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{{image frame|content={{multiple image |border = infobox | total_width = 300 | perrow = 2/2/
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|image2=Tarsila do Amaral, ca. 1925.jpg
|image3=Machado de Assis 1904.jpg
|image4=Brazil and Croatia match at the FIFA World Cup 2014-06-12 (
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}}|caption=From top, left to right: [[capoeira]], [[Tarsila do Amaral]], [[Machado de Assis]],
{{Culture of Brazil}}
The '''culture of Brazil''' has been shaped by the amalgamation of diverse indigenous cultures, and the cultural fusion that took place among [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Indigenous communities]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] colonizers, and Africans, primarily during the Brazilian colonial period. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Brazil received a significant number of immigrants, primarily of [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]], [[Italian Brazilian|Italian]]
As consequence of three centuries of [[colonization]] by the [[Portuguese empire]], many aspects of Brazilian culture are derived from the [[culture of Portugal]].<ref name="Meade2009">{{cite book|author=Teresa A. Meade|author-link=Teresa Meade |title=A Brief History of Brazil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6Jw-KNq2QUC&pg=PA146|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7788-5|page=146}}</ref> The numerous Portuguese inheritances include the [[Portuguese language|language]], cuisine items such as [[rice and beans]] and ''[[feijoada]]'', the predominant [[Catholic Church|religion]] and the [[Manueline|colonial architectural styles]].<ref>{{cite web | title = 15th-16th Century | work = History | publisher = Brazilian Government official website | url = http://www.brasil.gov.br/ingles/about_brazil/history/xvi_cent/ | archive-url = https://archive.today/20070615145847/http://www.brasil.gov.br/ingles/about_brazil/history/xvi_cent/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2007-06-15 | access-date = 2008-06-08 }}</ref> These aspects, however, were influenced by African and Indigenous
This diverse cultural background has helped show off many celebrations and festivals that have become known around the world, such as the [[Brazilian Carnival]] and the [[Bumba Meu Boi]]. The colourful culture creates an environment that makes Brazil a popular destination for many tourists each year, over 1 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Culture of Brazil|url=http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/country/brazil/culture.html|access-date=20 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111193350/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/country/brazil/culture.html|archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>
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Brazil was a colony of [[Portugal]] for over three centuries. About a million Portuguese settlers arrived during this period <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/portugueses.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224012534/http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/portugueses.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 February 2013|title=IBGE teen|date=24 February 2013}}</ref> and brought their culture to the colony. The Indigenous inhabitants of Brazil had much contact with the colonists. Many became extinct, others mixed with the Portuguese. For that reason, Brazil also holds [[Amerindian]] influences in its culture, mainly in its food and language. Brazilian Portuguese has hundreds of words of Indigenous American origin, mainly from the [[Old Tupi language]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/indios/vida.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315161753/http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/indios/vida.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2008|title=IBGE teen|date=15 March 2008}}</ref>
[[Ethnic groups of Africa|Black Africans]], who were brought as [[slave]]s to Brazil, also participated actively in the formation of Brazilian culture. Although the Portuguese colonists forced their slaves to convert to [[Catholicism]] and speak Portuguese, their cultural influences were absorbed by the inhabitants of Brazil of all [[Human
[[Immigration to Brazil|Immigrants]] from [[Italy]], [[Germany]], [[Spain]], [[Japan]], [[Ukraine]], [[Russia]], [[Poland]], [[Austria-Hungary]] and the [[Middle East]] played an important role in the areas they settled (mostly [[Southern Brazil|Southern]] and [[Southeastern Brazil]]). They organized communities that became important cities such as [[Joinville]], [[Caxias do Sul]], [[Blumenau]], [[Curitiba]] and brought important contributions to the culture of Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://educa.ibge.gov.br/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112013348/http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/italianos.html|url-status=dead|title=IBGE Educa|archive-date=November 12, 2007|website=IBGE - Educa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://educa.ibge.gov.br/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029075148/http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/alemaes.html|url-status=dead|title=IBGE Educa|archive-date=October 29, 2007|website=IBGE - Educa}}</ref>
[[Modernism in Brazil]] started with the [[Modern Art Week]] held in São Paulo in 1922 and was characterized by experimentation and interest in Brazilian society and culture, as well as rebellion against influence from [[Brazil–European Union relations#History|Europe]] and the [[Brazil–United States relations|United States]] and the orthodoxy of the [[Academia Brasileira de Letras|Brazilian Academy of Letters]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Modern Art Week and the Rise of Brazilian Modernism {{!}} Brazil: Five Centuries of Change |url=https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-5/modern-art-week-and-the-rise-of-brazilian-modernism/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616204429/https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-5/modern-art-week-and-the-rise-of-brazilian-modernism/ |archive-date=June 16, 2016 |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=library.brown.edu}}</ref> [[Tarsila do Amaral]] and [[Oswald de Andrade]] were among the catalysts of the {{Lang|pt|antropofagia}} movement in Brazil, with works such as ''[[Manifesto Pau-Brasil]]'', ''[[Abaporu]]'', and [[Manifesto Pau-Brasil|''Manifesto Antropófago'']].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarsila do Amaral: Inventing Modern Art in Brazil {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3871 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216040504/https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3871 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref> In the 1930s, sociologists such as [[Gilberto Freyre]] and [[Sérgio Buarque de Holanda]] published ideas about Brazilian culture, society, and identity, presenting concepts such as "[[racial democracy]]" and the "cordial man".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maciel|first=Fabrício|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L9XsDwAAQBAJ&q=freyre+buarque+%22homem+cordial%22+%22democracia+racial%22+cultura+do+brasil&pg=PT97|title=O Brasil-nação como ideologia: a construção retórica e sociopolítica da identidade nacional|date=2020-06-23|publisher=Editora Autografia|isbn=978-65-5531-214-0|language=pt-BR}}</ref>
During the [[Military dictatorship in Brazil|military dictatorship]] (1964–1985) and especially following the [[Institutional Act Number Five]] in 1968, the government [[Censorship under the military dictatorship in Brazil|
==Language==
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The official language of Brazil is Portuguese. It is spoken by about 99% of the population, making it one of the strongest elements of national identity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/guide-to-brazil-etiquette-customs-culture-business|title=A guide to Brazil – etiquette, customs, clothing and more…|website=Kwintessential|access-date=2019-08-10|archive-date=2012-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111193350/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/country/brazil/culture.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are only some Amerindian groups and small pockets of immigrants who do not speak Portuguese.
Similarly to American English and Canadian French, [[Brazilian Portuguese]] is more phonetically conservative or archaic than the language of the colonizing metropolis, maintaining several features that European Portuguese had before the 19th century.
Also similarly to the American English, the Brazilian regional variation as well as the [[Portuguese language|European one]] include a small number of words of [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Indigenous American]] and [[Languages of Africa|African]] origin, mainly restricted to place names and fauna and flora.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miscigenação da Língua Portuguesa |url=https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/cultura/miscigenacao-lingua-portuguesa.htm |
Minority languages are spoken throughout the nation. One hundred and eighty [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Amerindian language]]s are spoken in remote areas and a number of other languages are spoken by immigrants and their descendants. There are significant communities of [[German language|German]] (mostly the [[Hunsrückisch]], a [[German language|High German language]] dialect) and [[Italian language|Italian]] (mostly the [[Talian dialect]], of [[Venetian language|Venetian]] origin) speakers in the south of the country, both of which are influenced by the Portuguese language.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 20, 2004 |title=O alemão lusitano do Sul do Brasil |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1174391,00.html |
The [[Brazilian Sign Language]] (not signed Portuguese – it likely is descended from the [[French Sign Language]]), known by the acronym {{lang|pt|LIBRAS}}, is officially recognized by law, albeit using it alone would convey a very limited degree of accessibility, throughout the country.
