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{{About||the agency of Ireland|Ordnance Survey Ireland|the former agency of Northern Ireland|Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland|an international agency|Ordnance Survey International}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{Infobox government agency
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| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed = {{start date and age|df=yes|1791||}}
| preceding1 =
| dissolved =
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| headquarters = [[Southampton]], England, UK
| region_code = GB
| coordinates = {{coord|50.9378|-1.4713|region:GB-STH_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} OS grid SU 373 155
| employees = 1,244
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[
| minister1_pfo = [[Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology]]
| chief1_name = Nick Bolton
| chief1_position = [[Chief executive officer|CEO]]
| agency_type =
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[[File:Ordnance Survey 1-250000 - TF.jpg|thumb|[[Ordnance Survey National Grid|Grid square]] TF from the [[Ordnance Survey National Grid]], shown at a [[Scale (map)|scale]] of 1:250,000. The map shows [[the Wash]] and the [[North Sea]], as well as places within the counties of [[Lincolnshire]], Cambridgeshire and [[Norfolk]]]]
[[File:Grays Thurrockmap 1946.jpg|thumb|Part of an Ordnance Survey map, at the scale of one inch to the mile, from a New Popular Edition map published in 1946]]
[[File:Mansewood1747-1755.jpg|thumb|[[Pollokshaws]] on [[William Roy|Roy]]'s Military Survey of Scotland (1747–1755)<ref name="Roy and OS 1 inch">{{cite web | title=Side by side georeferenced maps viewer
<!--
References have been added retrospectively. The majority of the information on this page can be found on the Ordnance Survey's official website [http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/about-us/our-history/index.html From one revolution to another], as per References list.
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[[File:St George's Town and St George's Garrison , Bermuda OS Map Lieut AJ Savage 1901.jpg|thumb|Detail from 1901 Ordnance Survey map of the [[Imperial fortress]] [[British Overseas Territory|colony]] of [[Bermuda]] (showing [[St. George's, Bermuda|St. George's Town]] and [[St. George's Garrison, Bermuda|St. George's Garrison]]), compiled from surveys carried out between 1897 and 1899 by Lieutenant Arthur Johnson Savage, [[Royal Engineers]].]]
}}
The origins of the Ordnance Survey lie in the aftermath of the [[Jacobite rising of 1745]]. [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland]] realised that the British Army did not have a good map of the [[Scottish Highlands]] to locate [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] dissenters such as [[Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat]] so that they could be put on trial.{{sfn|Hewitt|2010|p=xix}} In 1747, Lieutenant-Colonel [[David Watson (British Army officer)|David Watson]] proposed the compilation of a map of the Highlands to help
Roy later had an illustrious career in the [[Royal Engineers]] (RE), rising to the rank of General, and he was largely responsible for the British share of the work in determining the relative positions of the French and British royal observatories. This work was the starting point of the [[Principal Triangulation of Great Britain]] (1783–1853), and led to the creation of the Ordnance Survey itself. Roy's technical skills and leadership set the high standard for which the Ordnance Survey became known. Work was begun in earnest in 1790 under Roy's supervision, when the [[Board of Ordnance]] (a predecessor of part of the modern [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]]) began a national military survey starting with the south coast of England. Roy's birthplace near [[Carluke]] in [[South Lanarkshire]] is today marked by a memorial in the form of a large OS [[trig point]].<ref>OSGR NS 826497</ref>
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{{blockquote|The persons employed on the survey are to endeavour to obtain the correct orthography of the names of places by diligently consulting the best authorities within their reach. The name of each place is to be inserted as it is commonly spelt, in the first column of the name book and the various modes of spelling it used in books, writings &c. are to be inserted in the second column, with the authority placed in the third column opposite to each.}}
Whilst these procedures generally produced excellent results, mistakes were made: for instance, the [[Pilgrims' Way]] in the [[North Downs]] labelled the wrong route, but the name stuck. Similarly, the spelling of [[Scafell]] and [[Scafell Pike]] copied an error on an earlier map,<ref>Facsimile reprint, ''Thomas Donald Historic Map of Cumberland 1774'', {{ISBN|9781873124369}}</ref> and was retained as this was the name of a corner of one of the [[Principal Triangles]], despite "Scawfell" being the almost universal form at the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dorothy Wordsworth's ascent of Scafell Pike, 1818 |url= http://www.pastpresented.ukart.com/eskdale/wordsworth1.htm |website=Past presented}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A Complete Guide to the English Lakes |last=Martineau |first=Harriet|url=https://archive.org/stream/completeguidetoe1855mart#page/n7/mode/2up |date=1855 |location=Windermere |publisher=John Garnett |via=Internet Archive
Colby believed in leading from the front, travelling with his men, helping to build camps and, as each survey session drew to a close, arranging mountain-top parties with enormous [[plum pudding]]s.<ref name="ordnancesurvey.co.uk" />
[[File:Southampton-OSOld.jpg|thumb|The [[Ordnance Survey buildings, Southampton|former headquarters of the Ordnance Survey]] in London Road, [[Southampton]] (2005).]]
