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| image_seal = Phoenix-logo.svg
| nickname = {{hlist|Valley of the Sun|The Valley}}
| image_map = {{maplink
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| map_caption = Interactive map of Phoenix
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| coordinates = {{coord|33|26|54|N|112|04|26|W|type:city(161,000)_region:US-AZ|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
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'''Phoenix''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|iː|n|ᵻ|k|s|audio=En-us-Phoenix.ogg}} {{respell|FEE|niks|}}<ref>{{lang-nv|Hoozdo}}, {{IPA-nv|xòːztò|}}[[Oʼodham language|O'odham]]: ''S-ki:kigk''{{Cite web|url=https://thediggings.com/places/az0132411414|title=Phoenix, Arizona Mining Claims And Mining Mines | The Diggings™}}</ref><ref>{{lang-yuf-x-wal|Banyà:nyuwá}} Watahomigie, Lucille, Jorigine Bender, Akira Yamamoto, University of Los Angeles. Hualapai reference grammar. 1982.</ref>) is the [[List of capitals in the United States|capital]] and [[List of cities and towns in Arizona#List of cities and towns|most populous city]] of the [[U.S. state]] of [[Arizona]], with 1,608,139 residents as of 2020.<ref name="QuickFacts">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: Phoenix city, Arizona |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/phoenixcityarizona/POP010220 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=August 19, 2021}}</ref> It is the [[List of United States cities by population|fifth-most populous city in the United States]] and the [[List of capitals in the United States|most populous state capital]] in the country.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-10-most-populated-state-capitals.html |title = The 10 Most Populated State Capitals|date = September 3, 2020}}</ref>
Phoenix is the most populous city of the [[Phoenix metropolitan area]], also known as the Valley of the Sun, which in turn is part of the [[Salt River Valley]] and [[Arizona Sun Corridor]]. The metro area is the [[Metropolitan statistical area|10th-largest by population]] in the United States with approximately 4.85 million people {{As of|2020|lc=y}}, making it the most populous in the [[Southwestern United States]].<ref name="usa1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/phoenixcityarizona/PST045219 |title=Phoenix QuickFacts from US Census Bureau |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=September 12, 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Brunn Zeigler Hays-Mitchell Graybill 2020 p. 29">{{cite book | last1=Brunn | first1=S.D. | last2=Zeigler | first2=D.J. | last3=Hays-Mitchell | first3=M. | last4=Graybill | first4=J.K. | title=Cities of the World: Regional Patterns and Urban Environments | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-5381-2635-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5_LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 | access-date=March 23, 2023 | page=29}}</ref> Phoenix, the seat of [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa County]], is the largest city by population and area in Arizona, with an area of {{convert|517.9|sqmi}}, and is also the [[List of United States cities by area|11th-largest city by area]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/07ccdb/ccdb-07.pdf |title=County and City Data Book: 2007 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |edition=14 |page=712 |year=2007 |access-date=March 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116083442/http://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/07ccdb/ccdb-07.pdf |archive-date=January 16, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Phoenix was settled in 1867 as an agricultural community near the confluence of the [[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt]] and [[Gila River]]s and was incorporated as a city in 1881. It became the capital of [[Arizona Territory]] in 1889.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc15.com/news/local-news/arizona-turns-106-wednesday|title=Arizona turns 106 Wednesday|last=Villarreal|first=Phil|date=February 14, 2018|publisher=KNXV|access-date=February 14, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Its [[Arizona Canal|canal system]] led to a thriving farming community with the original settlers' crops, such as [[alfalfa]], [[cotton]], [[citrus]], and [[hay]], remaining important parts of the [[Economy of Phoenix|local economy]] for decades.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arizonaexperience.org/land/farming-and-ranching |title=Farming and Ranching |publisher=arizonaexperience.org |access-date=February 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228015804/http://arizonaexperience.org/land/farming-and-ranching |archive-date=December 28, 2013 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barriozona.com/short_history_south_phoenix_1865_1930s.html |title=A Short History of South Phoenix from 1865 to the early 1930s |publisher=barriozona |access-date=March 22, 2016 |first=Christine |last=Marin, Ph.D. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030023/http://www.barriozona.com/short_history_south_phoenix_1865_1930s.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cotton, [[cattle]], citrus, [[climate]], and [[copper]] were known locally as the "Five C's" anchoring Phoenix's economy. These remained the driving forces of the city until after [[World War II]], when [[High tech|high-tech]] companies began to move into the valley and [[air conditioning]] made Phoenix's hot summers more bearable.<ref name=azsos />