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==Religion==
{{Main|Religion in Brazil}}{{Multiple image
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| caption1 = ''[[Christ the Redeemer (statue)|Christ the Redeemer]]'' is a [[cultural icon]] of Brazil, and is listed as one of the [[New7Wonders of the World]].<ref name="Hindustan times">{{cite web|date=July 8, 2007|title=The New Seven Wonders of the World|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=c7e6494a-0e6c-46b4-9982-60b6b4bf20c1&ParentID=f702d4d5-e16e-4a07-bd0a-5bebf5c9b825&MatchID1=4488&TeamID1=8&TeamID2=10&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1120&PrimaryID=4488&Headline=The+new+Seven+Wonders+of+the+World|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043832/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=c7e6494a-0e6c-46b4-9982-60b6b4bf20c1&ParentID=f702d4d5-e16e-4a07-bd0a-5bebf5c9b825&MatchID1=4488&TeamID1=8&TeamID2=10&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1120&PrimaryID=4488&Headline=The+new+Seven+Wonders+of+the+World|archive-date=September 30, 2007|access-date=July 11, 2007|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
| image2 = Basilica of Aparecida - Aparecida 2014 (4).jpg
| caption2 = The [[Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida]] is the second largest in the world, only after the [[Basilica of Saint Peter]] in [[Vatican City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI1984236-EI306,00-Basilica+de+Aparecida+aguarda+mil+pessoas.html|title=Basílica de Aparecida aguarda 160 mil pessoas|website=Terra}}</ref>
}}
About 2/3 of the population are [[Roman Catholics]]. Catholicism was introduced and spread largely by the [[Society of Jesus|Portuguese Jesuits]], who arrived in 1549 during the colonization with the mission of converting the Indigenous people. The Society of Jesus played a large role in the formation of Brazilian religious identity until their expulsion of the country by the [[Marquis of Pombal]] in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jesuítas|url=http://www.suapesquisa.com/religiaosociais/jesuitas.htm|access-date=21 September 2011}}</ref>▼
▲About 2/3 of the population are [[Roman Catholics]]. Catholicism was introduced and spread largely by the [[Society of Jesus|Portuguese Jesuits]], who arrived in 1549 during the colonization with the mission of converting the Indigenous people. The Society of Jesus played a large role in the formation of Brazilian religious identity until their expulsion of the country by the [[Marquis of Pombal]] in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramos |first=Jefferson Evandro Machado |title=Jesuítas na História do Brasil |url=http://www.suapesquisa.com/religiaosociais/jesuitas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240411214215/https://www.suapesquisa.com/religiaosociais/jesuitas.htm |archive-date=April 11, 2024 |access-date=21 September 2011 |website=suapesquisa.com}}</ref>
In recent decades Brazilian society has witnessed a rise in [[Protestantism]]. Between 1940 and 2010, the percentage of Roman Catholics fell from 95% to 64.6%, while the various Protestant [[Christian denominations|denominations]] rose from 2.6% to 22.2%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Censo|date=29 June 2012 |url=http://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2012/06/numero-de-evangelicos-aumenta-61-em-10-anos-aponta-ibge.html|access-date=10 July 2012}}</ref>▼
▲In recent decades Brazilian society has witnessed a rise in [[Protestantism]]. Between 1940 and 2010, the percentage of Roman Catholics fell from 95% to 64.6%, while the various Protestant [[Christian denominations|denominations]] rose from 2.6% to 22.2%.<ref>{{cite web
The African-Brazilian religion of [[Candomblé]], with its [[Orisha|orixá]] deities derived from [[Yoruba religion|Yoruba]] traditions, is particularly important in [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] and [[Bahia]] in general.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shirey|first=Heather|date=December 2009|title=Transforming the Orixás: Candomblé in Sacred and Secular Spaces in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/afar.2009.42.4.62|journal=African Arts|volume=42|issue=4|pages=62–79|doi=10.1162/afar.2009.42.4.62|s2cid=57558875 |issn=0001-9933}}</ref>
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{{bar percent|[[Protestantism]]|lightblue|22.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|gray|8.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Kardecist spiritism|Spiritism]]|yellow|2.0}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|3.2}}
}}
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The [[Brazilian Carnaval]] is an annual [[festival]] held forty-six days before [[Easter]]. Carnival celebrations are believed to have roots in the [[paganism|pagan]] festival of [[Saturnalia]], which, adapted to Christianity, became a farewell to bad things in a season of religious discipline to practice repentance and prepare for Christ's death and resurrection.
Carnival is the most famous [[holiday]] in Brazil and has become an event of huge proportions. For almost a week festivities are intense, day and night, mainly in coastal cities.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ho |first=Jeevan |date=June 22, 2022 |title=Brazil’s Famous Carnival Holiday – Renata Pauperio from Brazil |url=http://www.topics-mag.com/internatl/holidays/brazil/carnival-brazil.htm
The typical genres of music of Brazilian carnival are: [[samba-enredo]] and [[marchinha]] (in [[Rio de Janeiro]] and [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast Region]]), [[frevo]], [[maracatu]] and [[Axé music]] (in [[Pernambuco]], [[Bahia]] and [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast Region]])
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{{Main|Brazilian cuisine|List of Brazilian dishes}}
[[File:Feijoada_à_brasileira_-02.jpg|thumb|left|The national dish of Brazil, [[feijoada]], contains [[Black turtle bean|black beans]] cooked with [[pork]], and other meats.]]
Brazilian cuisine varies greatly by region. This diversity reflects the country's history and mix of indigenous and immigrant cultures. This has created a national cooking style, marked by the preservation of regional differences.<ref name="Encarta 4">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Way of Life |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_4/Brazil.html |access-date=2008-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/
[[File:Brigadeiro2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Brigadeiro]] is a very popular candy in Brazilian birthday parties.]]
Brazil has a variety of candies including [[brigadeiro]]s, made with condensed milk, butter, cocoa powder, and it can have sprinkles of chocolate around, and [[beijinho]]s. Other snack foods include [[coxinha]]s, [[churrasco]], [[sfiha]], [[empanadas]], and [[araucaria nuts]] (in [[Festa Junina]]). [[Pão de queijo]] are typical in the state of [[Minas Gerais]]. Typical northern foods include [[pato no tucupi]], [[tacacá]], [[Caruru (food)|caruru]], [[vatapá]], and [[maniçoba]]. The Northeast is known for [[moqueca]] (a stew of [[seafood]] and palm oil), [[acarajé]] (a fritter made with white [[beans]], [[onion]] and fried in [[palm oil]] (''dendê''), which is filled with dried [[shrimp]] and [[capsicum|red pepper]]), [[Caruru (food)|caruru]], and [[Quibebe]]. In the Southeast, it is common to eat [[Bife a cavalo]], [[:pt:Bife à parmegiana|Bife à parmegiana]], [[Virado]], [[Minas cheese]], [[pizza]], [[Cuisine of Brazil#Southeast|tutu
== Literature ==
{{Main|Brazilian literature}}
[[File:
Literature in Brazil dates back to the 16th century, to the writings of the first Portuguese explorers in Brazil, such as [[
Brazil produced significant works in [[Romanticism]] – novelists like [[Joaquim Manuel de Macedo]] and [[José de Alencar]] wrote novels about love and pain. Alencar, in his long career, also treated Indigenous people as heroes in the Indigenist novels ''[[O Guarany]]'', ''[[Iracema]]'', ''[[Ubirajara]]''.<ref>"[http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/literature.html Brazilian Literature: An Introduction] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725100730/http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/literature.html|date=July 25, 2011}}". [http://www.brasembottawa.org Embassy of Brasil – Ottawa]. Visited on November 2, 2009.</ref> The French ''[[Mal du siècle]]'' was also introduced in Brazil by the likes of [[Alvares de Azevedo]], whose ''[[Lira dos Vinte Anos]]'' and ''[[Noite na Taverna]]'' are national symbols of the [[Ultra-romanticism]]. [[Gonçalves Dias]], considered one of the national poets,<ref name="BritanicaDias">"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/238315/Antonio-Goncalves-Dias Antonio Gonçalves Dias]". Article on [https://www.britannica.com Encyclopædia Britannica].</ref> sang the Brazilian people and the Brazilian land on the famous ''[[Canção do exílio|Song of the Exile]]'' (1843), known to every Brazilian schoolchild.<ref name="BritanicaDias" /> Also dates from this period, although his work has hatched in [[Realism (arts)|Realism]], [[Machado de Assis]], whose works include ''[[Helena (Machado de Assis novel)|Helena]]'', ''[[Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas]]'', ''[[O alienista]]'', ''[[Dom Casmurro]]'', and who is widely regarded as the most important writer of Brazilian literature.<ref>Caldwell, Helen (1970) ''Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and his Novels.'' Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press.</ref><ref>Fernandez, Oscar Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and His Novels The ''Modern Language Journal'', Vol. 55, No. 4 (Apr., 1971), pp. 255–256</ref> Assis is also highly respected around the world.<ref>João Cezar de Castro Rocha, [http://www.plcs.umassd.edu/pdfs/plcs13_14_intro.pdf "Introduction"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625042658/http://www.plcs.umassd.edu/pdfs/plcs13_14_intro.pdf|date=June 25, 2008}}. ''Portuguese Literature and Cultural Studies'' 13/14 (2006): xxiv.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbSmQgAACAAJ|title=Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds|publisher=Warner Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-446-52717-0|location=New York|page=674|oclc=49031283}}</ref>▼
