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| anss-url = se609212
| timestamp = 2011-08-23 17:51:04
| local-date = August 23, 2011, Tuesday<ref name="USGS">{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/se082311a.html |title=Magnitude 5.8 – Virginia |publisher=United States Geological Survey |access-date=August 23, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824230844/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/se082311a.html |archive-date=August 24, 2011 }}</ref>
| local-time = 1:51:04 pm EDT
| magnitude = 5.8 {{M|w|link=y}}<ref name="USGS"/>
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The earthquake's epicenter and most of the aftershocks lie between the surface traces of two structures, the Spotsylvania Fault, a southeast dipping zone of high ductile strain, and the Chopawamsic Fault, a [[thrust fault]].<ref name="DMME">{{cite web|url=http://www.dmme.virginia.gov/DMR3/va_5.8_earthquake.shtml| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116154435/http://www.dmme.virginia.gov/DMR3/va_5.8_earthquake.shtml |archive-date=November 16, 2011 |title=August 23, 2011 1:51 pm; 5.8 Magnitude Earthquake|last=Virginia Department of Mines Minerals and Energy|access-date=September 4, 2011}}</ref> The earthquake's [[focal mechanism]] shows reverse slip faulting on a north to northeast [[Strike-slip|striking]] fault plane. The spatial distribution of aftershocks show that the causative fault dips to the southeast at 50–55°. There was no surface faulting associated with the earthquake.<ref name="Bailey_Dec">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.wm.edu/2011/12/22/all-shook-up-the-2011-virginia-earthquake/|title=All Shook Up! The 2011 Virginia Earthquake|last=Bailey|first=C.M.|date=December 22, 2011|access-date=January 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231953/http://blogs.wm.edu/2011/12/22/all-shook-up-the-2011-virginia-earthquake/|archive-date=May 12, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The size of the rupture is as yet uncalculated, but similar quakes have been caused by slippage along fault segments that are {{convert|5|to|15|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="USGS"/>
After the earthquake, several websites speculated about whether [[hydraulic fracturing|hydraulic fracturing (fracking)]] for natural gas production could have caused or contributed to the quake.<ref name=PhillipsSusan>{{cite web|title=How Fracking Causes Earthquakes, But Not the One in Virginia|first=Susan|last=Phillips|publisher=National Public Radio|date=August 26, 2011|url=http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/2011/08/26/how-fracking-causes-earthquakes-but-not-the-one-in-virginia/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Reader|first=Stephen|title=Explainer: Did Hydrofracking Have Anything to Do With the East Coast Quake?|url=http://www.wnyc.org/articles/wnyc-news/2011/aug/23/explainer-did-hydrofracking-have-anything-do-east-coast-quake/|publisher=[[WNYC]]|access-date=August 23, 2011|archive-date=August 24, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824003840/http://www.wnyc.org/articles/wnyc-news/2011/aug/23/explainer-did-hydrofracking-have-anything-do-east-coast-quake/|url-status=dead}}</ref> There were not any fracking operations in Virginia at the time of the quake. The nearest fracking was occurring in the [[Marcellus Formation|Marcellus shale]] in [[West Virginia]].<ref name=PhillipsSusan/><ref name="GILLILAND">{{cite news|url=http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2011/08/marcellus_shale_drilling_to_bl.html|title=Marcellus Shale drilling to blame for Virginia earthquake? No fracking way, industry officials say|last=Gilliland|first=Donald|date=August 24, 2011|work=[[The Patriot-News]]|access-date=August 24, 2011}}</ref>
==Aftershocks==
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[[File:East vs West Coast Earthquakes USGS.jpg|thumb|left|300px|This map shows that East Coast earthquakes travel much farther than West Coast earthquakes of similar magnitude.]]
Scientists have known that the difference between seismic shaking in eastern North America versus western North America is due in part to the geologic structure and rock properties that allow seismic waves in the East to travel farther without weakening, but during November 2012, the USGS announced that recent research showed that earthquake shaking in the eastern United States can travel much farther and cause damage over larger areas than previously thought.
