Ian Gibbons (biochemist): Difference between revisions

| alt = Ian Gibbons

| caption = Ian Gibbons, Ph.D.

| birth_place = [[Runcorn]], [[Cheshire]], [[England]]

Gibbons' career at Theranos is documented in Carreyrou's book ''[[Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup]]'', and in the second episode of the [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] podcast [[The Dropout (podcast)|''The Dropout'']]. British actor [[Stephen Fry]] portrayed Gibbons in the biographical drama miniseries ''[[The Dropout]]'', which is based on the podcast.

Ian Gibbons was born and raised in England. His father served in the [[British Armed Forces]], and during [[World War II]] he was held captive in [[North Africa]], and was held in [[prisoner of war]] camps in Italy and Poland before being liberated.{{sfn|Carreyrou|2020|p=144}} Ian Gibbons earned a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in [[biochemistry]] from the [[University of Cambridge]].{{sfn|Carreyrou|2020|p=140}}<ref name=skewed/> After obtaining his Ph.D., he moved to the United States and completed a [[Postdoctoral researcher|postdoctoral fellowship]] in the department of [[molecular biology]] of the [[University of California, Berkeley]].{{sfn|Carreyrou|2020|p=142}}<ref name=hugo/> Gibbons met his wife Rochelle while they were both studying microbiology at Berkeley in 1973, and they married in 1975.<ref name=widow>{{citation|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/theranos-scientist-widow-elizabeth-holmes/|accessdate=20 February 2023|title=Widow of Theranos scientist blames Elizabeth Holmes for her husband's death: 'She has shown no remorse'|work=[[CBS News]]|date=12 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=startup>{{citation|pages=110–111|chapter=Chapter 4: Deepening the Human Capital Pool|title=Startup Cities: Why Only a Few Cities Dominate the Global Startup Scene and What the Rest Should Do About It|first=Peter S. |last=Cohan|date=7 February 2018 |isbn=978-1484233931|publisher=Apress}}</ref> Rochelle was educated as a scientist and patent lawyer,{{sfn|Carreyrou|2020|p=147}}<ref name=dunn/> and has worked in immigration law.<ref>{{citation|url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/boies-tops-list-of-holmes-lawyers-who-may-get-their-day-in-court|access-date=7 March 2023|title=Boies, Kissinger, Mattis Make Witness List in Holmes Prosecution|date=30 August 2021|first=Brian|last=Baxter|work=[[Bloomberg Law]]}}</ref>

For 30 years, Ian Gibbons worked on diagnostic and therapeutic products at technology companies.<ref name=VF/><ref name=skewed/><ref name=au>{{citation|work=[[News.com.au]]|access-date=25 February 2023|url=https://www.news.com.au/finance/work/leaders/disgraced-ceos-heartless-response-to-suicide/news-story/69fa4357d238c59126b75d439be55691|title=Disgraced CEO's heartless response to suicide - When the disgraced founder of a blood testing company found out her chief scientist had committed suicide, she did the unthinkable.|date=9 September 2016}}</ref> In the 1980s, he worked at a biotechnology firm called [[Syva Company]], where he produced groundbreaking research on [[immunoassay]]s.{{sfn|Carreyrou|2020|p=145}}<ref>{{citation|url=https://patents.justia.com/patent/4501692|access-date=5 March 2023|title=Charge effects in enzyme immunoassays|date=1 May 1982|work=[[Justia]]|page=Patent No. 4501692; Application Number: 6/259,629|first1=Ian|last1=Gibbons|first2=Gerald L.|last2=Rowley|first3=Edwin F.|last3=Ullman}}</ref> During his career, Gibbons was named on almost 200 patents.<ref name=dunn/> While working at Biotrack Laboratories, he developed blood assay technologies and held 19 patents for the scientific techniques he created.{{sfn|Carreyrou|2020|p=140}}<ref name=skewed/> At Biotrack, Gibbons worked with [[Channing Robertson]], who later recommended him as the first experienced scientist to be hired by Theranos.<ref name=VF/><ref name=dunn>{{citation|access-date=25 February 2023|url=https://abcnews.go.com/amp/Business/theranos-employees-wife-people-elizabeth-holmes-jail-dropout/story?id=60707423|title=Ex-Theranos employee's wife: People like Elizabeth Holmes 'should be in jail': 'The Dropout' ep 2|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=12 March 2019|first1=Taylor |last1=Dunn|first2=Victoria|last2= Thompson|first3=Rebecca|last3= Jarvis}}</ref><ref name=martin31/> At Biotrack, Gibbons, Robertson, and others invented and patented a mechanism to dilute and mix liquid samples, abilities that would become key in Theranos' processes.{{sfn|Carreyrou|2020|pp=140-141}}<ref>{{Cite web| last1 = Gibbons| first1 = Ian| last2 = Hillman| first2 = Robert S.| last3 = Robertson| first3 = Channing R.| last4 = Allen| first4 = Jimmy D.| title = United States Patent: 4946795 - Apparatus and method for dilution and mixing of liquid samples| access-date = July 23, 2018| date = August 7, 1990| website=US Patent and Trademark Office|url = http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4946795.PN.&OS=PN/4946795&RS=PN/4946795}}</ref><ref name=martin31/>