{{Quote box▼
| quote = My land has palm trees, Where the [[Thrush (bird)|Thrush]] sings; The birds, that sing here, Do not sing as they do there.▼
| source = from "[[Canção do exílio]]" by [[Gonçalves Dias]].<ref>Gonçalves Dias. ''[[Canção do exílio|Song of the Exile]]''. Translated by John Milton and disponible on [https://mail.cofa.unsw.edu.au/pipermail/empyre/2004-March/msg00112.html The NeoConcrete Movement] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706120558/https://mail.cofa.unsw.edu.au/pipermail/empyre/2004-March/msg00112.html |date=July 6, 2011 }}. Page visited on November 3, 2009.</ref>▼
| width = 28%▼
| align = right▼
| quote = In the middle of the path there was a rock<br />
There was a rock in the middle of the path<br />
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In the middle of the path there was a rock
| source = from "No meio do caminho" by [[Carlos Drummond de Andrade]]
▲}}Brazil produced significant works in [[Romanticism]] – novelists like [[Joaquim Manuel de Macedo]] and [[José de Alencar]] wrote novels about love and pain. Alencar, in his long career, also treated Indigenous people as heroes in the Indigenist novels ''[[O Guarany]]'', ''[[Iracema]]'', ''[[Ubirajara]]''.<ref>"[http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/literature.html Brazilian Literature: An Introduction] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725100730/http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/literature.html|date=July 25, 2011}}". [http://www.brasembottawa.org Embassy of Brasil – Ottawa]. Visited on November 2, 2009.</ref> The French ''[[Mal du siècle]]'' was also introduced in Brazil by the likes of [[Alvares de Azevedo]], whose ''[[Lira dos Vinte Anos]]'' and ''[[Noite na Taverna]]'' are national symbols of the [[Ultra-romanticism]]. [[Gonçalves Dias]], considered one of the national poets,<ref name="BritanicaDias">"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/238315/Antonio-Goncalves-Dias Antonio Gonçalves Dias]". Article on [https://www.britannica.com Encyclopædia Britannica].</ref> sang the Brazilian people and the Brazilian land on the famous ''[[Canção do exílio|Song of the Exile]]'' (1843), known to every Brazilian schoolchild.<ref name="BritanicaDias" /> Also dates from this period, although his work has hatched in [[Realism (arts)|Realism]], [[Machado de Assis]], whose works include ''[[Helena (Machado de Assis novel)|Helena]]'', ''[[Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas]]'', ''[[O alienista]]'', ''[[Dom Casmurro]]'', and who is widely regarded as the most important writer of Brazilian literature.<ref>Caldwell, Helen (1970) ''Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and his Novels.'' Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press.</ref><ref>Fernandez, Oscar Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and His Novels The ''Modern Language Journal'', Vol. 55, No. 4 (Apr., 1971), pp. 255–256</ref> Assis is also highly respected around the world.<ref>João Cezar de Castro Rocha, [http://www.plcs.umassd.edu/pdfs/plcs13_14_intro.pdf "Introduction"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625042658/http://www.plcs.umassd.edu/pdfs/plcs13_14_intro.pdf|date=June 25, 2008}}. ''Portuguese Literature and Cultural Studies'' 13/14 (2006): xxiv.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbSmQgAACAAJ|title=Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds|publisher=Warner Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-446-52717-0|location=New York|page=674|oclc=49031283}}</ref>
▲{{Quote box
[[File:(1920-1977) "Clarice Lispector".png|thumb|180px|left|[[Clarice Lispector]], who wrote with introspection and psychological probing, is well known for her [[Crônica|crônicas]].<ref>Ha, T. H., [https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/08/clarice-lispector/402011/ "Clarice Lispector's Magical Prose"], ''[[The Atlantic]]'', August 21, 2015.</ref>]]▼
▲| quote = My land has palm trees, Where the [[Thrush (bird)|Thrush]] sings; The birds, that sing here, Do not sing as they do there.
[[Monteiro Lobato]], of the Pré-Modernism (an essentially Brazilian literary movement),<ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://www2.fcsh.unl.pt/edtl/verbetes/E/escola_literaria.htm E-Dicionário de literatura] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219104803/http://www2.fcsh.unl.pt/edtl/verbetes/E/escola_literaria.htm|date=December 19, 2009}}. Visited on April 4, 2008.</ref> wrote mainly for children, often bringing [[Greek mythology]] and [[didacticism]] with [[Brazilian folklore]], as we see in his short stories about [[Saci (Brazilian folklore)|Saci Pererê]].<ref>{{in lang|pt}} Unnamed. "[http://recantodasletras.uol.com.br/teorialiteraria/1165269 José Bento Monteiro Lobato reconta a Mitologia Grega] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304032156/http://recantodasletras.uol.com.br/teorialiteraria/1165269|date=March 4, 2010}}", in: Recanto das Letras. Visited on May 13, 2009.</ref> Some authors of this time, like [[Lima Barreto]] and [[Simões Lopes Neto]] and [[Olavo Bilac]], already show a distinctly modern character; [[Augusto dos Anjos]], whose works combine [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolistic]], [[Parnasianism|Parnasian]] and even pre-[[Modernism|modernist]] elements has a "paralytic language".<ref>Anjos, Augusto. [http://www.releituras.com/aanjos_ideia.asp ''A Idéia'']</ref> [[Mário de Andrade]] and [[Oswald de Andrade]], from [[Modernism]], combined nationalist tendencies with an interest in European modernism and created the [[Modern Art Week|Modern Art Week of 1922]]. [[João Cabral de Melo Neto]] and [[Carlos Drummond de Andrade]] are placed among the greatest Brazilian poets;<ref>The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright. 2004, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products N.V.</ref> the first, post-modernist, concerned with the [[aesthetic]]s and created a concise and elliptical and lean poetic, against sentimentality;<ref>{{in lang|pt}} Terra, Ernani. De Nicola, José. ''Português: de olho no mundo do trabalho'' (Textbook), p.523. 3rd edition. Editora Scipione, São Paulo, 2006.</ref> Drummond, in turn, was a supporter of "anti-poetic" where the language was born with the poem.<ref>{{in lang|pt}} Terra, Ernani. De Nicola, José. ''Português: de olho no mundo do trabalho'' (Textbook), p.28</ref> In [[Post-Modernism]], [[João Guimarães Rosa]] wrote the novel ''[[Grande Sertão: Veredas]]'', about the [[Sertão|Brazilian outback]],<ref>{{cite web|date=2005-04-13|title=Grande sertão: veredas - parte I|url=http://educaterra.terra.com.br:80/literatura/livrodomes/2004/09/24/003.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050413144109/http://educaterra.terra.com.br/literatura/livrodomes/2004/09/24/003.htm|archive-date=2005-04-13|access-date=2019-08-10|website=educaterra.terra.com.br|language=pt}}</ref> with a highly original style and almost a grammar of his own,<ref>{{in lang|pt}} Terra, Ernani. De Nicola, José. ''Português: de olho no mundo do trabalho'' (Textbook), p.516.</ref> while [[Clarice Lispector]] wrote with an introspective and psychological probing of her characters.<ref>{{in lang|pt}} Terra, Ernani. De Nicola, José. ''Português: de olho no mundo do trabalho'' (Textbook), p.517</ref> [[Vinicius de Moraes]], nicknamed "O Poetinha", was notable as a poet, essayist, and lyricist often collaborating with [[Antônio Carlos Jobim|Tom Jobim]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vinícius de Moraes {{!}} Brazilian poet and lyricist|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vinicius-de-Moraes|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Nowadays, [[Nelson Rodrigues]], [[Rubem Fonseca]] and [[Sérgio Sant'Anna]], next to [[Nélida Piñon]] and [[Lygia Fagundes Telles]], both members of [[Academia Brasileira de Letras]], are important authors who write about contemporary issues sometimes with erotic or political tones. [[Ferreira Gullar]] and [[Manoel de Barros]] are two highly admired poets and the former has also been nominated for the [[Nobel Prize]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brazilian literature|url=http://www.portugueselanguageguide.com/portuguese/culture/brazil/brazilliterature.asp|access-date=2019-08-10|website=Portuguese Culture}}</ref>▼
▲| source = from "[[Canção do exílio]]" by [[Gonçalves Dias]].<ref>Gonçalves Dias. ''[[Canção do exílio|Song of the Exile]]''. Translated by John Milton and disponible on [https://mail.cofa.unsw.edu.au/pipermail/empyre/2004-March/msg00112.html The NeoConcrete Movement] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706120558/https://mail.cofa.unsw.edu.au/pipermail/empyre/2004-March/msg00112.html |date=July 6, 2011 }}. Page visited on November 3, 2009.</ref>
▲| width = 28%
▲}}[[File:(1920-1977) "Clarice Lispector".png|thumb|180px|left|[[Clarice Lispector]], who wrote with introspection and psychological probing, is well known for her [[
