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{{Short description|Building in London, England, UK}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
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| image = Barking abbey curfew tower london.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Barking Abbey: curfew tower with [[St Margaret's Church, Barking|St Margaret's
| full =
| order =
| established =
| disestablished = 1539
| mother =
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'''Barking Abbey''' is a former royal monastery located in [[Barking, London|Barking]], in the [[London Borough of Barking and Dagenham]]. It has been described as having been "one of the most important nunneries in the country".<ref name=BLB/>
Originally established in the 7th century, from the late 10th century the abbey followed the [[Rule of St. Benedict]]. The abbey had a large endowment and sizeable income but suffered severely after 1377, when the [[River Thames]] flooded around {{convert|720|acre}} of the abbey's land, which was unable to be reclaimed.
The abbey existed for almost 900 years, until its closure in 1539, as part of [[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]]'s [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]]. It had many notable [[abbess]]es including several [[saints]], former [[queen consort|queen]]s and the daughters of kings. The abbess of Barking held precedence over all other abbesses in England.<ref name=BH/>
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The ruined remains of Barking Abbey now form part of a public open space known as '''Abbey Green'''.<ref name="AG" /> It is recognisable for its partially restored Grade-II* Listed Curfew Tower,<ref name=":0" /> which features on the [[coat of arms of the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham]].<ref name="SM" />
Barking Abbey is also notable because the adjacent [[St Margaret's Church, Barking|St Margaret's Church]], a [[grade I listed building]] dating back to the 13th century, was built within its grounds. The Abbey Ruins are used as a venue each May for outdoor classical concerts,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lbbd.gov.uk/services/barking-abbey-ruins/|title=Barking Abbey Ruins
==History==
===Early history===
[[File: St Alban's Abbey IMG 2742 (28883447381).jpg|thumb|right|Statue of St Erkenwald, founder]]
Barking Abbey was one of two monasteries built in the 7th century by [[Earconwald|Saint Erkenwald]] (later [[Bishop of London]]). Erkenwald founded [[Chertsey Abbey]] for himself, and Barking Abbey for his sister [[Æthelburh of Barking|Saint Ethelburga]]. Erkenwald and Ethelburga were of royal ancestry and were born in the Anglo-Saxon [[Kingdom of Lindsey]] (roughly located within the modern county of [[Lincolnshire]]).
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Another version of the story says that [[Ælfthryth, wife of Edgar|Queen Ælfthryth]], as overseer of the abbey, deposed the abbess Wulfida after complaints made by the nuns; and that it was the Queen, not her son, who reinstated her twenty years later.<ref>{{cite book | title=Matilda of Scotland: a Study in Medieval Queenship | last=Honeycutt | first=Lois | page=37 | year=2003 | publisher=The Boydell Press | location=Woodbridge }}</ref>
[[Dunstan|Saint Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury]] changed Barking Abbey to follow the [[Rule of St. Benedict]]. According to medieval scholar Katie Ann-Marie Bugyis, Barking Abbey may have been "especially devoted to [[Martha]]", the sister of [[Mary of Bethany]] and [[Lazarus of Bethany|Lazarus]] in the Gospels of [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] and [[Gospel of John|John]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bugyis |first=Katie Ann-Marie |title=The Care of Nuns: The Ministries of Benedictine Women in England During the Central Middle Ages |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-19-085128-6 |location=New York |pages=167, 169}}</ref> In {{Circa|1156}}, [[Osbert of Clare]] wrote a letter to Adelzia, who was abbess at the time, requesting that the Barking Abbey nuns pray for him; Katie Ann-Marie Bugyis states that it demonstrates his "confidence in the promptness and solicitude" of their prayers.<ref>Bugyis, p. 265</ref>
===After the Norman Conquest===
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In the Taxation Rolls of 1291, the abbey was recorded as having an income of £300 13s 1¼d ({{inflation|UK|300.6552083|1291|fmt=eq|cursign=£|r=-3}}).{{Inflation/fn|UK}}<ref name=BH/>
[[Elizabeth de Burgh]] Queen of Scots, captured by the English in 1306, was confined here from March 1313 to March 1314.
[[Elizabeth de Clare]] was briefly imprisoned in Barking Abbey in 1322, as part of a campaign to force her to surrender some of her Welsh estates to [[Hugh Despenser the younger]].<ref>{{cite book | title=Edward II | last=Phillips | first=Seymour | page=447 | year=2010 | publisher=Yale University Press | location=New Haven and London}}</ref> Whilst imprisoned some of her "valuable possessions" were extorted but they were later recovered.<ref name=BH/>
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The ''[[Valor Ecclesiasticus]]'' of 1535 records the abbey's gross income as £1,084 6s 2¼d ({{inflation|UK|1084.309375|1535|fmt=eq|cursign=£|r=-3}}),{{Inflation/fn|UK}} which made it the third wealthiest nunnery in England; behind [[Sion Abbey]] and [[Shaftesbury Abbey]].<ref name=BH/>
One of the abbey's [[Seal (emblem)|seals]], which was used during the 13th century until its dissolution in 1539, elevates their patron saints as many conventual seals did at the time. The [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] holding the infant Christ, [[Paul the Apostle|St. Paul]], and [[Saint Peter|St. Peter]] are depicted, as are its three abbess-saints, [[Æthelburh of Barking]], [[Hildelith]], and [[Wulfhilda of Barking]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bugyis |first=Katie Ann-Marie |title=The Care of Nuns: The Ministries of Benedictine Women in England During the Central Middle Ages |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-19-085128-6 |location=New York |pages=236–237}}</ref>
===Dissolution===
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Abbesses of Barking Abbey:<ref name=BH>{{cite book|title=Houses of Benedictine nuns: Abbey of Barking, A History of the County of Essex: Volume 2|year=1907|pages=115–122|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=39832|editor=William Page & J. Horace Round}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Æthelburh of Barking|St. Ethelburga]],
* St. Hildelitha ([[Hildelith]]),
* St. Wlfhildis ([[Wulfhilda of Barking|Wulfhilda]]),
* Queen Alftrudis. ''([[Ælfthryth, wife of Edgar|Queen Elfrida]]?)''
* St. Wlfhildis (Wulfhilda), again, died
* Ælfgiva,
* [[Matilda of Scotland]], wife of [[Henry I of England|King Henry I]]
* Agnes, appointed by [[Henry I of England|King Henry I]]
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* Adeliza, sister of Payn FitzJohn, appointed by [[Stephen, King of England|King Stephen]]
* Mary, sister of [[Thomas Becket]], appointed 1173, created abbess in reparation for the murder of her brother
* [[Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony|Matilda of England]], daughter of [[Henry II of England|King Henry II]], appointed
* Christiana de Valoniis, occurs 1202 and 1205
* Sybil, elected 1215
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[[Category:Double monasteries]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed monasteries]]
[[Category:
[[Category:666 establishments]]
[[Category:Churches completed in the 660s]]
[[Category:7th-century church buildings in England]]
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