In 2005, Theranos CEO [[Elizabeth Holmes]] hired Ian Gibbons as the company's [[Chief scientific officer|chief scientist]].<ref name=emergence/><ref name="VF" /><ref name=skewed>{{citation|page=15|first=Sally|last= Kuykendall |year=2020|title=Skewed Studies: Exploring the Limits and Flaws of Health and Psychology Research|isbn=978-1440863998|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]}}</ref> Gibbons was the first experienced scientist hired by the company,<ref name=startup/><ref name=skewed/> with the title of Senior Director of Assay Development.<ref name="PITCH">{{cite web |url=https://www.slideshare.net/RAbook/theranos-original-pitchdeck-2006|title=A Presentation For Investors|format=Investor pitch slide show|date=June 1, 2006|website=SlideShare|access-date=June 7, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2012|title=Management|url=http://theranos.com/about/management.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406073929/http://theranos.com/about/management.shtml|archive-date=2012-04-06|website=Theranos.com}}</ref> He initially served as the company's lab director and as director of product development.<ref name=average>{{citation|page=320|title=Average Joe: Be the Silicon Valley Tech Genius|first= Shawn|last= Livermore |year=2020|isbn=978-1119618874|publisher=Wiley}}</ref> In 2007, Gibbons was diagnosed with [[colon cancer]].{{sfn|Carreyrou|2020|p=146}}<ref name=dunn/><ref>{{citation|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/11/the-personal-bloodbath-behind-theranos-rise-and-fall/|access-date=25 February 2023|title=Beyond business: Disgraced Theranos bloodied family, friends, neighbors - Personal stories shed light on the infamous biotech's business strategies and culture.|date=23 November 2016|first=Beth|last=Mole|work=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref> He underwent cancer treatments including [[chemotherapy]] and multiple surgeries, and was absent for some time from Theranos during his recovery.<ref name=dunn/>

