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{{More citations needed|date=July 2022}}
{{Notability|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox ethnic group|
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| image =
| caption =
| population = ≈exact 22,000–30,000total unknown
| popplace = Bermuda 19,466<ref name="2016 census of Bermuda">{{cite web | url=https://www.gov.bm/sites/default/files/2016%20Census%20Report.pdf |title=2016 Census Report| publisher= [[Government of Bermuda]], Department of Statistics|access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref><br />31% of total population (2016)
| region1 = United States
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| pop3 =
| ref3 =<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-557/T404-eng.cfm?Lang=E&T=404&GH=4&GF=1&SC=1&S=1&O=D |title="Place of birth for the immigrant population by period of immigration, 2006 counts and percentage distribution, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data"|website=P12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref>
| langs = [[Bermudian English]]{{cn|date=May 2024}}
| rels = Christianity, [[Judaism]]{{cn|date=May 2024}}
| related = Europeans {{*}} [[White Caribbeans]] {{*}} English {{*}} Scottish {{*}} Irish {{*}} Portuguese {{*}} Americans {{*}} Canadians{{cn|date=February 2023}}
}}
 
'''White Bermudians''' or '''Bermudians of European descent''', are [[Demographics of Bermuda|Bermudians]] whose ancestry lies within the continent of Europe, most notably the [[British Isles]] and Portugal. According toAt the 2016 census Bermudian’sthe number of Bermudians who identify as white was 19,466 or 31 percent of the total population.<ref name="2016 census of Bermuda">{{cite web | url=https://www.gov.bm/sites/default/files/2016%20Census%20Report.pdf |title=2016 Census Report| publisher= [[Government of Bermuda]], Department of Statistics|access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref>
 
==History==
{{See also|History of Bermuda}}
The first Europeans to discover Bermuda were Spanish explorers. Spanish explorer [[Juan de Bermúdez]] discovered the island in the early 1500s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/bermuda-history-and-heritage-14340790/ | title=Bermuda - History and Heritage }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://historyincharts.com/the-founding-and-history-of-the-bermuda-islands/ |title=The Founding and History of the Bermuda Islands |website=History in Charts |date=January 22, 2021}}</ref> The White population of Bermuda made up the entirety of the Bermuda's population, other than a black and an Indian slave brought in for a very short-lived pearl fishery in 1616,<ref>[http://www.stgeorgesfoundation.org/2016/10/newsletter/ The St. George's Foundation newsletter 4 October, 2017]</ref> from settlement (which began accidentally in 1609 with the wreck of the Sea Venture) until the middle of the 17th Centurycentury, and the majority until some point in the 18th Centurycentury.
 
===Early settlement===
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==20th century==
At some point after the Second World War, the practice became for those with any degree of [[sub-Saharan African]] ancestry (which was virtually everyone who had been defined as coloured) to be defined as black, with Asian and other non-white Bermudians defined as separate racial groups (although it also, in that century, ceased to be the practice to record race on birth or other records). On Censuscensus returns, only in recent years have Bermudians been given the option to define themselves by more than one race, although there was considerable opposition to this from many Black leaders who discouraged Black Bermudians from doing so.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
 
==Ancestral origins==
{{More citations needed|section|date=June 2022}}
ThisA historygenetic hasstudy beenof well understood from the written record, was confirmedBermuda in 2009 by the only genetic survey of Bermuda, which looked exclusively at the black population of St. David's Island. (as the purpose of the study was to seek Native American haplogroups, which could be assumed to be absent from the white population) consequentlyIt showed that the African ancestry of black Bermudians (other than those resulting from recent immigration from the British West Indian islands) is largely from a band across southern Africa, from Angola to Mozambique, which is similar to what is revealed in Latin America, but distinctly different from the blacks of the British West Indies and the United States.<ref>"Genetic Ancestry and Indigenous Heritage in a Native American Descendant Community in Bermuda". By Jill B. Gaieski,1 Amanda C. Owings,1 Miguel G. Vilar,1 Matthew C. Dulik,1 David F. Gaieski,2 Rachel M. Gittelman,1 John Lindo,1 Lydia Gau,1 Theodore G. Schurr1* and The Genographic Consortium (1 = Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; 2 = Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 000:000–000 (2011). DOI 10.1002/ajpa.21588 Published online in Wiley Online Library ([wileyonlinelibrary.com]).</ref>▼
The majority of Bermuda's overall ancestry actually remains European, as most black Bermudians are actually of European ancestry, but as only those entirely of European ancestry are considered white, the largest demographic group is black, despite those of entirely sub-Saharan African ancestry being only a negligible part of the population.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
 