▲[[Monteiro Lobato]], of the Pré-Modernism (an essentially Brazilian literary movement),<ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://www2.fcsh.unl.pt/edtl/verbetes/E/escola_literaria.htm E-Dicionário de literatura] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219104803/http://www2.fcsh.unl.pt/edtl/verbetes/E/escola_literaria.htm|date=December 19, 2009}}. Visited on April 4, 2008.</ref> wrote mainly for children, often bringing [[Greek mythology]] and [[didacticism]] with [[Brazilian folklore]], as we see in his short stories about [[Saci (Brazilian folklore)|Saci Pererê]].<ref>{{in lang|pt}} Unnamed. "[http://recantodasletras.uol.com.br/teorialiteraria/1165269 José Bento Monteiro Lobato reconta a Mitologia Grega] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304032156/http://recantodasletras.uol.com.br/teorialiteraria/1165269|date=March 4, 2010}}", in: Recanto das Letras. Visited on May 13, 2009.</ref> Some authors of this time, like [[Lima Barreto]] and [[Simões Lopes Neto]] and [[Olavo Bilac]], already show a distinctly modern character; [[Augusto dos Anjos]], whose works combine [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolistic]], [[Parnasianism|Parnasian]] and even pre-[[Modernism|modernist]] elements has a "paralytic language".<ref>Anjos, Augusto. [http://www.releituras.com/aanjos_ideia.asp ''A Idéia'']</ref> [[Mário de Andrade]] and [[Oswald de Andrade]], from [[Modernism]], combined nationalist tendencies with an interest in European modernism and created the [[Modern Art Week|Modern Art Week of 1922]]. [[João Cabral de Melo Neto]] and [[Carlos Drummond de Andrade]] are placed among the greatest Brazilian poets;<ref>The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright. 2004, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products N.V.</ref> the first, post-modernist, concerned with the [[aesthetic]]s and created a concise and elliptical and lean poetic, against sentimentality;<ref>{{in lang|pt}} Terra, Ernani. De Nicola, José. ''Português: de olho no mundo do trabalho'' (Textbook), p.523. 3rd edition. Editora Scipione, São Paulo, 2006.</ref> Drummond, in turn, was a supporter of "anti-poetic" where the language was born with the poem.<ref>{{in lang|pt}} Terra, Ernani. De Nicola, José. ''Português: de olho no mundo do trabalho'' (Textbook), p.28
[[File:Lygia Fagundes Telles, sem data (cropped).tif|thumb|211x211px|[[Lygia Fagundes Telles]] is the first Brazilian woman to be nominated for the [[Nobel Prize]] in [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Astor |first=Michael |date=2022-04-04 |title=Lygia Fagundes Telles, Popular Brazilian Novelist, Dies at 98 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/04/books/lygia-fagundes-telles-dead.html |access-date=2024-08-14 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>]]
In [[Post-Modernism]], [[João Guimarães Rosa]] wrote the novel ''[[Grande Sertão: Veredas]]'', about the [[Sertão|Brazilian outback]],<ref>{{cite web|date=2005-04-13|title=Grande sertão: veredas - parte I|url=http://educaterra.terra.com.br:80/literatura/livrodomes/2004/09/24/003.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050413144109/http://educaterra.terra.com.br/literatura/livrodomes/2004/09/24/003.htm|archive-date=2005-04-13|access-date=2019-08-10|website=educaterra.terra.com.br|language=pt}}</ref> with a highly original style and almost a grammar of his own,<ref>{{in lang|pt}} Terra, Ernani. De Nicola, José. ''Português: de olho no mundo do trabalho'' (Textbook), p.516.</ref> while [[Clarice Lispector]] wrote with an introspective and psychological probing of her characters.<ref>{{in lang|pt}} Terra, Ernani. De Nicola, José. ''Português: de olho no mundo do trabalho'' (Textbook), p.517</ref> [[Vinicius de Moraes]], nicknamed "O Poetinha", was notable as a poet, essayist, and lyricist often collaborating with [[Antônio Carlos Jobim|Tom Jobim]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vinícius de Moraes {{!}} Brazilian poet and lyricist|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vinicius-de-Moraes|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Nowadays, [[Nelson Rodrigues]], [[Rubem Fonseca]] and [[Sérgio Sant'Anna]], next to [[Nélida Piñon]] and [[Lygia Fagundes Telles]], both members of [[Academia Brasileira de Letras]], are important authors who write about contemporary issues sometimes with erotic or political tones. [[Ferreira Gullar]] and [[Manoel de Barros]] are two highly admired poets and the former has also been nominated for the [[Nobel Prize]], while Fagundes Telles is the first Brazilian woman to be nominated for the Nobel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brazilian literature|url=http://www.portugueselanguageguide.com/portuguese/culture/brazil/brazilliterature.asp|access-date=2019-08-10|website=Portuguese Culture}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-03 |title=Lygia Fagundes Telles é indicada para o Prêmio Nobel de Literatura |url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/educacao/noticia/2016-02/lygia-fagundes-telles-e-indicada-para-o-premio-nobel-de-literatura#:~:text=A%20indica%C3%A7%C3%A3o,%20por%20unanimidade,%20foi,Goyos,%20em%20comunicado%20%C3%A0%20imprensa. |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=Agência Brasil |language=pt-br}}</ref>
== Visual arts ==
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===Painting and sculpture===
{{main|Brazilian painting|Brazilian sculpture}}
[[File:Burian urn, AD 1000-1250, Marajoara culture - AMNH - DSC06177 b.jpg|thumb|A funerary [[urn]] of the [[Marajoara culture]], approximately AD 1000-1250|224x224px]]
The oldest known examples of Brazilian art are [[cave paintings]] in [[Serra da Capivara National Park]] in the state of [[Piauí]], dating back to c. 13,000 BC.<ref>''Almanaque Abril 2007''. São Paulo: Editora Abril, 2007, p. 234.</ref> In [[Minas Gerais]] and [[Goiás]] have been found more recent examples showing geometric patterns and animal forms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historiadaarte.com.br/prehistoriabras.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031010548/http://historiadaarte.com.br/prehistoriabras.html|url-status=dead|title=Martins, Simone B. & Imbroisi, Margaret H. ''História da Arte'', 1988|archive-date=October 31, 2010}}</ref> One of the most sophisticated kinds of [[Pre-Columbian]] artifact found in Brazil is the sophisticated [[Marajoara]] pottery (c. 800–1400 AD), from cultures flourishing on [[Marajó Island]] and around the region of [[Santarém, Brazil|Santarém]], and statuettes and cult objects, such as the small carved-stone amulets called [[muiraquitã]]s, also belong to these cultures.<ref>Correa, Conceição Gentil. ''Estatuetas de cerâmica na cultura Santarém''. Belém: Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, 1965.</ref> Many of the [[Jesuit]]s worked in Brazil under the influence of the [[Baroque]], the dominant style in Brazil until the early 19th century.<ref>KARNAL, Leandro. ''Teatro da Fé: Formas de Representação Religiosa no Brasil e no México do Século XVI.'' São Paulo, Editora Hucitec, 1998. {{cite web|url=http://www.fflch.usp.br/dh/ceveh/public_html/biblioteca/livros/teatro_fe/index.htm |title=Livro |access-date=2010-10-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724010418/http://www.fflch.usp.br/dh/ceveh/public_html/biblioteca/livros/teatro_fe/index.htm |archive-date=2013-07-24 }}</ref><ref name="itaucultural.org.br">{{cite web|url=http://enciclopedia.itaucultural.org.br/|title=Enciclopédia Itaú Cultural|first=Instituto Itaú|last=Cultural|website=Enciclopédia Itaú Cultural}}</ref> The [[Baroque in Brazil]] flourished in [[Bahia]] and [[Pernambuco]] and [[Minas Gerais]], generating valuable artists like [[Manuel da Costa Ataíde]] and especially the sculptor-architect [[Aleijadinho]].<ref name="itaucultural.org.br" />[[File:Belmiro de Almeida. Arrufos, 1887.óleo sobre tela, c.i.d. 89,1 x 116,1 cm. Museu Nacional de Belas Artes.jpg|thumb|200px|left|''Arrufos'' (''The Spat''), by [[Belmiro de Almeida]] (1887), symbol of Brazilian realism.]]In 1816, the [[Missão Artística Francesa|French Artistic Mission in Brazil]] created the [[Academic art in Brazil|Imperial Academy of Fine Arts]] and imposed a new concept of artistic education and was the basis for a revolution in Brazilian painting, sculpture, architecture, graphic arts, and crafts.<ref>CONDURU, Roberto. ''Araras Gregas''. In: 19&20 – A revista eletrônica de DezenoveVinte. Volume III, n. 2, abril de 2008 [http://www.dezenovevinte.net/arte%20decorativa/ad_conduru.htm]</ref> A few decades later, under the personal patronage of Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil|Dom Pedro II]], who was engaged in an ambitious national project of modernization, the Academy reached its ''golden age'', fostering the emergence of the first generation of Romantic painters, whence [[Victor Meirelles]] and [[Pedro Américo]], that, among others, produced lasting visual symbols of national identity. It must be said that in [[Academic art in Brazil|Brazil Romanticism]] in painting took a peculiar shape, not showing the overwhelming dramaticism, [[fantasy]], [[violence]], or interest in death and the bizarre commonly seen in the European version, and because of its academic and palatial nature all excesses were eschewed.<ref>BISCARDI, Afrânio & ROCHA, Frederico Almeida. ''O Mecenato Artístico de D. Pedro II e o Projeto Imperial''. In: 19&20 – A revista eletrônica de DezenoveVinte. Volume I, n. 1, maio de 2006 [http://www.dezenovevinte.net/ensino_artistico/mecenato_dpedro.htm]</ref><ref>CARDOSO, Rafael. ''A Academia Imperial de Belas Artes e o Ensino Técnico''. In: 19&20 – A revista eletrônica de DezenoveVinte. Volume III, n. 1, janeiro de 2008 [http://www.dezenovevinte.net/ensino_artistico/rc_ebatecnico.htm]</ref><ref>FERNANDES, Cybele V. F. ''A construção simbólica da nação: A pintura e a escultura nas Exposições Gerais da Academia Imperial das Belas Artes''. In: 19&20 – A revista eletrônica de DezenoveVinte. Volume II, n. 4, outubro de 2007 [http://www.dezenovevinte.net/obras/cfv_egba.htm]</ref>
[[File:Ismael Nery - Nude woman crouching - sd.jpg|thumb|