Theranos' devices often became a source of frustration for Gibbons because they differed, sometimes significantly, from the benchmarks. His high standards became a source of disagreements with Theranos engineers and senior management. Senior management warned employees who questioned the accuracy of the technology.<ref name="VF" /> As a result of his desperation, Gibbons told his wife Rochelle "nothing at Theranos is working".<ref name=calacanis>{{citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-qT0qrc5iWA|access-date=26 February 2023|work=This Week in Startups|first=Jason|last=Calacanis|authorlink=Jason Calacanis|date=January 30, 2016|title=WSJ's John Carreyrou: before he died Theranos Chief Scientist told wife nothing was working|type=Video on [[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref name=endogenous>{{citation|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5eacb916413f9745c498878a/t/5eacc4176978ff6c550939a7/1588380695648/experimentationpaper-1019.pdf|accessdate=20 February 2023|page=2|title=Endogenous Experimentation in Organizations|first1=German |last1=Gieczewski|first2=Svetlana |last2=Kosterina|date=March 2020|publisher=[[Princeton University]]|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220204612/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5eacb916413f9745c498878a/t/5eacc4176978ff6c550939a7/1588380695648/experimentationpaper-1019.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/10/theranos-founder-elizabeth-holmes-report|access-date=25 February 2023|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|title=Why the World's Youngest Self-Made Billionaire May Be in Big Trouble{{spd}}Theranos's Elizabeth Holmes is the latest in a long line of Silicon Valley players to have walked the path of the founder. Could a damning new investigative report on the company debunk the myth and poke holes in a bubble?|date=15 October 2015|first=Jon|last=Kelly}}</ref> Holmes's practice of discouraging communication between departments also troubled Gibbons.<ref name=martin31/>{{sfn|Carreyrou|2020|pp=142-143}} The reason given for such [[information silo]]ing was that the company was operating in [[stealth mode]] to protect its [[trade secret]]s.<ref name="VF" /> The siloing, however, prevented effective problem solving and pursuit of common goals between employees.{{sfn|Carreyrou|2020|pp=142-143}}<ref>{{citation|via=[[Gale OneFile]]|title=Beware festishising founders - just look at the Theranos fiasco|date=28 March 2019|work=City AM|location=London, England|publisher= NLA Access Media Limited|first=John|last=Buni}}</ref> Gibbons knew of Holmes's falsehoods to employees and outsiders about Theranos' technology and readiness, as well as false demonstrations to clients; and he no longer trusted Holmes. He continued, however, to struggle to make the flawed Theranos technology meet the company's expectations.{{sfn|Carreyrou|2020|pp=145-146}}<ref name= "AT">{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/11/the-personal-bloodbath-behind-theranos-rise-and-fall/|title=Beyond business: Disgraced Theranos bloodied family, friends, neighbors|last=Mole|first=Beth|website=Ars Technica|date= November 23, 2016|access-date= June 11, 2018}}</ref> After being demoted, Gibbons diligently worked with Paul Patel, his successor at Theranos.{{sfn|Carreyrou|2020|p=145}} Gibbons attempted to fix the technology to match the grandiose claims made by Holmes and Theranos staff but his efforts were unsuccessful.<ref name=emergence>{{citation|pages=344–345|title=The Emergence of Charismatic Business Leadership|first= Richard S. |last=Tedlow|year= 2021|isbn=978-1948122849|publisher=RosettaBooks}}</ref><ref name=upgrade>{{citation|chapter=Theranos|title=Upgrade Culture and Technological Change: The Business of the Future|first= Adam Richard |last=Rottinghaus |year=2021|isbn=978-1000513790|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.inc.com/kimberly-weisul/an-inside-look-at-the-fall-of-theranos.html|access-date=25 February 2023|work=[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]]|title=New Revelations About the Dark History of Theranos|issn=0162-8968|date=6 September 2016|first=Kimberly|last=Weisul}}</ref> When Gibbons attempted to alert Theranos executives the technology did not work, his colleagues bullied and humiliated Gibbons for trying to speak out.<ref name=callum>{{citation|via=[[Gale OneFile]]|title=She's guilty, but I'm still a widow; Rochelle Gibbons' British husband was the chief scientist at Theranos then he killed himself. She talked to Callum Jones.|first=Callum|last=Jones|date=8 January 2022|work=[[The Times]]|location=London, England|page=19|issn=0140-0460}}</ref> In 2006, Gibbons told Holmes the blood testing Theranos had developed was not yet fit for use by members of the public, and that their proprietary technology was not accurate.<ref name=greed>{{citation|chapter=The Rise|title=Games of Greed: Excess, Hubris, Fraud, and Theft on Main Street and Wall Street|first= Torsten|last= Dennin|year= 2023|isbn=978-1632996428|publisher=River Grove Books}}</ref><ref>{{citation|via=[[Gale OneFile]]|title=The rise and fall of Elizabeth Holmes, the Theranos founder whose federal fraud trial is delayed until 2021.|work=[[The Business Insider]]|publisher=Newstex LLC|first=Maya|last= Kosoff |date=11 August 2020}}</ref>