Phoenix is the cultural center of Arizona.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bernard |first1=Richard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5CNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA315 |title=Sunbelt Cities: Politics and Growth since World War II |last2=Rice |first2=Bradley R. |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780292769823 |page=315 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> It is in the northeastern reaches of the [[Sonoran Desert]] and is known for its [[Desert climate#Hot desert climates|hot desert climate]].<ref name="ViennaKoppen">{{cite web|last1=Kottek|first1=M.|last2=Grieser|first2=J.|last3=Beck|first3=C.|last4=Rudolf|first4=B.|last5=Rubel|first5=F.|title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205035800/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |url-status=live|website=Climate Change & Infectious Diseases Group, Institute for Veterinary Public Health|publisher=University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna|access-date=January 30, 2018|year=2006}}</ref><ref name="HESKoppen">{{cite journal|last1=Peel|first1=M. C.|last2=Finlayson|first2=B. L.|last3=McMahon|first3=T. A.|title=Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|date=October 11, 2007|volume=11|issue=5|pages=1633–1644|doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P|url=http://rcin.org.pl/Content/58779|doi-access=free |issn=1027-5606}}</ref> The region's [[gross domestic product]] reached over $362 billion by 2022.<ref name="FREDGDP">{{cite web |title=Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area {{!}} FRED {{!}} St. Louis Fed |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/release?rid=397&t=msa&ob=t&od=asc |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> The city averaged a four percent annual [[population growth]] rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s,<ref name=igg>{{cite web |url=http://www.azigg.com/phoenix.html|title=Why Phoenix?|publisher=AZ International Growth Group|year=2016|access-date=March 28, 2016}}</ref> and was among the nation's ten most populous cities by 1980. Phoenix is also one of [[List of U.S. cities with large Hispanic populations|the largest plurality-Hispanic cities]] in the United States, with 42% of its population being [[Hispanic]].<ref name="azbigmedia.com">{{Cite web|url=https://azbigmedia.com/business/hispanic-population-is-now-the-majority-in-phoenix-census-shows/|title=Hispanic population is now the majority in Phoenix, Census shows|first=Kyle|last=Backer|date=August 31, 2021|website=AZ Big Media}}</ref>
==History==
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[[File:The View of Phoenix's Urban Sprawl from 4000 Ft. South Mountain in Background , 6 1972.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Phoenix in May 1972, with [[South Mountains (Arizona)|South Mountain]] in the background]]
The continued rapid population growth led more businesses to the valley to take advantage of the labor pool,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.azcentral.com/business/articles/2011/09/01/20110901biz-centennial0902trends1960s.html |newspaper=Arizona Republic |title=1960s trends in Arizona |date=September 1, 2011 |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055223/http://www.history.com/topics/us-states/arizona |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and manufacturing, particularly in the electronics sector, continued to grow.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/75299/content/DevelopmentOfPhx.pdf |publisher=History.com |title=Development of Metropolitan Phoenix: Historical, Current and Future Trends |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324102211/https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/75299/content/DevelopmentOfPhx.pdf |first=Tom R. |last=Rex |page=9 |archive-date=March 24, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The convention and tourism industries saw rapid expansion during the 1960s, with tourism becoming the third largest industry by the end of the decade.{{sfn|VanderMeer|2010|p=42}} In 1965, the [[Phoenix Corporate Center]] opened; at the time it was the tallest building in Arizona, topping off at 341 feet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/phoenixcorporatecenter-phoenix-az-usa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019010641/http://www.emporis.com/building/phoenixcorporatecenter-phoenix-az-usa |url-status=