The USGS found that the farthest landslide from the 2011 Virginia earthquake was {{convert|150|mi|km}} from the epicenter, along the [[Blue Ridge Parkway]] near Virginia's border with North Carolina. This is by far the greatest landslide distance recorded from any other earthquake of similar magnitude. Previous studies of worldwide earthquakes indicated that landslides occurred no farther than {{convert|36|mi|km}} from the epicenter of a magnitude 5.8 earthquake. The study suggested that the added information about East Coast earthquakes may prompt a revision of equations that predict ground shaking. Study author Randall Jibson said, "what makes this new study so unique is that it provides direct observational evidence from the largest earthquake to occur in more than 100 years in the eastern U.S. Now that we know more about the power of East Coast earthquakes, equations that predict ground shaking might need to be revised."<ref>{{cite news |last= Williams|first= Margaret|date= 2012-11-06|title= New evidence shows power of East Coast earthquakes, U.S. Geological Survey reports|url= https://mountainx.com/blogwire/new_evidence_shows_power_of_east_coast_earthquakes_u-s-_geological_survey_r/|work= Mountain XPress|location= [[Asheville, NC]]|access-date=2023-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Jibson|first1= Randall W.|last2= Harp|first2= Edwin L.|date= 2012|title= Extraordinary distance limits of landslides triggered by the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake|url= https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70044367|journal= Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|volume= 102|issue= 6|pages=
The earthquake, along with a magnitude-5.8 [[1944 Cornwall-Massena earthquake|quake]] on the border of [[New York (state)|New York]] and [[Ontario]] in 1944, is the largest to have occurred in the U.S. east of the [[Rocky Mountains]] since an 1897 quake centered in [[Giles County, Virginia|Giles County]] in western Virginia<ref>{{cite web |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/state_largest.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228090019/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/state_largest.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 28, 2011|title=Largest Earthquakes by State, List of Earthquakes|work=United States Geological Survey |access-date=December 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/historical_state.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211053920/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/historical_state.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 11, 2011 |title=Historic United States Earthquakes Sorted by State & Date|work=United States Geological Survey |access-date=December 21, 2018}}</ref> whose magnitude has been estimated as 5.8<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geol.vt.edu/outreach/vtso/VA-Eq.html|title=Seismicity of the United States, 1568–1989 (Revised) by Carl W. Stover and Jerry L. Coffman (United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1527, 1993, pages 376–378)|access-date=August 23, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720111810/http://www.geol.vt.edu/outreach/vtso/VA-Eq.html|archive-date=July 20, 2011|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> or 5.9.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1897_05_31.php|title=Historic Earthquakes|work=earthquake.usgs.gov|access-date=August 23, 2011}}</ref>
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==Effect==
It is estimated that approximately one-third of the U.S. population might have felt the earthquake, more than any other earthquake in U.S. history. People in certain areas of Pennsylvania, however, did not feel the earthquake at all despite being relatively close to the epicenter. About 148,000 people reported their ground-shaking experiences caused by the earthquake on the USGS "Did You Feel It?" website. Tremors from the Virginia earthquake were felt as far south as [[Atlanta, Georgia]];<ref>{{cite news|author=Michael King|title=Mag 5.8 earthquake felt in Metro Atlanta|url=http://www.11alive.com/news/article/202707/8/Mag-58-earthquake-felt-in-Metro-Atlanta|access-date=August 23, 2011|publisher=[[WXIA-TV]]|date=August 23, 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721171207/http://www.11alive.com/news/article/202707/8/Mag-58-earthquake-felt-in-Metro-Atlanta|archive-date=July 21, 2012|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> as far north as [[Quebec City, Quebec]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macleans.ca/2011/08/23/5-9-magnitude-quake-hits-northeastern-u-s-and-canada/|title=5.9 magnitude quake hits northeastern U.S. and Canada|work=[[Maclean's]] |date=June 20, 2008 |access-date=August 23, 2011}}</ref> as far west as [[Illinois]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Illinois residents may have felt Virginia quake |work=Chicago Tribune |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-illinois-residents-may-have-felt-east-coast-quake-20110823,0,5283354.story |date=August 23, 2011 |access-date=August 23, 2011 |first=Dawn |last=Rhodes}}</ref> and as far east as [[Fredericton, New Brunswick]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Lee-Anne Goodman |url=http://www.globaltoronto.com/canada/canadians+from+windsor+to+fredericton+report+feeling+virginia+earthquake/6442468735/story.html |title=Earthquake rattles parts of U.S. East Coast and Canada; no serious injuries |work=Global Toronto |publisher=[[The Canadian Press]] |date=August 23, 2011 |access-date=August 23, 2011 |archive-date=October 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009034708/http://www.globaltoronto.com/canada/canadians%
Although earthquakes in the central and eastern U.S. are substantially less frequent than in the western U.S., they are typically felt over a much broader region. East of the [[Rocky Mountains]], an earthquake can be felt over an area as much as ten times larger than a similar magnitude earthquake on the west coast. Western rock is relatively young, therefore it absorbs much of the shaking caused by earthquakes.