In late 2010, Gibbons told his friend and trusted colleague Channing Robertson about his concerns about misrepresentations made by Theranos about the effectiveness of its technology.{{sfn|Carreyrou|2020|p=143}}<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.spiked-online.com/2022/01/07/how-elizabeth-holmes-fleeced-the-elites/|work=[[Spiked (magazine)|Spiked]]|title=How Elizabeth Holmes fleeced the elites - Big investors were all too willing to believe the Theranos hype.|date=7 January 2022|access-date=26 April 2024|first=Andrew|last=Orlowski}}</ref> Robertson alerted Holmes of Gibbons' complaints and frustrations, and Gibbons was dismissed from the company.<ref name=widow/><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.insider.com/how-the-dropout-cast-compares-to-the-real-life-people-2022-3|access-date=5 March 2023|title=Here's how the cast of 'The Dropout' compares to the real-life people they're portraying|first=Patrick|last= Sproull|date=6 March 2022|work=Insider|publisher=[[Insider Inc.]]}}</ref> Several of Gibbons' colleagues lobbied on his behalf, and he was quickly rehired with reduced responsibilities as a technical consultant to the chemistry group he had formerly headed.<ref name= "VF">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/09/elizabeth-holmes-theranos-exclusive |title=Exclusive: How Elizabeth Holmes's House of Cards Came Tumbling Down|last=Bilton|first=Nick|magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|issn=0733-8899|date= 6 September 2016|access-date= 1 June 2018}}</ref><ref name=dunn/><ref name=callum/>

After Fuisz studied publicly available patent information about Theranos' technology, he filed his own patent for a physician-alert mechanism that could be embedded in a testing device, which he identifyingidentified was not covered by any Theranos patents. Without owning this patent, Theranos would have needed a license from Fuisz's patent to cover physician/patient alerts&nbsp;– a desirable feature in a medical analyzer. When Theranos discovered Fuisz had filed his patent, it responded by filing a lawsuit for patent theft alleging Fuisz had misused Theranos' existing patent technology.<ref name=VF />{{sfn|Carreyrou|2020|pp=132-133, 139-140}}

Ian Gibbons became nervous and depressed when he learnt he would be [[subpoena]]ed to testify.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/10/22/british-head-scientist-at-us-mavericks-silicon-valley-start-up-t/ |title=British head scientist at US maverick's Silicon Valley start-up took own life over 'unworkable' technology |last1=Daniel |first1=Hugo |date=2016-10-22 |work=The Telegraph |last2=Alexander |first2=Harriet |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> He wanted to avoid being deposed because he was afraid his job depended on his testimony.<ref>{{citation|publisher=The Slate Group LLC. |via=[[NewsBank]]|title=Theranos' Elizabeth Holmes Sold Certainty and Sex Appeal{{spd}}It's the kind of catastrophe that happens when millennial influencer culture meets old-school male hubris.|date=20 March 2019|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|first=Margaret|last=Wappler|page=Section: Culture}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title='The Inventor': How Elizabeth Holmes Pulled Off the Scam of the Century|date=18 March 2019|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|first=Amy|last=Zimmerman|page=Section: Con Artist|via=[[NewsBank]]|publisher=The Daily Beast Company LLC.}}</ref> Rochelle Gibbons assessed his state of mind towards the end of his time at Theranos: "It was hell for him to work there. It was complete hell. I think that he was very confused about why he was being treated so badly."<ref>{{citation|title=Elizabeth Holmes Found Guilty on Four of 11 Charges In Epic Blood-Testing Trial|date=3 January 2022|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|via=[[NewsBank]]|publisher=The Daily Beast Company LLC.}}</ref> She said GibbonsIan felt humiliated to be associated with the company's scientific failures.<ref name=hugo>{{citation|via=[[Gale OneFile]]|title=The fatal fallout of tech billionaire's 'health revolution' British head scientist at US maverick's Silicon Valley start-up took own life over 'unworkable' technology|date=22 October 2016|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|first1=Hugo|last1=Daniel|first2=Harriet|last2=Alexander}}</ref> He felt pressured by Theranos to lie about the state of the company's research.<ref>{{citation|via=[[NewsBank]]|title=More from a longtime Elizabeth Holmes skeptic: On excuses, moments of fame and other Theranos encounters|work=[[East Bay Times]]|page=Web Edition; Section: Business|date=7 June 2019|first=Nico|last=Savidge}}</ref> GibbonsRochelle believed if he told the truth, he would lose his job, and have limited future job prospects due to his age.{{sfn|Carreyrou|2020|p=147}}<ref name=paloalto>{{citation|work=[[Palo Alto Daily Post]]|title=Story emerges about suicide of Theranos scientist|date=9 September 2016|page=1|location=Palo Alto, California|via=[[NewsBank]]|publisher=Daily Post, L.L.C.}}</ref> GibbonsIan felt he was in a no-win scenario; by not speaking out, he thought, he would hurtbe hurting the general populace by not speaking out, but also that he would hurt his colleagues if he agreed to speak the truth, abouthe thewould inaccuracyhurt ofhis the Theranos machinescolleagues.<ref>{{citation|title=SEC charges Theranos, founder Elizabeth Holmes with 'massive' fraud|date=14 March 2018|work=[[East Bay Times]]|first=Levi|last=Sumagaysay|via=[[NewsBank]]|page=Web Edition; Section: Business}}</ref><ref name=martin31>{{citation|access-date=5 March 2023|work=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|url=https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/tv/a39224721/the-dropout-who-is-ian-gibbons-true-story/|issn=0194-9535|oclc= 824603960|title='The Dropout': Who Is Ian Gibbons, and What's the True Story Behind His Tragic Death? - The British biochemist, played by Stephen Fry, was one of the few people who knew that Holmes' Theranos invention didn't work|date=1 March 2022|first=Laura|last=Martin}}</ref>