In the 1970s the downtown area experienced a resurgence, with a level of construction activity not seen again until the urban real estate boom of the 2000s. By the end of the decade, Phoenix adopted the Phoenix Concept 2000 plan which split the city into urban villages, each with its own village core where greater height and density was permitted, further shaping the free-market development culture. The nine original villages{{sfn|Luckingham|1995|pp=235–237}} have expanded to 15 over the years (see [[#Cityscape|Cityscape]] below). This officially turned Phoenix into a city of many nodes, which would later be connected by freeways. The [[Phoenix Symphony Hall]] opened in 1972;<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.azcentral.com/thingstodo/arts/phxsymphonyhall.html |newspaper=Arizona Republic |title=Valley Arts Guide |access-date=March 19, 2016 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515180922/http://www.azcentral.com/thingstodo/arts/phxsymphonyhall.html |archive-date=May 15, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> other major structures which saw construction downtown during this decade were the [[Wells Fargo Plaza (Phoenix)|First National Bank Plaza]], the [[Chase Tower (Phoenix)|Valley Center]] (the tallest building in Arizona),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/chasetower-phoenix-az-usa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106135205/http://www.emporis.com/building/chasetower-phoenix-az-usa |url-status=
On September 25, 1981, Phoenix resident [[Sandra Day O'Connor]] broke the gender barrier on the [[U.S. Supreme Court]], when she was sworn in as the first female justice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historycentral.com/Today/SandraDayO'Connor.html |title=First Woman to Supreme Court |publisher=History Central |access-date=February 27, 2014}}</ref> In 1985, the [[Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station]], the nation's largest nuclear power plant, began electrical production.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azcentral.com/centennial/news/articles/2011/03/11/20110311arizona-centennial-1980s.html?page=5 |title=Arizona Centennial |publisher=The Arizona Republic/AZCentral.com |access-date=February 27, 2014 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Pope John Paul II]] and [[Mother Teresa]] both visited the Valley in 1987.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azcentral.com/centennial/news/articles/2011/03/11/20110311arizona-centennial-1980s.html?page=7 |title=Arizona Centennial |publisher=The Arizona Republic/AZCentral.com |access-date=February 27, 2014 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
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According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of {{cvt|517.9|sqmi}}, of which {{cvt|516.7|sqmi}} is land and {{cvt|1.2|sqmi}}, or 0.2%, is water.
[[Maricopa County, Arizona#Demographics|Maricopa County]] grew by 711% from 186,000 in 1940 to 1,509,000 by 1980, due in part to air conditioning, cheap housing, and an influx of retirees. The once "modest urban sprawl" now "grew by 'epic' proportions—not only a myriad of residential tract developments on both farmland and desert." Retail outlets and office complexes spread out and did not concentrate in the small downtown area. There was low population density and a lack of widespread and significant high-rise development.<ref>James W. Elmore (1985). ''A Guide to the architecture of Metro Phoenix''. p. 20.</ref> As a consequence Phoenix became a textbook case of [[urban sprawl]] for geographers.<ref>Paul M. Torrens, "Simulating sprawl." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 96.2 (2006): 248–275.</ref><ref>Carol E. Heim, "Leapfrogging, urban sprawl, and growth management: Phoenix, 1950–2000." ''American Journal of Economics and Sociology'' 60.1 (2001): 245–283.</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=July 15, 1999 |title=A hydra in the desert |url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/1999/07/15/a-hydra-in-the-desert |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=February 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Walters |first=Joanna |date=March 20, 2018 |title=Plight of Phoenix: how long can the world's 'least sustainable' city survive? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/20/phoenix-least-sustainable-city-survive-water |work=The Guardian |access-date=February 15, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=White |first=Kaila |date=October 6, 2016 |title='Onion' article mocks Phoenix's suburban sprawl |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2016/10/06/onion-article-mocks-phoenix-suburban-sprawl/91677190/ |work=Arizona Republic |access-date=February 15, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Egan |first=Timothy |author-link=Timothy Egan |date=December 29, 1996 |title=Urban Sprawl Strains Western States |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/29/us/urban-sprawl-strains-western-states.html |work=The Seattle Times |access-date=February 16, 2019}}</ref> Even though it is the fifth most populated city in the United States, the large area gives it a low density rate of approximately 2,797 people per square mile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04/0455000.html |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |title=Phoenix (city) QuickFacts |access-date=March 5, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521120746/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04/0455000.html |archive-date=May 21, 2012 }}</ref> In comparison, [[Philadelphia]], the sixth most populous city with nearly the same population as Phoenix, has a density of over 11,000 people per square mile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/42/42101.html |title=Philadelphia (city) Quickfacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=March 5, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624025704/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/42/42101.html |archive-date=June 24, 2011 }}</ref>