===United States===
Soon after the earthquake, the U.S. [[Federal Aviation Administration]] ordered a [[ground stop]] along the East Coast, causing some flight delays. The air traffic control tower at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] was evacuated.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lowy|first=Joan|title=Thousands of travelers delayed, airport towers evacuated after East Coast quake|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700173014/Thousands-of-travelers-delayed-by-East-Coast-quake.html|publisher=Desert News|access-date=June 19, 2016|date=August 23, 2011}}</ref> Flights were delayed at several airports, including [[Charlottesville–Albemarle Airport]], John F. Kennedy International Airport, [[Newark Liberty International Airport]], [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]], [[Dulles International Airport]],
A huge increase of cell-phone calls immediately after the event congested the [[AT&T]], [[Verizon Wireless]], [[Sprint Nextel]], [[T-Mobile USA]], and [[Frontier Communications]] networks in the [[Mid-Atlantic states|Mid-Atlantic region]], causing disruptions and loss of service for as much as an hour after the earthquake.<ref name="cellphone">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/cellphone-service-falls-short-after-earthquake/2011/08/23/gIQAnl52ZJ_story.html|title=Cellphone service falls short after earthquake|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=August 23, 2011|access-date=August 24, 2011|first=Peter|last=Whoriskey}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Melvin|first=Jasmin|title=Quake bolsters calls for public safety wireless network|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-quake-usa-communications-idUSTRE77N0DK20110824|publisher=Reuters|access-date=September 2, 2011|date=August 24, 2011}}</ref>
====Virginia====
The epicenter of the earthquake was in [[Louisa County, Virginia]], where damage was greatest and several minor injuries occurred. The town of [[Mineral, Virginia|Mineral]], located {{convert|5|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} north-northeast from the earthquake's epicenter, reported the collapse of two buildings, as well as minor damage to several other structures, including the collapse of the ceiling in its Town Hall. Only minor injuries were reported, including the hospitalization of several people reporting chest pains related to the stress of the experience.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/story/2011-08-24/Town-at-epicenter-assesses-quake-damage/50118308/1 |title=Town at epicenter assesses damage |date=August 24, 2011 |work=USA Today |first=Marisol |last=Bello |access-date=August 24, 2011 |archive-date=March 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309141717/http://www.usatoday.com/news/story/2011-08-24/Town-at-epicenter-assesses-quake-damage/50118308/1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fallen chimneys and other structural damage to buildings was also reported in [[Louisa, Virginia|Louisa]], the county seat. The Gilboa Christian Church, in [[Cuckoo, Virginia|Cuckoo]], built in 1832, was heavily damaged and rendered unusable; while its cemetery's vertical standing tombstones were toppled and razed to the ground.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ten-year anniversary of the 2011 Virginia earthquake: the most widely felt earthquake to rock the Eastern U.S. |url=https://www.iccsafe.org/building-safety-journal/bsj-dives/ten-year-anniversary-of-the-2011-virginia-earthquake-the-most-widely-felt-earthquake-to-rock-the-eastern-u-s/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=ICC |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=FLS9-2>{{cite news|last=Dennen|first=Rusty|title=Rebuilding Process Begins|url=http://fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2011/092011/09022011/649182/index_html?page=1|access-date=September 5, 2011|newspaper=The Free Lance-Star|date=September 2, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929010920/http://fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2011/092011/09022011/649182/index_html?page=1|archive-date=September 29, 2012|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> At [[Louisa County High School]], cinderblocks fell in classrooms, and cracks were seen in walls. Six students had minor injuries. Louisa County schools were closed on August 24 while engineers assessed damage to school buildings.<ref name=FLSMain /> The high school and Thomas Jefferson Elementary were closed for the remainder of the school year.<ref name=FLS8-27>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Portsia|title=Louisa Shuts Two Schools|url=http://www.fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2011/082011/08272011/648059|access-date=August 27, 2011|newspaper=The Free Lance-Star|date=August 27, 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130123164900/http://www.fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2011/082011/08272011/648059|archive-date=January 23, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Inspections revealed that 65 homes sustained major or severe damage and 125 homes experienced mild to moderate damage.<ref name=FLS8-26 /> Damage in Louisa County was estimated at $80.6 million, of which $63.8 million was from damage to public school buildings and $14.7 million was from damage to residences.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsplex.com/home/headlines/Louisa_Updates_Earthquake_Damage_Estimates_128792333.html|title=Louisa Updates Earthquake Damage Estimates|publisher=Charlottesville Newsplex|access-date=August 31, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008002657/http://www.newsplex.com/home/headlines/Louisa_Updates_Earthquake_Damage_Estimates_128792333.html|archive-date=October 8, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=FLS9-29>{{cite news|last=Dennen|first=Rusty|title=Damage Tops $90 Million|url=http://fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2011/092011/09292011/655155|access-date=September 29, 2011|newspaper=The Free Lance-Star|date=September 29, 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124073101/http://fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2011/092011/09292011/655155|archive-date=January 24, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> On August 25, county officials declared a state of local emergency in order to allow them to request state aid.<ref name=FLS8-26>{{cite news|last=Dennen|first=Rusty|title=Culpeper, Mineral clean up|url=http://fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2011/082011/08262011/647796|access-date=August 26, 2011|newspaper=The Free Lance-Star|date=August 26, 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130123213638/http://fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2011/082011/08262011/647796|archive-date=January 23, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