The beginning of the 20th century saw a struggle between old schools and modernist trends. Important modern artists [[Anita Malfatti]] and [[Tarsila do Amaral]] were both early pioneers in modern art in the country,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Art and Architecture |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_5/Brazil.html |access-date=2008-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029035012/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_5/Brazil.html |archive-date=2009-10-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and are amongst the better known figures of the ''Anthropophagic Movement'', whose goal was to "swallow" modernity from Europe and the US and "digest" it into a genuinely Brazilian modernity. Both participated of The [[Week of Modern Art]] festival, held in [[São Paulo]] in 1922, that renewed the artistic and cultural environment of the city<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pitoresco.com.br/ |title=Pintura Brasileira - Página Principal |access-date=2010-08-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925193929/http://pitoresco.com.br/ |archive-date=2010-09-25 }}</ref> and also presented artists such as [[Emiliano Di Cavalcanti]], [[Vicente do Rego Monteiro]], and [[Victor Brecheret]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pitoresco.com.br/art_data/semana/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414025546/http://www.pitoresco.com.br/art_data/semana/|url-status=dead|title=''Semana da Arte Moderna''. Pitoresco Website|archive-date=April 14, 2010}}</ref> Based on Brazilian folklore, many artists have committed themselves to mix it with the proposals of the European [[Expressionism]], [[Cubism]], and [[Surrealism]]. From Surrealism, arises [[Ismael Nery]], concerned with metaphysical subjects where their pictures appear on imaginary scenarios and averse to any recognizable reference.<ref>{{in lang|en}} "[http://www.itaucultural.org.br/aplicexternas/enciclopedia_ic/index.cfm?fuseaction=artistas_biografia_ing&cd_verbete=3717&cd_item=2&cd_idioma=28556 Ismael Nery: Critical Commentary] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311032249/http://www.itaucultural.org.br/aplicexternas/enciclopedia_ic/index.cfm?fuseaction=artistas_biografia_ing&cd_verbete=3717&cd_item=2&cd_idioma=28556 |date=March 11, 2012 }}". On [http://www.itaucultural.org.br/ Itaú Cultural Visual Artes]. Visited on November 8, 2009.</ref> In the next generation, the modernist ideas of the Week of Modern Art have affected a moderate modernism that could enjoy the freedom of the strict academic agenda, with more features conventional method, best exemplified by the artist [[Candido Portinari]], which was the official artist of the government in mid-century.<ref name="itaucultural.org.br"/>
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{{Main|Cinema of Brazil|Television in Brazil}}
[[Image:Literatura de cordel.jpg|thumb|[[Cordel literature]] is a literary genre very popular in the Northeast of Brazil; according to the poet [[Carlos Drummond de Andrade]], it is one of the purest manifestations of the inventive spirit, the sense of humour and the critical capacity of Brazilians from the interior and of the humblest backgrounds.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.bibliotecadigital.ufmg.br/dspace/handle/1843/BUOS-8FMH5A|title=Entre o fanatismo e a utopia: trajetória de antônio conselheiro e do beato zé lourenço na literatura de cordel|last=Braga|first=Gabriel Ferreira|date=2011|website=Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFMG|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref>
]][[Cinema of Brazil|Cinema]] has a long tradition in Brazil, reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century, and gained a new level of international acclaim in recent years.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Theater and Film |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_5/Brazil.html |access-date=2008-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029035012/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_5/Brazil.html |archive-date=2009-10-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Limite]]'', written and directed by [[Mário Peixoto]], was an [[avant-garde]] silent film first screened in 1931.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Limite|url=https://www.criterion.com/films/28407-limite|access-date=2020-12-21|website=The Criterion Collection|language=en}}</ref> {{Lang|pt|[[Cinema Novo]]}}, embodied by films such as {{Lang|pt|[[Vidas secas (film)|Vidas secas]]}} and {{Lang|pt|[[Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol]]}} ("Black God, White Devil"), was a film genre and movement in the 1960s and 1970s that emphasized social equality and intellectualism.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dennison|first1=Stephanie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQsHp5Re3IoC&q=cinema+novo+deus+e+diabo&pg=PA133|title=Popular Cinema in Brazil: 1930-2001|last2=Shaw|first2=Lisa|date=2004-11-27|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6499-9|language=en}}</ref>▼
The documentary film ''[[Bus 174]]'' (2002), by [[José Padilha]], about a bus hijacking, is the highest rated foreign film at [[Rotten Tomatoes]].<ref name="rottenforeign">[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/top/bestofrt_genre.php?category=200010 Best of Foreign] at Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2009-10-27</ref> ''[[O Pagador de Promessas]]'' (1962), directed by [[Anselmo Duarte]], won the [[Palme d'Or]] at the [[1962 Cannes Film Festival]], the only Brazilian film to date to win the award.<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3153/year/1962.html |title=Festival de Cannes: O Pagador de Promessas |access-date=2009-02-23 |work=festival-cannes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915052810/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3153/year/1962.html |archive-date=2011-09-15 }}</ref>
▲[[Cinema of Brazil|Cinema]] has a long tradition in Brazil, reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century, and gained a new level of international acclaim in recent years.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Theater and Film |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_5/Brazil.html |access-date=2008-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029035012/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_5/Brazil.html |archive-date=2009-10-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Limite]]'', written and directed by [[Mário Peixoto]], was an [[avant-garde]] silent film first screened in 1931.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Limite|url=https://www.criterion.com/films/28407-limite|access-date=2020-12-21|website=The Criterion Collection|language=en}}</ref> {{Lang|pt|[[Cinema Novo]]}}, embodied by films such as {{Lang|pt|[[Vidas secas (film)|Vidas secas]]}} and {{Lang|pt|[[Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol]]}} ("Black God, White Devil"), was a film genre and movement in the 1960s and 1970s that emphasized social equality and intellectualism.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dennison|first1=Stephanie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQsHp5Re3IoC&q=cinema+novo+deus+e+diabo&pg=PA133|title=Popular Cinema in Brazil: 1930-2001|last2=Shaw|first2=Lisa|date=2004-11-27|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6499-9|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Fernanda Montenegro em 2015 cropped.jpg|left|thumb|288x288px|[[Fernanda Montenegro]], the first and to date only Brazilian actress to ever be nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Actress]]]]
[[Fernando Meirelles]]' ''[[City of God (2002 film)|City of God]]'' (2002), is the highest rated Brazilian film on the IMDb Top 250 list and was selected by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine as one of the 100 best films of all-time in 2005.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=All-Time 100|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1953094_1953142_1953383,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312060622/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1953094_1953142_1953383,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 12, 2010 | magazine=Time | date=2005-02-12
▲The documentary film ''[[Bus 174]]'' (2002), by [[José Padilha]], about a bus hijacking, is the highest rated foreign film at [[Rotten Tomatoes]].<ref name="rottenforeign">[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/top/bestofrt_genre.php?category=200010 Best of Foreign] at Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2009-10-27</ref> ''[[O Pagador de Promessas]]'' (1962), directed by [[Anselmo Duarte]], won the [[Palme d'Or]] at the [[1962 Cannes Film Festival]], the only Brazilian film to date to win the award.<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3153/year/1962.html |title=Festival de Cannes: O Pagador de Promessas |access-date=2009-02-23 |work=festival-cannes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915052810/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3153/year/1962.html |archive-date=2011-09-15 }}</ref>
▲[[Fernando Meirelles]]' ''[[City of God (2002 film)|City of God]]'' (2002), is the highest rated Brazilian film on the IMDb Top 250 list and was selected by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine as one of the 100 best films of all-time in 2005.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=All-Time 100|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1953094_1953142_1953383,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312060622/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1953094_1953142_1953383,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 12, 2010 | magazine=Time | date=2005-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q220741|title=Cidade de Deus (2002)}}</ref> The highest-grossing film in Brazilian cinema, taking 12 million viewers to cinemas, is ''[[Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands]]'' (1976), directed by [[Bruno Barreto]] and based on [[Dona Flor e Seus Dois Maridos|the novel of the same name]] by [[Jorge Amado]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Revista de Cinema | website=www2.uol.com.br | date=2008-03-14 | url=http://www2.uol.com.br/revistadecinema/fechado/os50maisvistos/edicao24/os50maisvistos_01.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314225548/http://www2.uol.com.br/revistadecinema/fechado/os50maisvistos/edicao24/os50maisvistos_01.html | archive-date=2008-03-14 | url-status=dead | language=pt | access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancine.gov.br/media/SAM/Filmes_nacionais_mais_de_um_milhao_espectadores_1970-2007_por_publico_260308.pdf|title=Filmes Nacionais Com Mais De Um Milhão De Espectadores (1970/2007)|website=Agência Nacional do Cinema|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=o maior portal sobre o mercado de cinema no Brasil | website=Filme B | url=http://www.filmeb.com.br | language=pt | access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> Acclaimed Brazilian filmmakers include [[Glauber Rocha]], Fernando Meirelles, José Padilha, Anselmo Duarte, [[Walter Salles]], [[Eduardo Coutinho]] and [[Alberto Cavalcanti]].