Like most of Arizona, Phoenix does not observe [[daylight saving time]]. In 1973, Governor [[Jack Williams (American politician)|Jack Williams]] argued to the U.S. Congress that energy use would increase in the evening should Arizona observe DST. He went on to say energy use would also rise early in the day "because there would be more lights on in the early morning." Additionally, he said daylight saving time would cause children to go to school in the dark.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/printDS/75798 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929111247/http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/printDS/75798 |archive-date=September 29, 2007 |title=Arizona does not need daylight saving time|journal=Arizona Daily Star |date=May 19, 2005 |access-date=June 19, 2012}}</ref>
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{{main|Climate of Phoenix}}
[[File:Hummingbird Springs Wilderness (9412743529).jpg|thumb|The [[Sonoran Desert]] surrounding Phoenix]]
Phoenix has a [[Desert climate#Hot desert climates|hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen:]] ''BWh''),<ref name="ViennaKoppen"/><ref name="HESKoppen"/> typical of the [[Sonoran Desert]], and is the largest city in [[Americas|America]] in this climatic zone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/phoenix-america-s-desert-metropolis/28262/|title=Phoenix: America's Desert Metropolis {{!}} Smart Cities Dive|website=www.smartcitiesdive.com|language=en-US|access-date=March 8, 2019}}</ref> Phoenix has long, extremely hot summers and short, mild winters. The city is within one of the world's sunniest regions, with its [[sunshine duration]] comparable to the [[Sahara]] region. With 3,872 hours of bright sunshine annually, Phoenix receives the most sunshine of any major city on Earth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/articles/the-10-sunniest-cities-in-the-world/|title=The 10 Sunniest Cities In The World|last=Stanley|first=Courtney|date=April 25, 2016|access-date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> Average high temperatures in summer are the hottest of any major city in the United States.<ref name=Farmers>{{cite web |url=http://farmersalmanac.com/weather/2012/07/09/americas-hottest-cities/ |publisher=The Farmer's Almanac |title=America's Hottest Cities |last=Weatherbee |first=Caleb |date=July 9, 2012 |access-date=August 29, 2015 |archive-date=September 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917062714/http://farmersalmanac.com/weather/2012/07/09/americas-hottest-cities/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On average, there are 111 days annually with a high of at least {{convert|100|°F|0}}, including most days from the end of May through late September. Highs top {{convert|110|°F|0}} an average of 21 days during the year.<ref name = NOAA >{{cite web|url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=psr|title = NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|access-date = July 21, 2023}}</ref> On June 26, 1990, the temperature reached an all-time recorded high of {{convert|122|°F|0}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phoenix-az.knoji.com/10-alltime-hottest-weather-temperature-days-in-phoenix/ |title=10 All-Time Hottest Weather Temperature Days in Phoenix |publisher=Knoji |access-date=February 5, 2014 |last=Dorish |first=Joe}}</ref> The annual minimum temperature in Phoenix is in the mid-to-low 30s.<ref name="NOAA"/> It rarely drops to {{cvt|32|°F}} or below. Snow is
Maricopa County, which includes Phoenix, was ranked seventh for most [[Tropospheric ozone|ozone pollution]] in the United States according to the [[American Lung Association]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-environment/2019/04/24/phoenix-ranked-7th-most-ozone-pollution-nation/3553111002/|title=Phoenix ranked seventh for most ozone pollution in the nation, receives 'F' on new report|last=Totiyapungprasert|first=Priscilla|date=April 24, 2019|work=The Arizona Republic|publisher=Arizona Republic}}</ref> Vehicle emissions are cited as precursors to ozone formation. Phoenix also has high levels of [[Particulates|particulate]] pollution; although, cities in California lead the nation in this hazard.<ref>{{Cite web|title=California Air Quality Report Card|url=https://www.lung.org/research/sota/city-rankings/states/california|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=www.lung.org|language=en}}</ref> PM2.5 particulate matter, which is a component of diesel engine exhaust, and larger PM10 particles, which can come from dust, can both reach concerning levels in Phoenix.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lung.org/local-content/_content-items/about-us/media/press-releases/new-report-phoenix-air.html|title=New Report: Phoenix Air Quality Worsened for Pollution|website=American Lung Association|language=en|access-date=September 10, 2019}}</ref> In fact, people, pets, and other animals exposed to high concentrations of PM10 dust particles―primarily from dust storms or from disturbed agricultural or construction sites―are at risk of contracting [[Valley Fever]], a fungal lung infection.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/valley-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20378761|title=Valley Fever|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en|access-date=September 13, 2020}}</ref>