Ian Gibbons's career, his time at Theranos, and his death were featured in the second episode of the [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] podcast [[The Dropout (podcast)|''The Dropout'']], which was hosted by [[Rebecca Jarvis]].<ref name=martin/><ref name=jarvisep2/> In the 2019 podcast episode titled "The Enforcer", Jarvis interviews Rochelle Gibbons, who had also talked with the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] for ''[[United States v. Elizabeth A. Holmes, et al.]]''<ref name=martin/><ref name=jarvisep2>{{citation|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/2-the-enforcer/id1449500734?i=1000468717856|work=[[The Dropout (podcast)|The Dropout]]|access-date=5 March 2023|first=Rebecca|last=Jarvis|authorlink=Rebecca Jarvis|title=The Dropout Episode 2: The Enforcer|publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=30 January 2019}}</ref> In the American biographical television drama miniseries created by ''[[The Dropout]]'', based on the podcast, Gibbons was portrayed by actor [[Stephen Fry]].<ref>{{Citation |title=The Dropout release date: Cast, trailer and latest news on Elizabeth Holmes drama |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/dropout-release-date-disney-plus/ |work=[[Radio Times]] |language=en|access-date=26 February 2023|date=4 March 2022|first=David|last=Craig}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/dropout-review-1310233/|access-date=24 February 2023|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=25 February 2022|title='The Dropout' Shows How Theranos Founder Elizabeth Holmes' Blood Ran Cold|first=Alan|last=Sepinwall|authorlink=Alan Sepinwall}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/the-dropout-william-h-macy-laurie-metcalf-elizabeth-marvel-utkarsh-ambudkar-kate-burton-cast-ihulu-limited-series-1234772855/|title='The Dropout': William H. Macy, Laurie Metcalf, Elizabeth Marvel, Utkarsh Ambudkar, Kate Burton Among 10 Cast In Hulu Limited Series|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Denise|last=Petski|date=June 10, 2021|access-date=June 10, 2021}}</ref> In his research for the role, Fry asked show creator [[Elizabeth Meriwether]] if contacting Rochelle Gibbons would be acceptable.<ref name=martin>{{citation|access-date=26 February 2023|work=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|url=https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/a39461994/the-dropout-stephen-fry-interview-ian-gibbons/|issn=0194-9535|oclc= 824603960|title='The Dropout': Stephen Fry on That Tragic Moment, and How Fraudsters Took Over TV - The British screen icon considers the series, based on the Theranos scandal, a story of 'epic Shakespearean greed'|date=17 March 2022|first=Laura|last=Martin}}</ref> Gibbons spoke with Fry at length about her husband, and educated Fry about his character.<ref name=martin/> Prior to being cast in the series, Fry had listened to the entirety of the podcast.<ref name=martin/> Fry viewed the Theranos scandal including Gibbons's suicide as a tragedy of "epic Shakespearean greed".<ref name=martin/>