Multiple reactor sensors at the [[North Anna Nuclear Generating Station]], located {{convert|10|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} northeast of the epicenter, detected a slight power reduction as a result of vibrations in the reactor or monitoring devices. This caused the two nuclear reactors to shut down automatically seconds before off-site power was lost.<ref name=FLS9-29 /><ref name=FLS8-30>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Portsia|title=Louisa works on school details|url=http://fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2011/082011/08302011/648531|publisher=The Free Lance-Star|access-date=August 30, 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130123135403/http://fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2011/082011/08302011/648531|archive-date=January 23, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www2.timesdispatch.com/news/2011/aug/23/55/58-earthquake-rocks-virginia-other-parts-east-coas-ar-1256961/ |title= 5.8-magnitude quake shakes central Virginia, East Coast |date= August 23, 2011 |work= [[Richmond Times-Dispatch]] |access-date= August 24, 2011 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130205055246/http://www2.timesdispatch.com/news/2011/aug/23/55/58-earthquake-rocks-virginia-other-parts-east-coas-ar-1256961/ |archive-date= February 5, 2013 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref> Amid public fears that the earthquake could cause a nuclear accident, prompted in part by the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster|Fukushima disaster]] which had occurred six months prior,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://insideclimatenews.org/news/20110829/virginia-earthquake-north-anna-nuclear-plant-nuclear-regulatory-commission-fukushima|title= Virginia Quake May Have Exceeded Nuke Plant Design, NRC Says|last= Roscoe|first= Ayesha|date= 2011-08-29|website= Inside Climate News|publisher= [[Reuters]]|access-date= 2019-06-10|quote=The NRC has been reviewing the ability of U.S. plants to cope with major disasters after a massive earthquake and tsunami nearly led to a complete meltdown at Japan's Fukushima nuclear complex earlier this year....}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url= https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/10/17/the-fallout|title= The Fallout: Seven months later: Japan's nuclear predicament|last= Osnos|first= Evan|date= 2011-10-10|magazine= [[The New Yorker]]|access-date= 2019-06-10|quote=That debate became more urgent after August 23rd, when a 5.8-magnitude earthquake, whose epicenter was in Virginia—the largest quake in the area in more than a century—shook the East Coast. It affected twenty American nuclear reactors, most seriously the North Anna plant, in Virginia....}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.huffpost.com/entry/virginias-fukushima_b_3891499|title= Virginia's Fukushima|last= Lopez|first= Tyler|date= 2013-09-09|website= [[Huffington Post]]|access-date= 2019-06-10|quote=Unfortunately, lack of foresight, cover-ups, earthquakes, and boiling-water reactors
In [[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville]], about {{convert|27|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} west of the epicenter, a gas leak closed several streets, including West Main Street.<ref name=Newsplex>{{cite web|title=Charlottesville Gas Leak Likely Triggered by Earthquake|url=http://www.newsplex.com/home/headlines/Charlottesville_Gas_Leak_Likely_Triggered_by_Earthquake_128287198.html|publisher=Charlottesville Newsplex|access-date=August 25, 2011|archive-date=October 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008002616/http://www.newsplex.com/home/headlines/Charlottesville_Gas_Leak_Likely_Triggered_by_Earthquake_128287198.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Evacuating the Pentagon after Earthquake.jpg|thumb|Some employees evacuated the Pentagon moments after the earthquake.]]
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In [[Fredericksburg, Virginia|Fredericksburg]], about {{convert|37|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} northeast of the epicenter, the Dickinson Building on the campus of [[Germanna Community College]] was deemed unusable for the rest of the semester, and the whole college was closed until alternative classrooms could be found, re-opening on September 6.<ref name=Germanna>{{cite web|title=GCC celebrates employees' seamless handling of massive changes necessitated by quake|url=http://www.germanna.edu/publications/pressreleases.asp|publisher=Germanna Community College|access-date=January 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123090740/http://www.germanna.edu/publications/pressreleases.asp|archive-date=January 23, 2012|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Also in Fredericksburg, a gas leak led to the evacuation of homes and businesses in a two-block radius.<ref name=FLSMain /> Officials estimated the damage total at around $711,000.<ref name=FLS9-29 />
In [[Prince William County, Virginia|Prince William County]], approximately {{convert|59|mi|km}} north of the epicenter, damage to the dam for [[Lake Jackson, Virginia|Lake Jackson]] was documented by officials in May 2012 though local residents had noticed lower water levels in the lake in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Baker Report for Prince William County|url=http://www.colesdistrict.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Lake-Jackson-Dam-Investigation-and-Conceptual-Rehabilitation-Report-Phase-1.pdf|access-date=December 10, 2012|archive-date=September 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903173051/http://www.colesdistrict.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Lake-Jackson-Dam-Investigation-and-Conceptual-Rehabilitation-Report-Phase-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="insidenova.com">{{cite web|title=Funds approved to start Lake Jackson dam repairs|date=April 26, 2013 |url=http://www.insidenova.com/news/local/manassas/funds-approved-to-start-lake-jackson-dam-repairs/article_cf07d7f0-ae1e-11e2-bac1-001a4bcf887a.html|access-date=April 26, 2013}}</ref> Most of the water in the lake was released to relieve pressure.