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The city has many performing arts venues, most of which are in and around downtown Phoenix or Scottsdale. The Phoenix Symphony Hall is home to the [[Phoenix Symphony|Phoenix Symphony Orchestra]], the [[Arizona Opera]] and [[Ballet Arizona]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phoenix.about.com/library/blmapsymphonyhall.htm |title=Symphony Hall |publisher=phoenix.about.com |access-date=February 8, 2014 |archive-date=February 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221205424/http://phoenix.about.com/library/blmapsymphonyhall.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Arizona Opera company also has intimate performances at its new Arizona Opera Center, which opened in March 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://frontdoorsnews.com/2013/03/5-2m-arizona-opera-center/ |title=$5.2M Arizona Opera Center |publisher=frontdoor news |access-date=February 8, 2014 |date=March 22, 2013 |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222061839/http://frontdoorsnews.com/2013/03/5-2m-arizona-opera-center/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another venue is the [[Orpheum Theatre (Phoenix)|Orpheum Theatre]], home to the [[Phoenix Opera]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phoenixopera.org/orpheum/ |title=Phoenix Opera |publisher=phoenixopera.org |access-date=February 8, 2014}}</ref> Ballet Arizona, in addition to the Symphony Hall, also has performances at the Orpheum Theatre and the Dorrance Theater. Concerts also regularly make stops in the area. The largest downtown performing art venue is the [[Herberger Theater Center]], which houses three performance spaces and is home to two resident companies, the [[Arizona Theatre Company]] and the Centre Dance Ensemble. Three other groups also use the facility: [[Valley Youth Theatre]], iTheatre Collaborative<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itheatreaz.org/ |title=2013–14 Season |publisher=iTheatre Collaborative |access-date=February 8, 2014 |archive-date=February 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224015851/http://www.itheatreaz.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Actors Theater.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.herbergertheater.org/about |title=About Herberger Theater Center |publisher=herbergertheater.org |access-date=February 8, 2014}}</ref>
Concerts take place at [[Footprint Center]] and [[Comerica Theatre]] in downtown Phoenix, [[Ak-Chin Pavilion]] in Maryvale, [[Gila River Arena]] in Glendale, and [[Gammage Memorial Auditorium|Gammage Auditorium]] in Tempe (the last public building designed by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asugammage.com/about/history |title=ASU Gammage from the beginning |publisher=Arizona State University |access-date=February 11, 2014}}</ref> Several smaller theaters including [[Trunk Space]], the [[Mesa Arts Center]], [[The Van Buren]], the Crescent Ballroom, [[Celebrity Theatre]], and Modified Arts support regular independent musical and theater performances. Music can also be seen in some of the venues usually reserved for sports, such as the [[Wells Fargo Arena (Tempe)|Wells Fargo Arena]] and [[State Farm Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phoenix-theater.com/ |title=Phoenix Theatre |publisher=phoenix-theater.com |access-date=February 16, 2014}}</ref>
Several television series have been set in Phoenix, including ''[[Alice (American TV series)|Alice]]'' (1976–85), the 2000s paranormal drama ''[[Medium (TV series)|Medium]]'', the 1960–61 [[Television syndication|syndicated]] crime drama ''[[The Brothers Brannagan]]'', and ''[[The New Dick Van Dyke Show]]'' from 1971 to 1974.
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===Fine arts===
[[File:HerSecretIsPatiencePhoenix.png|thumb|upright|''[[Her Secret Is Patience|Her Secret is Patience]]'' by [[Janet Echelman]]]]
The downtown Phoenix art scene has developed in the past decade. The Artlink organization and the galleries downtown have launched a [[First Friday (public event)|First Friday]] cross-Phoenix gallery opening.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/arts/2018/03/11/art-detour-30-5-pioneers-who-built-downtown-phoenix-studio-scene/408866002/|title=Art Detour at 30: 5 pioneers who built the downtown Phoenix studio scene|website=The Arizona Republic|language=en|access-date=February 28, 2019}}</ref> In April 2009, artist [[Janet Echelman]] inaugurated her monumental sculpture, ''[[Her Secret Is Patience]]'', a civic icon suspended above the new [[Phoenix Civic Space Park]], a two-city-block park in the middle of downtown. This netted sculpture makes the invisible patterns of desert wind visible. During the day, the {{convert|100|ft|m|adj=on}}-tall sculpture hovers high above heads, treetops, and buildings, creating what the artist calls "shadow drawings", which she says are inspired by Phoenix's cloud shadows. At night, the illumination changes color gradually through the seasons. Author Prof. Patrick Frank writes of the sculpture that "...this unique visual delight will forever mark the city of Phoenix just as the Eiffel Tower marks Paris."<ref name='Prebles'>{{cite book |last=Frank |first=Patrick |title=Prebles' Artformes |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-205-79753-0}}</ref>▼