=== Theater ===
[[Theater]] was introduced by the Jesuits during the colonization, particularly by [[Joseph of Anchieta|Father Joseph of Anchieta]], but did not attract much interest until the [[transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil]] in 1808. Over the course of the 18th century, theatre evolved alongside the blossoming literature traditions with names such as [[Martins Pena]] and [[Gonçalves Dias]]. Pena introduced the [[comedy of manners]], which would become a distinct mark of Brazilian theatre over the next decades.<ref>{{cite web|title=Theatre|url=http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/theater.html|access-date=28 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085528/http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/theater.html|archive-date=9 July 2011}}</ref>[[File:Palacio festivais.jpg|thumb|right|[[Gramado Film Festival]].]]▼
[[File:
▲[[Theater]] was introduced by the Jesuits during the colonization, particularly by [[Joseph of Anchieta|Father Joseph of Anchieta]], but did not attract much interest until the [[transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil]] in 1808. Over the course of the 18th century, theatre evolved alongside the blossoming literature traditions with names such as [[Martins Pena]] and [[Gonçalves Dias]]. Pena introduced the [[comedy of manners]], which would become a distinct mark of Brazilian theatre over the next decades.<ref>{{cite web|title=Theatre|url=http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/theater.html|access-date=28 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085528/http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/theater.html|archive-date=9 July 2011}}</ref>
Theatre was not included in the 1922 [[Modern Art Week]] of São Paulo, which marked the beginning of Brazilian [[Modernism]], but Oswald de Andrade's O Rei da Vela written in the 1930s would become the manifesto of the [[Tropicalismo]] movement in the 1960s.
The 1956 premier of ''[[Orfeu da Conceição]]'' by [[Vinicius de Moraes]], with compositions from [[Antônio Carlos Jobim]] and a cast drawn from [[Abdias do Nascimento]]'s Teatro Experimental do Negro, was a landmark event in Brazilian culture. In the 1960s, many playwrights, such as [[Gianfrancesco Guarnieri]], [[Augusto Boal]], [[Dias Gomes]], [[Oduvaldo Vianna Filho]] and Plínio Marcos, used theatre as a means of opposing the [[Military dictatorship in Brazil|military regime]]. With the end of military regime and the end of [[censorship]] in the 1980s, theatre would again grow in themes and styles.
Contemporary names include [[Gerald Thomas (theatre director)|Gerald Thomas]], Ulysses Cruz, Aderbal Freire-Filho, Eduardo Tolentinho de Araújo, Cacá Rosset, Gabriel Villela, Márcio Vianna, [[Moacyr Góes]] and Antônio Araújo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Theatre|url=http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/theater.html|access-date=22 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085528/http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/theater.html|archive-date=9 July 2011}}</ref>
==Music==
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| filename = 1 x 0 Pixinguinha e Benedito.ogg
| title = 1 x 0
| description = [[Choro]] "1 x 0" ("Um a zero"), recorded by [[Pixinguinha]] and [[Benedito Lacerda]]. Choro (or chorinho) is a brazilian genre of instrumental music.
}}
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[[File:Tom Jobim, 1965.tif|left|thumb|[[Antônio Carlos Jobim]]]]
[[Bossa nova]] is a style of Brazilian music that originated in the late 1950s.<ref>{{cite web|title=A estética da bossa nova |url=http://www.comciencia.br/comciencia/handler.php?section=8&edicao=15&id=140 |access-date=26 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090710012848/http://www.comciencia.br/comciencia/handler.php?section=8&edicao=15&id=140 |archive-date=10 July 2009 }}</ref> It has its roots on samba but features less [[percussion]], employing instead a distinctive and percussive guitar pattern. Bossa nova gained mainstream popularity in Brazil in 1958 with the song [[Chega de Saudade]], written by [[Antônio Carlos Jobim]] and [[Vinícius de Moraes]]. Together with [[João Gilberto]], Jobim and Moraes would become the driving force of the genre, which gained worldwide popularity with the song "[[The Girl from Ipanema|Garota de Ipanema]]" as interpreted by Gilberto, his wife [[Astrud Gilberto|Astrud]] and [[Stan Getz]] on the album [[Getz/Gilberto]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Multirio|url=http://www.multirio.rj.gov.br/portal/area.asp?box=N%F3s+da+Escola&area=Na+sala+de+aula&objeto=na_sala_de_aula&id=2719|access-date=26 September 2011}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The bossa nova genre remains popular in Brazil, particularly among the upper classes and in the [[Southeastern Brazil|Southeast]].
[[File:
[[Música popular brasileira|MPB]] (acronym for ''Música popular brasileira'', or Brazilian Popular Music) was a trend in Brazilian music that emerged after the bossa nova boom. It presents many variations and includes elements of styles that range from Samba to [[Rock music]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Brasil 500 anos |url=http://www.uol.com.br/uptodate/500/1600.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010308090151/http://www.uol.com.br/uptodate/500/1600.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2001-03-08 |access-date=26 September 2011 }}</ref>
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In the 20th century, Brazil had a strong modernist and nationalist movement, with the works of internationally renowned composers like [[Heitor Villa-Lobos]], [[Camargo Guarnieri]], [[César Guerra-Peixe]] and [[Cláudio Santoro]], and more recently [[Marlos Nobre]] and [[Osvaldo Lacerda]]. Many famous performers are also from Brazil, such as the opera singer [[Bidu Sayão]], the pianist [[Nelson Freire]] and the former pianist and now conductor [[João Carlos Martins]].
The city of [[São Paulo]] hosts the [[Sala São Paulo]], home of the [[São Paulo State Symphony Orchestra]] (OSESP), one of the most outstanding concert halls of the world. Also the city of [[Campos do Jordão]] hosts yearly in June the Classical Winter Festival, with performances of many instrumentists and singers from all the world.
===Other genres===
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*[[Brazilian thrash metal]]
*[[Punk in Brazil]]
*[[Funk carioca|Funk]]
==Dances==
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===Folklore===
{{Main|Brazilian mythology}}
Brazilian folklore includes many [[Narrative|stories]], [[legend]]s, [[dances]], [[superstitions]] and religious rituals. Characters include the [[Will-o'-the-wisp#South America|Boitatá]], the [[Boto Cor-de-Rosa#Legend|Boto Cor-de-Rosa]], the [[Saci (Brazilian folklore)|Saci]] and the [[Bumba Meu Boi]], which has spawned the famous June festival in [[Northern Brazil|Northern]] and [[Northeastern Brazil]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brazilian folklore |url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/culture/brazilian-culture/folklore |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720233127/http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/culture/brazilian-culture/folklore |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 July 2012 |access-date=27 September 2011 }}</ref> [[Pisadeira]], [[Headless Mule]], [[White Lady]], among others, are popular in [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] and the [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast of the country]]. [[Saci Day]] is also commemorated in the country, mainly in São Paulo state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dia do Saci: entenda a origem da resposta brasileira ao Halloween {{!}} Pop! Pop! Pop! |url=https://vejasp.abril.com.br/coluna/pop/dia-do-saci-entenda-a-origem-da-resposta-brasileira-ao-halloween |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=VEJA SÃO PAULO |language=pt-BR}}</ref>
== Social media ==
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[[File:Maracana Stadium June 2013.jpg|thumb|right|[[Estádio do Maracanã|Maracanã Stadium]], at the [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Brazilian Championship]], highest division of [[Football in Brazil|Brazilian football]].]]