In [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington County]], a burst pipe flooded two corridors at [[the Pentagon]]. Employees, many of whom left the building when the earthquake was felt, were alerted to the flooding by an alarm system that was installed after the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Dwyer|first=Devin|title=US Capitol, Pentagon, State Department Shaken By 5.9 Magnitude Earthquake|url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/08/us-capitol-pentagon-state-department-evacuated-after-59-magnitude-earthquake/|work=ABC News|access-date=September 2, 2011}}</ref> [[Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial]], in [[Arlington National Cemetery]] experienced
Two spare replacement panels of the Vietnam Veterans memorial that were stored at Quantico Marine Base were knocked down and shattered.<ref>{{cite news|title=THE VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL — A MODEL PARTNERSHIP ON AMERICA'S MALL BY JAN C. SCRUGGS, ESQ.|url=https://vvmf.wordpress.com/2012/01/20/the-vietnam-veterans-memorial-a-model-partnership-on-americas-mall-by-jan-c-scruggs-esq/|access-date=November 29, 2017|date=January 20, 2012}}</ref>
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[[File:DC Earthquake Damage to Embassy of Ecuador.jpg|upright|thumb|Damage to the [[Embassy of Ecuador in Washington, D.C.|Embassy of Ecuador]]]]
The [[White House]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Harris|first=Paul|title=US earthquake leads to evacuation of White House|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/24/us-earthquake-evacuation-white-house|work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=August 27, 2011|date=August 24, 2011}}</ref> the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]], and various other buildings were evacuated. The afternoon traffic rush hour was affected, with some traffic lights inoperative,<ref name="Achenbach">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/earthquake-rattles-washington-area/2011/08/23/gIQATMOGZJ_story_1.html|title=5.8 Virginia earthquake shakes East Coast, rattles residents|last=Achenbach|first=Joel|date=August 23, 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=2|access-date=January 10, 2012}}</ref> and the [[Washington Metro|Washington Metro system]]'s trains operated at reduced speeds while tracks and tunnels were inspected.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wusa9.com/news/article/164052/373/Metro-Inspections-Continue-Trains-At-Reduced-Speed|title=Metro: Inspections Continue, Trains At Reduced Speed|publisher=WUSA 9|date=August 23, 2011|access-date=August 24, 2011|last=Pettus|first=Meta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915052211/http://www.wusa9.com/news/article/164052/373/Metro-Inspections-Continue-Trains-At-Reduced-Speed|archive-date=September 15, 2011|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[District of Columbia Public Schools]] were shut down the day after while inspections of the schools were conducted.<ref>
A [[National Park Service]] spokesperson reported that surveys revealed cracks near the top of the [[Washington Monument]], the world's tallest stone structure, which remained closed for repairs until May 2014.<ref name="Achenbach"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/wamo/washington-monument-earthquake-update.htm|title=Washington Monument Earthquake Update|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> The earthquake severely damaged three of the four [[pinnacle|pinnacles (corner spires)]] on the central tower of the [[Washington National Cathedral]], cracked some of its [[flying buttress]]es, and caused additional damage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalcathedral.org/dcquake/earthquakeFAQ.shtml|title=Earthquake FAQ|url-status=dead|access-date=January 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111024122/http://www.nationalcathedral.org/dcquake/earthquakeFAQ.shtml|archive-date=January 11, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gilgoff|first1=Dan|last2=Lazo|first2=Larry|url=http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/23/national-cathedral-damaged-in-earthquake/|title=National Cathedral damaged in earthquake|date=August 23, 2011|work=CNN|access-date=August 24, 2011|archive-date=September 15, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915020838/http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/23/national-cathedral-damaged-in-earthquake/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Boorstein>{{cite news|last=Boorstein|first=Michelle|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/earthquake-damaged-washington-national-cathedral-needs-to-raise-millions/2011/08/24/gIQA2I8UcJ_story.html|title=Earthquake-damaged Washington National Cathedral needs to raise millions|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=August 25, 2011|access-date=August 25, 2011}}</ref> As the cathedral's insurance policy did not cover earthquake damage, cathedral officials stated that they would need to raise millions of dollars to fully evaluate the damage and to stabilize and repair its [[limestone]] exterior.<ref name=Boorstein/>