The [[British Geological Survey]] was founded in 1835 as the Ordnance Geological Survey under [[Henry De la Beche]], and remained a branch of the Ordnance Survey until 1965. At the same time, the uneven quality of the English and Scottish maps was being improved by engravers under [[Benjamin Baker (engraver)|Benjamin Baker]]. By the time Colby retired in 1846, the production of six-inch maps of Ireland was complete. This had led to a demand for similar treatment in England, and work was proceeding on extending the six-inch map to northern England, but only a three-inch scale for most of Scotland.<ref>{{cite book |title=Reports from Committees |date=1851 |volume=4 |chapter=Ordnance Survey (Scotland) |page=[https://books.google.
{{anchor|Survey Act 1870}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
When Colby retired, he recommended [[William Yolland]] as his successor, but he was considered too young and the less experienced Lewis Alexander Hall was appointed.{{sfn|Owen|Pilbeam|1992|p=44–45}} After a fire in the [[Tower of London]], the headquarters of the survey was moved to [[Ordnance Survey buildings, Southampton|Southampton]] taking over buildings previously occupied by a military orphanage (the Royal Military Asylum) in 1841<ref>{{cite web |title=ROYAL MILITARY ASYLUM. (Hansard, 4 May 1854) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1854/may/04/royal-military-asylum |website=api.parliament.uk |access-date=12 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Military Asylum - Sotonopedia |url=http://sotonopedia.wikidot.com/page-browse:royal-military-asylum |website=sotonopedia.wikidot.com |access-date=12 December 2023}}</ref>, and Yolland was put in charge, but Hall sent him off to Ireland so that when Hall left in 1854 Yolland was again passed over in favour of Major [[Henry James (British Army officer)|Henry James]]. Hall was enthusiastic about extending the survey of the north of England to a scale of 1:2,500. In 1855, the Board of Ordnance was abolished and the Ordnance Survey was placed under the [[War Office]] together with the Topographical Survey and the Depot of Military Knowledge. Eventually in 1870 it was transferred to the [[Office of Works]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Records of the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain |website=National Archives |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C221}}</ref>▼
| short_title = Survey Act 1870
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title = An Act to amend the Law relating to the Surveys of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Isle of Man.
