Federation of New York]] |pages=49, 54, 227 |access-date=December 26, 2017 }} {{OCLC|1079839584|show=all}}.</ref>
 
<ref name="Cohen 2012 Jun p-227">''Jewish Community Study.'' p. 227.</ref>
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<!--BOOKS – 19th CENTURY AND EARLY 20th CENTURY-->
<!--H-->
* {{cite book |last1=Hazelton |first1=((Henry "Harry" Isham (1867–1938))) |date=1925 |title=The Boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens Counties of Nassau and Suffolk Long Island, New York, 1609–1924 |url={{GBurl|8swpAQAAMAAJ|p=571}} |type=7 volumes |publisher=Lewis Historical Publishing Company, Inc. }} {{LCCN|25010750}}; {{OCLC|498971362|show=all}}, {{OCLC search link|247484068}}, {{OCLC search link|250867416}}.
<ol type="1" start="1">
<ol type="i" start="1">
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<!--K-->
* {{cite book |last1=Kingsley |first1=((J. Donald, Executive Director)) |date=June 1958 |title=''"Queens Communities – Population Characteristics and Neighborhood Social Resources"'' |publisher=Bureau of Community Statistical Services Research Department, The Community Council of Greater New York}} {{OCLC|5625172|248835739}}.
<ol type="1" start="1">
<ol type="i" start="1">
Line 1,515 ⟶ 1,516:
 
<!--L-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Lieberman & Lieberman,|1983}} |last1=Lieberman |first1=((Janet Elaine, PhD ({{italics correction|''née''}} Janet Elaine Rubensohn; 1921–2019))) |last2=Lieberman |first2=Richard Kenneth |date=1983 |title=City Limits: A Social History of Queens |type=the two authors are not related |location=[[Dubuque, Iowa]] |publisher=[[Kendall Hunt Publishing Company]]}} (covers the 1870s to the 1930s). {{ISBN|0-8403-3150-9|978-0-8403-3150-2}}; {{OCLC|10777703|show=all}}.
<div style="margin-left:6em">
"Based on the work of the Community History Program at [[Fiorello H. LaGuardia Community College]]."</div>
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<!--BOOKS 21st CENTURY-->
<!--H-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Helmreich,|2020}} |last1=Helmreich |first1=((William Benno, PhD (1945–2020))) |author-link1=William B. Helmreich |date=2020 |title=The Queens Nobody Knows – An Urban Walking Guide |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|via=[[Google Books]]}} {{LCCN|2019058691}} (hardback), {{LCCN|2019058692}} (ebook); {{ISBN|978-0-6911-6688-9}} (paperback), {{ISBN|978-0-6912-0002-6}} (ebook); {{OCLC|1135915992|show=all}}.
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