The [[Smithsonian Castle]] incurred damage to five decorative [[turret (architecture)|turret]]s, and fifty jars of preserved specimens fell from shelves at the Smithsonian's [[National Museum of Natural History]].<ref name="SI Damage">{{cite web|title=Update on Earthquake Damage at the Smithsonian (press release)|url=http://newsdesk.si.edu/releases/update-earthquake-damage-smithsonian|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|access-date=August 24, 2011}}</ref> The [[Embassy of Ecuador in Washington, D.C.|Embassy of Ecuador]] suffered structural damage, including three collapsed [[chimney]]s and cracked internal walls.<ref name="Indiatimes">{{cite news|url=http://oneclick.indiatimes.com/article/03yX8cGb0j3Qy?q=Ecuador|title=Ecuador embassy damaged in quake|access-date=January 11, 2012|work=The Times of India|location=India|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127032552/http://oneclick.indiatimes.com/article/03yX8cGb0j3Qy?q=Ecuador|archive-date=January 27, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The [[Treasury Building (Washington, D.C.)|Treasury Building]] suffered minor damage to exterior railings, some of which fell to the ground and caused closure of a sidewalk.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/federal-eye/post/earthquake-damaged-us-treasury-building/2011/08/26/gIQAwLIqgJ_blog.html|title=Earthquake Damaged U.S. Treasury Building|last=O'Keefe|first=Ed|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=August 26, 2011|access-date=August 26, 2011}}</ref> Fire department officials in Washington reported numerous minor injuries as a result of the earthquake.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lewis|first=Bob|title=East Coast quake was strongest since 1944; buildings damaged|url=http://www.adn.com/2011/08/23/2027653/quake-centered-in-virginia-rocks.html|access-date=January 30, 2012|newspaper=Anchorage Daily News|date=August 24, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514062914/http://www.adn.com/2011/08/23/2027653/quake-centered-in-virginia-rocks.html|archive-date=May 14, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
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<!-- Delaware -->In [[Wilmington, Delaware]], blocks fell to the street from the steeple of St. Thomas the Apostle Church, and the New Castle County Courthouse was evacuated, as was the air traffic control tower of the [[New Castle County Airport]] in nearby [[Wilmington Manor]]. Fire marshals and building inspectors were called to assess structures throughout [[Dover, Delaware|Dover]], the capital city, where the city hall was evacuated. Numerous buildings in [[Georgetown, Delaware|Georgetown]], the Sussex County seat was evacuated while crews checked for damage; the Emergency Operations Center there reported 200 calls to [[9-1-1]]. [[Delaware Department of Transportation]] crews were dispatched statewide to inspect interstate highways, the under-construction replacement [[Indian River Inlet Bridge]], the [[Delaware Memorial Bridge]] on [[Interstate 295 (Delaware – New Jersey)|I-295]], and other bridges and roads.<ref name="DelDOT">{{cite web|url=http://www.deldot.gov/public.ejs?command=PublicNewsDisplay&id=4073|title=DelDOT Inspecting Infrastructure After Earthquake|last=Delaware Department of Transportation|date=August 23, 2011|access-date=January 11, 2012}}</ref>
<!-- Maryland -->In [[Temple Hills, Maryland]], residents were evacuated from two damaged apartment buildings.<ref>{{cite news|title=Md. residents homeless after East Coast earthquake|url=http://www.abc2news.com/dpp/news/state/md.-residents-displaced-after-east-coast-earthquake|agency=Associated Press|work=ABC News|access-date=August 27, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930032229/http://www.abc2news.com/dpp/news/state/md.-residents-displaced-after-east-coast-earthquake|archive-date=September 30, 2011|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In [[Kensington, Maryland|Kensington]], the tops of four spires on the [[Washington D.C. Temple]] of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] fell to the ground along with several pieces of marble from the façade.<ref>{{cite news |title=East Coast quake damages people's nerves and temple spires|url=http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=16937670 |newspaper=[[KSL-TV]] |date=August 23, 2011 |access-date=August 24, 2011}}</ref> Near [[Brunswick, Maryland|Brunswick]], the earthquake caused "significant discoloration and a reduction in the quality of the water" of a spring, leading officials to warn against using the water until further notice.<ref>{{cite news |title=Washington County residents warned not to drink water from Yourtee Spring line |url=http://www.herald-mail.com/breakingnews/hm-brunswick-residents-warned-not-to-drink-water-from-yourtree-spring-line-20110824,0,5543232.story |newspaper=[[The Herald-Mail]] |date=August 24, 2011 |access-date=August 24, 2011 |archive-date=December 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204182504/http://www.herald-mail.com/breakingnews/hm-brunswick-residents-warned-not-to-drink-water-from-yourtree-spring-line-20110824,0,5543232.story |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the [[Fells Point, Baltimore|Fells Point]] neighborhood of [[Baltimore]], St. Patrick Catholic Church was deemed unsafe and was scheduled to be closed for weeks for repairs.<ref name="Jones">{{cite web|url=