▲This history has been well understood from the written record, was confirmed in 2009 by the only genetic survey of Bermuda, which looked exclusively at the black population of St. David's Island (as the purpose of the study was to seek Native American haplogroups, which could be assumed to be absent from the white population) consequently showed that the African ancestry of black Bermudians (other than those resulting from recent immigration from the British West Indian islands) is largely from a band across southern Africa, from Angola to Mozambique, which is similar to what is revealed in Latin America, but distinctly different from the blacks of the British West Indies and the United States.<ref>"Genetic Ancestry and Indigenous Heritage in a Native American Descendant Community in Bermuda". By Jill B. Gaieski,1 Amanda C. Owings,1 Miguel G. Vilar,1 Matthew C. Dulik,1 David F. Gaieski,2 Rachel M. Gittelman,1 John Lindo,1 Lydia Gau,1 Theodore G. Schurr1* and The Genographic Consortium (1 = Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; 2 = Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 000:000–000 (2011). DOI 10.1002/ajpa.21588 Published online in Wiley Online Library ([wileyonlinelibrary.com]).</ref>
 
68% of the mtDNA (maternal) lineages of the black islanders were found to be African, with the two most common being L0a and [[Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)#Subclade distribution|L3e]], which are sourced from populations spread from Central-West to South-East Africa. These lineages represent less than 5% of the mtDNA lineages of blacks in the United States and the English-speaking West Indies. They are, however, common in Brazil and the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America. L3e, by example, is typical of [[!Kung]] speaking populations of the Kalahari, as well as of parts of Mozambique and Nigeria. The modern nation where it represents the highest percentage of the population is actually Brazil, where it represents 21% of mtDNA lineages. 31% of the mtDNA lineages of blacks in Bermuda are West Eurasian (European), with J1c being the most common. 1% were Native American. For NRY (paternal) haplogroups among black Bermudians, the study found about a third were made up of three African ones (of which E1b1a, the most common NRY haplogroup in West and Central African populations, "accounted for the vast majority of the African NRY samples (83%)" ), with the remainder (about 64.79%) being West Eurasian excepting one individual (1.88%) with a Native American NRY haplogroup Q1a3a. Of the individuals with European NRY haplogroups, more than half had R1b1b2, which is common in Europe and is found at frequencies over 75% in England and Wales.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}
 
==Present==
The 2010 Bermudian Censuscensus found that White Bermudians accounted for 31% (10% native Bermudians and 21% foreign-born) of the territory's total population, with a further 7% of Bermuda's population self-identifying as being of mixed African and European descent.<ref name=cia>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bermuda/|title=CIA – The World Factbook – Bermuda |access-date=16 March 2013 |publisher=CIA }}</ref>
 
===Birthplace===
A majority of Bermudians classified as white are foreign-born nationals.
The most common place of birth for them are:
* United Kingdom: 3,942 (or 6% of Bermuda’sBermuda's total population)
* United States: 3,424 (6%)
* Canada: 2,235 (4%)
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==See also==
{{Portal|Europe|Caribbean}}
*[[British Overseas Territories]]
*[[Bahamians]]
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{{White people}}
{{Bermuda topics}}
 
[[Category:European diaspora in North America|Bermudian]]
[[Category:Bermudian people of European descent| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bermuda]]
[[Category:WhiteEuropean Northdiaspora Americanin the Caribbean]]
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