[[File:2007 Brazilian GP 4 drivers at start.jpg|thumb|[[Felipe Massa]] at the [[2007 Brazilian Grand Prix]] at the [[Interlagos Circuit]] in [[São Paulo]].]]
[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Brazil.<ref name="Encarta 4" /> Many Brazilian players such as [[Pelé]], [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]], [[Kaká]], [[Ronaldinho]], and [[Neymar]] are among the most well known players in the sport. The [[Brazil national football team]] (''Seleção'') is currently among the best in the world, according to the [[FIFA World Rankings]]. They have been victorious in the [[FIFA World Cup]] a record five times, in [[1958 FIFA World Cup|1958]], [[1962 FIFA World Cup|1962]], [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]], [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]], and [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Football in Brazil | work = Goal Programme | publisher = International Federation of Association Football | date = 2008-04-15 | url = https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=bra/goalprogramme/index.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070604173556/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=bra/goalprogramme/index.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 4, 2007 | access-date = 2008-06-06 }}</ref>
[[Basketball]], [[volleyball]], [[auto racing]], and [[martial arts]] also attract large audiences. [[Tennis]], [[
In [[martial arts]], Brazilians have developed [[capoeira]],<ref>{{cite web|title=What is Capoeira? |publisher=SCC |date=2011-07-09 |url=http://seattlecapoeiracenter.com/what-is-capoeira/ |access-date=2011-07-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326193235/http://seattlecapoeiracenter.com/what-is-capoeira/ |archive-date=2012-03-26 }}</ref> [[vale tudo]],<ref>{{cite web | title = Brazilian Vale Tudo | publisher = I.V.C | url = http://valetudo.com.br/ | access-date = 2008-06-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19980530081959/http://www.valetudo.com.br/ | archive-date = 1998-05-30 | url-status = dead }}</ref> and [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Official Website |publisher=International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation |url=http://www.ibjjf.org/index.htm |access-date=2008-06-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420155232/http://www.ibjjf.org/index.htm |archive-date=2008-04-20 }}</ref> In [[auto racing]], Brazilian drivers have won the [[Formula One]] World Championship eight times: [[Emerson Fittipaldi]] in [[1972 Formula One season|1972]] and [[1974 Formula One season|1974]];<ref>{{cite web | last = Donaldson | first = Gerald | title = Emerson Fittipaldi | work = Hall of Fame | publisher = The Official Formula 1 Website | url = http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/282/ | access-date = 2008-06-06 }}</ref> [[Nelson Piquet]] in [[1981 Formula One season|1981]], [[1983 Formula One season|1983]], and [[1987 Formula One season|1987]];<ref>{{cite web | last = Donaldson | first = Gerald | title = Nelson Piquet | work = Hall of Fame | publisher = The Official Formula 1 Website | url = http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/181/ | access-date = 2008-06-06 }}</ref> and [[Ayrton Senna]] in [[1988 Formula One season|1988]], [[1990 Formula One season|1990]], and [[1991 Formula One season|1991]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Donaldson | first = Gerald | title = Ayrton Senna | work = Hall of Fame | publisher = The Official Formula 1 Website | url = http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/45/ | access-date = 2008-06-06 }}</ref>
[[Brazil]] has undertaken the organization of large-scale sporting events: the country organized and hosted the [[1950 FIFA World Cup]],<ref>{{cite web | title = 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil | work = Previous FIFA World Cups | publisher = International Federation of Association Football | url = https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=7/index.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070603185404/http://fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=7/index.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 3, 2007 | access-date = 2008-06-06 }}</ref> and the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]] event.<ref>{{cite web|title=2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil |publisher=International Federation of Association Football |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/brazil2014/index.html |access-date=2008-06-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080606225217/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/brazil2014/index.html |archive-date=2008-06-06 }}</ref> The circuit located in [[São Paulo]], called [[Autódromo José Carlos Pace]], hosts the annual [[Brazilian Grand Prix|Grand Prix of Brazil]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Formula 1 Grande Premio do Brasil 2008 | publisher = The Official Formula 1 Website | url = http://www.formula1.com/races/in_detail/brazil_804/circuit_diagram.html | access-date = 2008-06-06 }}</ref>
São Paulo organized the [[1963 Pan American Games|IV Pan American Games]] in 1963,<ref name="PASO">{{cite web|title=Chronological list of Pan American Games |publisher=Pan American Sports Organization |url=http://odepapaso.org/paso/chrono.html |access-date=2008-06-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809170414/http://odepapaso.org/paso/chrono.html |archive-date=August 9, 2013 }}</ref> and [[Rio de Janeiro]] hosted the [[2007 Pan American Games|XV Pan American Games]] in 2007.<ref name="PASO"/> Brazil also tried for the fourth time to host the [[Summer Olympics]] with [[Rio de Janeiro bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics|Rio de Janeiro candidature]] in [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic bid official website | publisher = Brazilian Olympic Committee | url = http://www.rio2016.org.br/en/Default.aspx | access-date = 2008-06-06 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080607134940/http://www.rio2016.org.br/en/default.aspx | archive-date = 2008-06-07 }}</ref> On October 2, 2009, Rio de Janeiro was selected to host the [[2016 Summer Olympics]], which was the first held in [[South America]].<ref name="guardian_olympics">''[[The Guardian]]'', October 2, 2009, [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/oct/02/olympics-2016-games-rio-pele Olympics 2016: Tearful Pele and weeping Lula greet historic win for Rio]</ref>
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==Family and social class==
[[File:Secretário Especial da Cultura prestigia Parada de Páscoa em Canela (RS) (46945318064).jpg|thumb|right|[[Brazilians]], in a children's presentation, in [[Canela, Rio Grande do Sul|Canela]].]]
As a society with strong traditional values, the [[family]] in Brazil is usually represented by the couple and their children. [[Extended family]] is also an important aspect with strong ties being often maintained.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brazilian family|url=http://countrystudies.us/brazil/41.htm|access-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> Accompanying a world trend, the structure of the Brazilian family has seen major changes over the past few decades with the reduction of average size and increase in single-parent, dual-worker and remarried families. The family structure has become less [[patriarchy|patriarchal]] and women are more independent, although gender disparity is still evident in [[wage]] difference.<ref>[https://mundoeducacao.uol.com.br/sociologia/desigualdade-de-genero.htm Gender differences in Brazil]</ref>
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===Social customs===
[[File:Recife Carnival - Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil(2).jpg|thumb|right|Carnival in [[Recife]].]]In Brazilian culture, living in a community is vital due to the fact Brazilians are very involved with one another. "Brazilians organize their lives around and about others, maintain a high level of social involvement, and consider personal relations of primary importance in all human interactions. In fact, being with others is so important that they are rarely alone and perceive the desire to be alone as a sign of depression or unhappiness."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Culture and Customs of Brazil|last=Vincent|first=Jon|publisher=Westport, Conn: Greenwood.|year=2003|isbn=9780313304958|pages=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000vinc/page/82 82]|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000vinc/page/82}}</ref> Due to the fact Brazilians are highly involved with social life, many friends, family members, or business partners join together to associate.[[File:21ª Festa do Imigrante (26878900353).jpg|thumb|Immigrant Party in [[São Paulo]].|left]]Although friend and family relationships have a large impact on Brazilian culture, business relationships are also crucial. "As Brazilians depend heavily on relationships with others, it is essential to spend time getting to know, both personally and professionally, your Brazilian counterparts. One of the most important elements in Brazilian business culture is personal relationships."<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://revistas.pucsp.br/risus/article/view/7282/0|title=Cultural Differences Between Countries: The Brazilian and the Chinese Ways of Doing Business|last=Véras|first=Erika Zoeller Daniel Bicudo|journal= Journal on Innovation and Sustainability|date=2001|volume=2 |issue=2 |page=77 |doi=10.24212/2179-3565.2011v2i2p77-83 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Brazilians maintain a comfortable business atmosphere by being respectful and using the correct greeting.▼
▲In Brazilian culture, living in a community is vital due to the fact Brazilians are very involved with one another. "Brazilians organize their lives around and about others, maintain a high level of social involvement, and consider personal relations of primary importance in all human interactions. In fact, being with others is so important that they are rarely alone and perceive the desire to be alone as a sign of depression or unhappiness."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Culture and Customs of Brazil|last=Vincent|first=Jon|publisher=Westport, Conn: Greenwood.|year=2003|isbn=9780313304958|pages=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000vinc/page/82 82]|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000vinc/page/82}}</ref> Due to the fact Brazilians are highly involved with social life, many friends, family members, or business partners join together to associate.