<!-- West Virginia -->In [[Martinsburg, West Virginia]], several government buildings were evacuated, and multiple citizens reported feeling their homes shaking violently enough to rattle picture frames off the walls.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.journal-news.net/page/content.detail/id/566556/Earthquake-shakes-region.html|title=Earthquake shakes region: Temblor in central Virginia elicits unfamiliar reaction in area|access-date=August 24, 2011|work=[[The Journal (West Virginia newspaper)|The Journal]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119173347/http://www.journal-news.net/page/content.detail/id/566556/Earthquake-shakes-region.html|archive-date=January 19, 2015|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In [[Charleston, West Virginia|Charleston]], the [[Kanawha County Courthouse]], the [[West Virginia State Capitol]] campus, and several other downtown buildings were evacuated; [[Kanawha County, West Virginia|Kanawha County]] dispatchers received more than 350 telephone calls in 45 minutes, but there were not any reports of damage to buildings and infrastructure other than minor [[plaster]] cracking in the old courthouse. In [[Philippi, West Virginia|Philippi]], part of a chimney collapsed at the [[Barbour County, West Virginia|Barbour County]] courthouse. The West Virginia Office of Miners' Health, Safety and Training stated that West Virginia [[coal mining|coal mines]] were safe following the tremors.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wvgazette.com/News/201108230754|title=Earthquake in Virginia felt throughout W.Va.|access-date=August 23, 2011|work=Charleston Gazette|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820011342/http://wvgazette.com/News/201108230754|archive-date=August 20, 2012|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kuykendall|first=Taylor|url=http://www.register-herald.com/archive/x1592796956/Southern-West-Virginia-shakes-from-quake|title=Southern West Virginia shakes from quake|access-date=August 23, 2011|work=The Register-Herald}}</ref> A roof collapse in [[Patriot Coal|Patriot Coal Company]]'s Big Mountain Complex forced the closure of the mine.<ref name=Bloomberg9_16>{{cite news|last=Elmquist|first=Sonja|title=Patriot Slumps After Reporting Reduced Coal Output, Higher Mining Costs|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-16/patriot-slumps-after-reporting-reduced-coal-output-higher-mining-costs.html|work=Bloomerg News|publisher=Bloomberg|access-date=September 21, 2011|date=September 16, 2011}}</ref>
<!-- Pennsylvania -->Trembling was felt in buildings in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pittsburgh]], [[Altoona, Pennsylvania|Altoona]], [[Hollidaysburg]], [[York, Pennsylvania|York]], [[State College, Pennsylvania|State College]], [[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]], [[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]], [[Reading, Pennsylvania|Reading]], [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]] and elsewhere in [[Pennsylvania]].<ref name="altoonamirror.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.altoonamirror.com/page/content.detail/id/552932/Earthquake-centered-in-Va--rolls---.html|title=5.9 earthquake rocks mid-Atlantic|work=altoonamirror.com|archive-date=February 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214225834/http://www.altoonamirror.com/page/content.detail/id/552932/Earthquake-centered-in-Va--rolls---.html}}</ref> Just before 2:00 p.m., in the midst of an opening game between New England and Europe in the [[Little League Baseball World Series]], many people in [[South Williamsport]] experienced a ground shaking LLBWS first.
<!-- New Jersey -->Damage in [[New Jersey]] was minor. The state Emergency Management office reported two gas leaks in [[Gloucester County, New Jersey|Gloucester County]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gloucester County suffers minor earthquake damage, reports in Woodbury, Deptford|url=http://www.nj.com/gloucester-county/index.ssf/2011/08/gloucester_county_suffers_mino.html|work=[[Gloucester County Times]]|access-date=August 26, 2011|author=Carly Q. Romalino|author2=Jessica Driscoll|date=August 24, 2011}}</ref><ref name=Rattled/> In [[Burlington, New Jersey|Burlington]], Temple B'nai Israel's synagogue building, built during 1801, sustained some water damage when tremor-caused openings in the roof allowed standing water to leak in, and about 20 bricks fell, damaging a congregant's car.<ref name=Rattled/> In [[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]], a vacant house partially collapsed, and government buildings were evacuated, with city workers given the option of returning home for the day.<ref name=Rattled/> Due to the damage done by the quake, the municipal government of [[Woodbury, New Jersey|Woodbury]] reported that the historic Colonel George Gill Green Opera House, which was built during 1880, would be razed,<ref>{{cite news|last=Romalino|first=Carly Q.|title=Woodbury city pushes for G.G. Green building demolition after quake|url=http://www.nj.com/gloucester-county/index.ssf/2011/08/woodbury_city_pushes_for_gg_gr.html|access-date=August 29, 2011|newspaper=Gloucester County Times|date=August 27, 2011}}</ref> but instead it was renovated to provide housing for senior citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hhhistory.com/2016/04/tidbits-about-greens-opera-house-in.html|title=Tidbits About Green's Opera House in Woodbury, N.J.|website=www.hhhistory.com}}</ref> No other infrastructure damage was reported in the state.<ref name=Rattled>{{cite news|title=Rattled by earthquake, but mostly unscathed in New Jersey|url=http://articles.philly.com/2011-08-24/news/29922430_1_nuclear-power-plants-vacant-house-collapse/2|newspaper=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|access-date=August 26, 2011|last=Hicks|first=Joshua Adam|date=August 24, 2011}}</ref>
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[[File:40 Wall Street Earthquake Evacuees.jpg|thumb|People gather outside [[40 Wall Street]] in New York City after the earthquake]]