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===Architecture===
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The [[Sandra Day O'Connor United States Courthouse|Sandra Day O'Connor U.S. Courthouse]], the U.S. District Court of Arizona, is on Washington Street downtown. It is named in honor of retired U.S. Supreme Court Justice [[Sandra Day O'Connor]], who was raised in Arizona.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azd.uscourts.gov/locations/phoenix |title=Sandra Day O'Connor U.S. Courthouse |publisher=United States District Court, District of Arizona |access-date=April 4, 2014}}</ref>
The Federal Building is at the intersection of Van Buren Street and First Avenue downtown. It contains various federal field offices and the local division of the U.S. Bankruptcy Court.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/unitedstatesfederalbuildingandcourthouse-phoenix-az-usa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626050959/http://www.emporis.com/building/unitedstatesfederalbuildingandcourthouse-phoenix-az-usa |url-status=
===Crime===
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Phoenix auto traffic depends on both freeways and surface streets. Freeways fall under the auspices of the [[Arizona Department of Transportation]] (ADOT). Phoenix ranks first in the nation in the quality of its urban freeways, and the state as a whole ranks first in the nation in the quality of bridges.<ref>{{cite book |title=20th Annual Report on the Performance of State Highway Systems |publisher=Reason Foundation |date=July 2013 |first1=David T. |last1=Hartgen |first2=M. Gregory |last2=Fields |first3=Elizabeth |last3=San José}}</ref> While being the fifth most populous city in the nation, Phoenix's freeways do not suffer from the same type of congestion seen in other large cities. In fact, in a recent study, there is not a single stretch of freeway in Phoenix ranked in the 100 worst freeways for either congestion or unreliability.<ref>{{cite book |title=TTI's 2011 Congested Corridors Report |first1=Bill |last1=Eisele |first2=David |last2=Schrank |first3=Tim |last3=Lomax |publisher=Texas A&M-Texas Transportation Institute |date=November 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Interstate 10 and Interstate 17 Interchange at Night.2012.jpg|thumb|alt=photo showing the multiple levels of roadways at the interchange between Interstates ten and seventeen, called "the stack" in downtown Phoenix at night.|left|The Stack (Interstates 10 and 17) interchange at night in 2012]]Part of the reason for this is the extensive freeway system in the city, due to most of that system being funded by local, rather than federal funds, through a half-cent general sales tax measure approved by voters in 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://transportation-finance.org/pdf/featured_documents/nchrp_20_24_62_maricopa.pdf |publisher=Build America Transportation Investment Center |title=Maricopa County Sales Tax Referendum Case Study |access-date=March 22, 2016 |date=September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009123333/http://www.transportation-finance.org/pdf/featured_documents/nchrp_20_24_62_maricopa.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another offshoot of this local funding is that Phoenix is the largest city in the United States to have at least two Interstate Highways, but no three-digit interstates.<ref>{{cite web |url=
{{As of|2005}}, the metropolitan area of Phoenix contains one of the nation's largest and fastest growing freeway systems, consisting of over {{convert|1,405|mi|km|disp=preunit|lane }}.<ref name="aadt">{{cite news |url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/viewpoints/articles/2008/09/07/20080907vip-lavsphx0907.html |title=Transformation into Big City has Benefits, Burdens |work=[[Arizona Republic]] |first1=Yuri |last1=Artibise |first2=Grady Jr. |last2=Gammage |first3=Nancy |last3=Welch |date=September 7, 2008 |access-date=October 12, 2008}}</ref> The freeway system is a mix of Interstate, U.S., and state highways which include [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]], [[Interstate 17]], [[US 60 in Arizona|US 60]], [[Arizona State Route 101|Loop 101]], [[Arizona State Route 202|Loop 202]], [[Arizona State Route 51|SR 51]], [[Arizona State Route 143|SR 143]], and [[Arizona State Route 303|Loop 303]]. There are still major additions to routes 101, 202 and 303 underway, as well as several other smaller projects around the valley.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azdot.gov/projects/phoenix-metro-area |title=Phoenix Metro Area Projects |publisher=ADOT |access-date=February 13, 2014}}</ref> State Routes [[Arizona State Route 87|87]], [[Arizona State Route 85|85]], and [[Arizona State Route 74|74]] connect Phoenix with other areas of the Valley and Arizona.<ref name=Discover>{{cite web |url=http://www.discoverphoenixarizona.com/phoenix-streets-and-freeways.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115072541/http://www.discoverphoenixarizona.com/phoenix-streets-and-freeways.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 15, 2014 |title=Phoenix Streets and Freeways |publisher=discoverphoenix.com |access-date=February 13, 2014 }}</ref>
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