| year = 1870
| citation = 33 & 34 Vict. c. 13
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 12 May 1870
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation =
| related_legislation =
| status =
| legislation_history =
| theyworkforyou =
| millbankhansard =
| original_text =
| revised_text =
| use_new_UK-LEG =
| UK-LEG_title =
| collapsed = yes
}}
▲When Colby retired, he recommended [[William Yolland]] as his successor, but he was considered too young and the less experienced Lewis Alexander Hall was appointed.{{sfn|Owen|Pilbeam|1992|p=44–45}} After a fire in the [[Tower of London]], the headquarters of the survey was moved to [[Ordnance Survey buildings, Southampton|Southampton]] taking over buildings previously occupied by a military orphanage (the [[Royal Military Asylum]]) in 1841,<ref>{{cite web |title=ROYAL MILITARY ASYLUM. (Hansard, 4 May 1854) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1854/may/04/royal-military-asylum |website=api.parliament.uk |access-date=12 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Military Asylum
The primary triangulation of the United Kingdom of Roy, Mudge and Yolland was completed by 1841, but was greatly improved by [[Alexander Ross Clarke]] who completed a new survey based on [[George Biddell Airy|Airy]]'s spheroid in 1858, completing the [[Principal Triangulation of Great Britain|Principal Triangulation]].<ref>{{harvnb |Seymour |1980 |p=139}}</ref> The following year, he completed an initial [[levelling]] of the country.<ref>{{harvnb |Seymour |1980 |p=145}}</ref>
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| year = 1841
| citation = [[4 & 5 Vict.]] c. 30
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 21 June 1841
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation =
| related_legislation =
| status = partially_repealed
| legislation_history =
| theyworkforyou =
| millbankhansard =
| original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/4-5/30/enacted
| revised_text =
| use_new_UK-LEG = yes
| UK-LEG_title = Ordnance Survey Act 1841
| collapsed =
}}
{{Main|Ordnance Survey Great Britain County Series}}
[[File:Ellis martin 5th series.png|thumb|The cover of the 5th series OS map Chelmsford and Southend sheet 108. Art by [[Ellis Martin]]]]
After the Ordnance Survey published its [[Ordnance Survey Ireland#History|first large-scale maps of Ireland]] in the mid-1830s, the [[Tithe Act 1836]] led to calls for a similar six-inch to the mile survey in England and [[Wales]]. Official procrastination followed, but the development of the railways added to pressure that resulted in the Ordnance Survey Act 1841 ([[4 & 5 Vict.]] c. 30).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/4-5/30/contents |title=Ordnance Survey Act 1841 |publisher=UK Parliament |website=legislation.gov.uk |access-date=2023-01-04 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104105500/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/4-5/30/contents |url-status=live }}</ref> This granted a right to enter property for the purpose of the survey. Following a fire at its headquarters at the [[Tower of London]] in 1841<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/about_us/our_history/key_dates.asp |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080618055617/http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/about_us/our_history/key_dates.asp |archive-date=18 June 2008 |title=Key dates |publisher=London Fire Brigade}}</ref> the Ordnance Survey relocated to a site in [[Southampton]] and was in disarray for several years, with arguments about which scales to use. Major-General Sir [[Henry James (Ordnance Survey)|Henry James]] was by then Director General, and he saw how photography could be used to make maps of various scales cheaply and easily. He developed and exploited [[photozincography]], not only to reduce the costs of map production but also to publish [[facsimile]]s of nationally important manuscripts. Between 1861 and 1864, a facsimile of the [[Domesday Book]] was issued, [[Ancient counties of England|county]] by county; and a facsimile of the [[Gough Map]] was issued in 1870.
From the 1840s, the Ordnance Survey concentrated on the Great Britain "[[Ordnance Survey Great Britain County Series|County Series]]", modelled on the earlier Ireland survey. A start was made on mapping the whole country, county by county, at six inches to the mile (1:10,560). In 1854, "twenty-five inch" maps were introduced with a scale of 1:2500 (25.344 inches to the mile) and the six inch maps were then based on these twenty-five inch maps. The first edition of the two scales was completed by the 1890s, with a second edition completed in the 1890s and 1900s. From 1907 till the early 1940s, a third edition (or "second revision") was begun but never completed: only areas with significant changes on the ground were revised, many two or three times.{{sfn|Oliver|2005|p={{page needed |date=November 2017}} }}{{sfn|Oliver|Hellyer|2002|p={{page needed |date=November 2017}} }} Meanwhile, publication of the one-inch to the mile series for Great Britain was completed in 1891.