<!-- New York -->Tremors were felt to varying degrees throughout [[New York (state)|New York]] State, including by people in some buildings in [[Manhattan]]. Physical damage occurred in [[Brooklyn]], where a chimney in [[Red Hook, Brooklyn|Red Hook]] was toppled.<ref name="Village article" /> There were some disruptions, including building evacuations and delays at airports.<ref name=NYEarth /> [[Amtrak]] train service at [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Penn Station]] was also delayed.<ref name=NYEarth>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/APd735785c30da4336b047663ba67e0b37|title=NY gets tremors but no damage from quake in Va|access-date=August 23, 2011|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=August 23, 2011|archive-date=February 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202140849/http://www.wsj.com/articles/APd735785c30da4336b047663ba67e0b37|url-status=dead}}</ref>
====New England====
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===Canada===
Tremors from the earthquake were also felt in eastern Canada, mostly in [[Southern Ontario]], as well as in parts of southern [[Quebec]] and the [[Maritimes|Maritime provinces]]. In Ontario, a few buildings in Toronto were evacuated, and roads were closed as a precautionary measure in case of building collapse in [[Sudbury, Ontario|Sudbury]]<ref name="USGS Intensity 9:21 pm 25Aug2011" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thesudburystar.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=3269735|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204224300/http://www.thesudburystar.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=3269735|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 4, 2013|title=Aftershocks hit Sudbury just before 2, police report|work=[[Sudbury Star]]|access-date=August 23, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thesudburystar.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=3269562|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204100155/http://www.thesudburystar.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=3269562|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 4, 2013|title=Tom Davies Square evacuated as aftershocks felt in Greater Sudbury|work=Sudbury Star|access-date=August 23, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.northernlife.ca/news/localNews/2011/08/23-earthquake-virginia-sudbury.aspx|title=Tom Davies Square evacuated after earthquake|newspaper=[[Northern Life (newspaper)|Northern Life]]|access-date=August 23, 2011}}</ref> and [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]].<ref>{{cite news|url=
==Internet activity and social media==
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Due to the significantly slower propagation of seismic waves compared to the near-speed-of-light transmission of Internet traffic, some Twitter users read about the earthquake seconds before feeling the tremors. For example, Twitter users in such cities as New York City and Boston reported reading tweets about the earthquake from users in Washington, D.C., or Richmond, Virginia, 15 to 30 seconds before feeling the quake itself.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/earthquake-twitter-users-learned-tremors-226481 |title=Earthquake: Twitter Users Learned of Tremors Seconds Before Feeling Them |author=Rebecca Ford |date=August 23, 2011 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=August 29, 2011}}</ref>
The [[European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre]] (EMSC) website, one of the top global earthquake information website experienced a massive and immediate traffic surge caused by the convergence of eyewitnesses looking for information about the shaking. Their hit times proved to mimic the seismic wave propagation generated by the earthquake. On average eyewitnesses hit the website 90 seconds after the ground start shaking. The epicenter was determined within 30 km by retropropagating 2 minutes of EMSC website traffic without using any seismic data. The authors argue that eyewitnesses can be considered as a real-time sensor, their website visit being triggered by the ground shaking.<ref>Bossu, R., Lefebvre, S., Cansi, Y., &
The [[English Wikipedia|English version]] of Wikipedia had an encyclopedia article dedicated to the earthquake by 2:03 PM, 12 minutes after the event, and it was mentioned in two other Wikipedia articles even earlier.<ref name = Wikipedia>{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/minutes-after-virginia-earthquake-it-was-on-wikipedia/2011/08/24/gIQAQqQMcJ_story.html | newspaper = Washington Post| title = Minutes after Virginia earthquake, it was on Wikipedia| first = David| last = Montgomery|date=August 24, 2011}}</ref>
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==Zoo animal reactions==
Staff at the [[National Zoological Park (United States)|National Zoo]] in Washington, D.C., reported that some of the animals in the park appeared to show behavior suggesting that they [[Earthquake prediction#Animal behavior|anticipated the earthquake]] from seconds to minutes before it was felt in the area. The earthquake was felt at the [[Hominidae|great ape]] exhibits during afternoon feeding time. About three to ten seconds before the quake, many of the apes abandoned their food and climbed to the top of a tree-like structure in the exhibit. The [[red ruffed lemur]]s sounded an alarm call about 15 minutes before the quake, and the flock of 64 [[flamingo]]s rushed around and grouped themselves together just before the quake. During the quake, some animals vocalized, some ran or
== See also ==
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