*{{citation|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0076687987360112|title=NonseparationImmobilized enzymeEnzymes channelingand immunometricCells, assaysPart C|journalseries=[[Methods in Enzymology]]|volume=136|date=1987|pages=93–103|doi=10.1016/S0076-6879(87)36011-2|author=Ian Gibbons|author2= Richard Armenta|author3= Robert K. DiNello|author4= Edwin F. Ullman|chapter=Nonseparation enzyme channeling immunometric assays |issn= 0076-6879|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|pmid=3316931 |isbn=9780121820367 }}

*{{citationCitation |last=Ian Gibbons, Carl Skold, Gerald L. Rowley, Edwin F. Ullman |title=Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for proteins employing β-galactosidase |date=February 1980 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0003269780903346 |journal=[[Analytical Biochemistry]] |volume=102 |issue=1|date=February 1980|pages=167–170|title=Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for proteins employing β-galactosidase|author=Ian Gibbons, Carl Skold, Gerald L. Rowley, Edwin F. Ullman|doi=10.1016/0003-2697(80)90334-6 |oclc=01481077 |pmid=6766686 |oclcref= 01481077|issn=0003-2697none}} &mdash; while employed at Syva Research Institute, Palo Alto, California.

*{{citationCitation |last=I Gibbons, T M Hanlon, C N Skold, M E Russell, E F Ullman |title=Enzyme-enhancement immunoassay: A homogeneous assay for polyvalent ligands and antibodies |date=1 September 1981 |url=https://academic.oup.com/clinchem/article-abstract/27/9/1602/5666510 |journal=[[Clinical Chemistry]] |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=1602–1608 |doi=10.1093/clinchem/27.9.1602|author=I Gibbons, T M Hanlon, C N Skold, M E Russell, E F Ullman|pmid=6790197 |urlref=https://academic.oup.com/clinchem/article-abstract/27/9/1602/5666510none}}

*{{citationCitation |last=Ian Gibbons, Gerald L Rowley, Edwin F Ullman |title=Charge effects in enzyme immunoassays |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0734975085901880|doi=10.1016/0734-9750(85)90188-0|title=Charge effects in enzyme immunoassays|author=Ian Gibbons, Gerald L Rowley, Edwin F Ullman |journal=[[Biotechnology Advances]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=126–127 |year=1985 |pagesdoi=126–12710.1016/0734-9750(85)90188-0 |ref=none}}

*{{citationCitation |urllast=https://wwwRichard Armenta, Thomas Tarnowski, Ian Gibbons, Edwin F.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/000326978590418X Ullman |title=Improved sensitivity in homogeneous enzyme immunoassays using a fluorogenic macromolecular substrate: An assay for serum ferritin |authordate=RichardApril Armenta,1985 Thomas Tarnowski, Ian Gibbons, Edwin F. Ullman|doiurl=10https://www.1016sciencedirect.com/0003-2697(85)90418-Xscience/article/abs/pii/000326978590418X |journal=[[Analytical Biochemistry]] |volume=146 |issue=1|date=April 1985|pages= 211–219 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/0003-2697(85)90418-X |pmid=3922243 |ref=none}} &mdash; authored while employed at Syva Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA.

*{{citationCitation |urllast=https://wwwCarl N.sciencedirect Skold, Ian Gibbons, Mary E.com/science/article/abs/pii/0167483885901323 Russell, Eusebio Juaristi, Gerald L. Rowley, Edwin F. Ullman |title=Action of β-galactosidase on novel synthetic macromolecular substrates. A processive enzymic reaction controlled by coulombic interactions |authordate=Carl18 N.July Skold,1985 Ian Gibbons, Mary E. Russell, Eusebio Juaristi, Gerald L. Rowley, Edwin F. Ullman|doiurl=10https://www.1016sciencedirect.com/0167-4838(85)90132-3science/article/abs/pii/0167483885901323 |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology |volume=830 |issue= 1|date= 18 July 1985|pages =64–70 |doi=10.1016/0167-4838(85)90132-3 |pmid=2410029 |ref=none}} &mdash; authored while employed at Syva Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA.