Upon greeting, Brazilians often express themselves physically. Women usually kiss the other individual on both cheeks and men usually give a pat on the back. Friendly gestures are used to greet one another. It is common for them to refer to the individual's social standing and then their first name when engaging in conversation. When Brazilians speak with an individual older than them, they address them as "senhor" (Mister) or "senhora" (Miss), accompanied by the individual's first name. In Brazil, the general rule is to use a formal greeting when communicating with people who are unfamiliar or older.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/brazilian-culture/brazilian-culture-greetings|title=Brazilian Culture - Greetings|website=Cultural Atlas|language=en|access-date=2019-11-17}}</ref>
==Beauty==
According to the anthropologist Alvaro Jarrin, "Beauty is constantly lived, breathed and incorporated as a social category in [[southeastern Brazil]]. The talk of beauty is pervasive in all kinds of media, from [[television]] to [[song lyrics]], and it is a daily concern of people of all incomes and backgrounds. Remarking about a person's appearance is not only socially permissible, it is equivalent to inquiring about that person's health and showing concern for them. If a person does not look his or her best, then many Brazilians assume the person must be sick or going through emotional distress."<ref name="auto" /> [[Vanity]] does not carry a negative connotation, as it does in many other places. The average weight of a Brazilian woman is 62 kilos (137 lbs),<ref>{{cite web|author=Do G1, em São Paulo |url=http://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2010/08/metade-dos-adultos-brasileiros-esta-acima-do-peso-segundo-ibge.html |title=G1 - Metade dos adultos brasileiros está acima do peso, segundo IBGE - notícias em Brasil |publisher=G1.globo.com |date=2010-08-27 |access-date=2012-07-13}}</ref> as opposed to 75 kilos (166 lbs) in the United States<ref>{{cite web|title=Body Measurements|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/bodymeas.htm|publisher=Center for Control of Diseases|access-date=10 December 2013}}</ref> and 68 kilos (152 lbs) in the United Kingdom.<ref name="wales">{{cite web |url=http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2010/100915healthsurvey09en.pdf |title=The Welsh Health Survey 2009, p. 58 |publisher=Wales.gov.uk |date=2010-09-15 |access-date=2011-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916032210/http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2010/100915healthsurvey09en.pdf |archive-date=2013-09-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>▼
[[File:2013 São Paulo Fashion Week (03).jpg|left|thumb|[[São Paulo Fashion Week]], the fifth most important in the world<ref>{{Cite news |last=Young |first=Robb |date=2011-11-10 |title=A Fashion Identity Beyond the Beach |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/11/fashion/a-fashion-identity-beyond-the-beach.html |access-date=2024-08-14 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>]]
Brazil has more [[plastic surgeon]]s per capita than anywhere else in the world.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Model is remade for Playboy as Brazil goes under the scapel|journal=The Guardian|date=29 November 2000}}</ref> In 2001, there were 350,000 [[cosmetic surgery]] operations in a population of 170 million.<ref name="Corpos a Venda">{{cite journal|title=Corpos a Venda|journal=American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery|date=6 March 2002|series=2001 Statistics}}</ref> This is an impressive number for a nation where sixty percent of the [[working population]] earns less than 150 U.S. dollars per month.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bethell|first=L.|title=Politics in Brazil: From Elections without Democracy to Democracy without Citizenship|journal=Daedalus|
▲According to the anthropologist Alvaro Jarrin, "Beauty is constantly lived, breathed and incorporated as a social category in [[southeastern Brazil]]. The talk of beauty is pervasive in all kinds of media, from [[television]] to [[song lyrics]], and it is a daily concern of people of all incomes and backgrounds. Remarking about a person's appearance is not only socially permissible, it is equivalent to inquiring about that person's health and showing concern for them. If a person does not look his or her best, then many Brazilians assume the person must be sick or going through emotional distress."<ref name="auto"/> [[Vanity]] does not carry a negative connotation, as it does in many other places. The average weight of a Brazilian woman is 62 kilos (137 lbs),<ref>{{cite web|author=Do G1, em São Paulo |url=http://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2010/08/metade-dos-adultos-brasileiros-esta-acima-do-peso-segundo-ibge.html |title=G1 - Metade dos adultos brasileiros está acima do peso, segundo IBGE - notícias em Brasil |publisher=G1.globo.com |date=2010-08-27 |access-date=2012-07-13}}</ref> as opposed to 75 kilos (166 lbs) in the United States<ref>{{cite web|title=Body Measurements|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/bodymeas.htm|publisher=Center for Control of Diseases|access-date=10 December 2013}}</ref> and 68 kilos (152 lbs) in the United Kingdom.<ref name="wales">{{cite web |url=http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2010/100915healthsurvey09en.pdf |title=The Welsh Health Survey 2009, p. 58 |publisher=Wales.gov.uk |date=2010-09-15 |access-date=2011-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916032210/http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2010/100915healthsurvey09en.pdf |archive-date=2013-09-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
▲Brazil has more [[plastic surgeon]]s per capita than anywhere else in the world.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Model is remade for Playboy as Brazil goes under the scapel|journal=The Guardian|date=29 November 2000}}</ref> In 2001, there were 350,000 [[cosmetic surgery]] operations in a population of 170 million.<ref name="Corpos a Venda">{{cite journal|title=Corpos a Venda|journal=American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery|date=6 March 2002|series=2001 Statistics}}</ref> This is an impressive number for a nation where sixty percent of the [[working population]] earns less than 150 U.S. dollars per month.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bethell|first=L.|title=Politics in Brazil: From Elections without Democracy to Democracy without Citizenship|journal=Daedalus|volume=no. 2|issue=129|pages=1–28}}</ref> In 2007 alone, Brazilians spent US$22 billion on hygiene and cosmetic products making the country the third largest consumer of cosmetic products in the world.<ref name="Corpos a Venda"/> 95% of Brazilian women want to change their bodies and the majority will seriously consider going under the knife. The pursuit of beauty is so high on the agenda for Brazilian women that new research shows they spend 11 times more of their annual income on beauty products (compared to UK and US women).<ref>{{cite web|title=Made in Brazil: Why Brazil leads the way with beauty trends|date=13 June 2011|url=http://www.stylist.co.uk/beauty/made-in-brazil|publisher=Stylist|access-date=10 December 2013|archive-date=14 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214054232/http://www.stylist.co.uk/beauty/made-in-brazil|url-status=dead}}</ref> Brazil has recently emerged as one of the leading global destinations for [[medical tourism]]. Brazilians are no strangers to cosmetic surgery, undergoing hundreds of thousands of procedures a year, by all [[socio-economic]] levels as well.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cosmetic Surgery in Brazil|url=http://off2brazil.com/destination-brazil/medical-tourism-in-brazil/cosmetic-surgery-in-brazil|publisher=Off2Brazil|access-date=7 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203045926/http://off2brazil.com/destination-brazil/medical-tourism-in-brazil/cosmetic-surgery-in-brazil|archive-date=2013-12-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The idea that physical appearance can denote class, with the implication that modifications in one's [[physical appearance]] can be seen as markers of [[social status]] extends throughout Brazil. Put within a context of explicit [[social inequality]], the link between the production of [[beauty]] and [[social class]] becomes quite evident. Brazilians place a heavy importance in beauty aesthetics; a study in 2007 revealed that 87% of all Brazilians seek to look stylish at all times, opposed to the global average of 47%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Beauty and the Buck|url=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press-room/2007/template21.html|publisher=Nielsen|access-date=8 December 2013}}</ref> The body is understood in southeastern Brazil as having a crucial aesthetic value, a value that is never fixed but can be accrued through discipline and medical intervention. This 'investment' on the body is nearly always equated with health, because a person's well-being is assumed to be visible on the surface of their body. One of the most common (and harshest) expressions about beauty in Brazil is "there are really no ugly people, there are only poor people."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Machado-Borges|first=Thaïs|title=Producing Beauty in Brazil: Vanity, Visibility and Social Inequality|journal=Vibrant - Virtual Brazilian Anthropology|year=2009|volume=6|series=Brazilian Anthropological Association|issue=1|pages=1–30}}</ref>
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* [http://www.cultura.gov.br/ Brazilian ministry of culture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102161805/http://www.cultura.gov.br/ |date=2022-01-02 }} {{in lang|pt}}
* [http://www.brazilsf.org/brazil_culture_eng.htm Consulate General of Brazil in San Francisco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721141357/http://www.brazilsf.org/brazil_culture_eng.htm |date=2011-07-21 }}
* [http://guides.library.illinois.edu/brazilian_culture Brazilian Culture Lib Guide]
* [http://langecole.com/cultural_center/c/1-Brazil-Cultural-Center Brazilian Cultural Center]
*[https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/caipirinha-appreciation-society-brazilian-music-beyond/id115752185?mt=2&app=podcast Brazil beyond clichés] Podcast archive covering Brazilian music of all styles, regions and time periods
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