*{{citationCitation |yearlast=1987Richar Armenta, Ian Gibbons, John Olson |title=Reducing background interference activity in enzyme-label immunoassays |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0734975087905763|doi=10.1016/0734-9750(87)90576-3 |journal=[[Biotechnology Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=2 |page=357 |titleyear=Reducing background interference1987 activity in enzyme|doi=10.1016/0734-label9750(87)90576-3 immunoassays|authorref=Richar Armenta, Ian Gibbons, John Olsonnone}}

*{{citationCitation |datelast=15C MaySkold; I Gibbons; D Gould; E F Ullman 1987|url=https://journals.aai.org/jimmunol/article-abstract/138/10/3408/18543/Monoclonal-antibodies-to-glucose-6-phosphate|doi=10.4049/jimmunol.138.10.3408|title=Monoclonal antibodies to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) form cyclic 1:1 complexes with G6PDH and act as regulatory subunits. |authordate=C15 Skold;May I1987 Gibbons; D Gould;|url=https://journals.aai.org/jimmunol/article-abstract/138/10/3408/18543/Monoclonal-antibodies-to-glucose-6-phosphate E F Ullman|journal=[[The Journal of Immunology]] |volume=138 |issue=10 |pages=3408–3414 |doi=10.4049/jimmunol.138.10.3408 |pmid=2437192 |s2cid=24513658 |ref=none |doi-access=free}}

*{{citationCitation |urllast=https://academic.oup.com/clinchem/article-abstract/33/9/1579/5653470E F Ullman, T Tarnowski, P Felgner, I Gibbons |title=Use of liposome encapsulation in a combined single-liquid reagent for homogeneous enzyme immunoassay |authordate=E1 FSeptember Ullman,1987 T|url=https://academic.oup.com/clinchem/article-abstract/33/9/1579/5653470 Tarnowski, P Felgner, I Gibbons|journal=[[Clinical Chemistry]] |volume=33 |issue=9|date=1 September 1987|pages=1579–1584 1579–1584|doi=10.1093/clinchem/33.9.1579 |pmid=3304713 |ref=none |doi-access=free}}

*{{citationCitation |last=Litai Weng, Ian Gibbons, Edwin Ullman |title=Homogeneous enzyme specific binding assay on non-porous surface |date=January 1987 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0734975087900668|title=Homogeneous enzyme specific binding assay on non-porous surface|journal=[[Biotechnology Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=159|author= Litai Weng, Ian Gibbons, Edwin Ullman|date=January 1987 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/0734-9750(87)90066-8 |oclc= 08838531 |issnref=0734-9750none}}

*{{citationCitation |last=E Eisenstein, M.S. Han, T.S. Woo, J.M. Ritchey, I Gibbons, Y.R. Yang, H.K. Schachman |title=Negative complementation in aspartate transcarbamylase. Analysis of hybrid enzyme molecules containing different arrangements of polypeptide chains from wild-type and inactive mutant catalytic subunits. |pagesdate=22148–22155|author=E15 Eisenstein,November M.S.1992 Han,|journal=[[Journal T.S.of Woo,Biological J.M.Chemistry]] Ritchey,|volume=267 I|issue=31 Gibbons,|pages=22148–22155 Y.R. Yang, H.K. Schachman|doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(18)41647-X|volume=267|issue=31|date=15 November 1992|journaloclc=[[Journal54114375 of Biological Chemistry]]|pmid=1429567 |issnref= 0021-9258none |oclc=54114375|doi-access=free }} &mdash; published while Gibbons was a professor at Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley.

*{{citationCitation |urllast=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359644600014987|doi=10.1016/S1359-6446(00)01498-7Ian Gibbons |title=Microfluidic arrays for high-throughput submicroliter assays using capillary electrophoresis |authordate=Ian1 June 2000 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359644600014987 Gibbons|journal=[[Drug Discovery Today]] |volume=5 |issue=Supplement 1|date=1 June 2000|pages=33–36 |publisher=Elsevier |issndoi=135910.1016/S1359-6446(00)01498-7 |ref=none}}

*{{citation|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/2-the-enforcer/id1449500734?i=1000468717856|work=[[The Dropout (podcast)|The Dropout]]|access-date=5 March 2023|first=Rebecca|last=Jarvis|authorlink=Rebecca Jarvis|title=The Dropout Episode 2: The Enforcer|publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=30 January 2019}}