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=== City and town mapping, 19th and early 20th century ===
From 1824, the OS began a 6-inch (1:10,560) survey of Ireland for taxation purposes but found this to be inadequate for urban areas and adopted the five-foot scale (1:1056) for Irish cities and towns.{{sfn|Kain|Oliver|2015|p=201}} From 1840, the six-inch standard was adopted in Great Britain for the un-surveyed northern counties and the 1:1056 scale also began to be adopted for urban surveys.{{sfn|Kain|Oliver|2015|p=201}} Between 1842 and 1895, [[Ordnance Survey Great Britain County Series#Ordnance Survey Town Plans|some 400 towns]] were mapped at 1:500 (126 inches), 1:528 (120 inches, "10 foot scale") or 1:1056 (60 inches), with the remaining towns mapped at 1:2500 (~25 inches).{{sfn|Kain|Oliver|2015|p=14}} In 1855, the Treasury authorised funding for 1:2500 for rural areas and 1:500 for urban areas.{{sfn|Kain|Oliver|2015|p=217}} The 1:500 scale was considered more 'rational' than 1:528 and became known as the "sanitary scale" since its primary purpose was to support establishment of mains sewerage and water supply.{{sfn|Kain|Oliver|2015|p=217}} However, a review of the Ordnance Survey in 1892 found that sales of the 1:500 series maps were very poor and the Treasury declined to fund their continuing maintenance, declaring that any revision or new mapping at this scale must be self-financing.{{sfn|Kain|Oliver|2015|p=221}} Very few towns and cities saw a second edition of the town plans:{{sfn|Hindle|1998|pp=
The most detailed mapping of London was the OS's 1:1056 survey between 1862 and 1872, which took 326 sheets to cover the capital;{{sfn|Kain|Oliver|2015|p=42}} a second edition (
From 1911 onwards{{spaced ndash}}and mainly between 1911 and 1913{{spaced ndash}}the Ordnance Survey [[Enlarger|photo-enlarged]] many 1:2500 sheets covering built-up areas to 1:1250 (50.688 inches to the mile) for Land Valuation and Inland Revenue purposes: the increased scale was to provide space for annotations.{{sfn|Kain|Oliver|2015|p=222}} About a quarter of these 1:1250s were marked "Partially revised 1912/13". In areas where there were no further 1:2500s, these partially revised "fifty inch" sheets represent the last large-scale revision (larger than six-inch) of the County Series. The County Series mapping was superseded by the [[Ordnance Survey National Grid]] 1:1250s, 1:2500s and 1:10,560s after the Second World War.{{sfn|Oliver|2005|p={{page needed |date=November 2017}} }}
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The Ordnance Survey had outgrown its site in the centre of Southampton (made worse by the bomb damage of the Second World War). The bombing during the [[Southampton Blitz|Blitz]] devastated Southampton in November 1940 and destroyed most of [[Ordnance Survey buildings, Southampton|the Ordnance Survey's city centre offices]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mapping the Southampton Blitz 70 years on |url=http://blog.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/2010/11/mapping-the-southampton-blitz-70-years-on/ |publisher=Ordnance Survey |access-date=19 June 2012 |date=30 November 2010 |archive-date=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608015344/http://blog.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/2010/11/mapping-the-southampton-blitz-70-years-on/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Southampton Blitz: Ordnance Survey map of bomb sites |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/hampshire/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_9232000/9232001.stm |publisher=BBC |access-date=19 June 2012 |date=30 November 2010 |archive-date=3 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103070749/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/hampshire/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_9232000/9232001.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Staff were dispersed to other buildings and to temporary accommodation at Chessington and Esher, Surrey, where they produced 1:25000 scale maps of France, Italy, Germany and most of the rest of Europe in preparation for [[Invasion of Normandy|its invasion]]. Until 1969, the Ordnance Survey largely remained at its Southampton city centre HQ and at temporary buildings in the suburb of [[Maybush]] nearby, when a new purpose-built headquarters was opened in Maybush adjacent to the wartime temporary buildings there. Some of the remaining buildings of the original Southampton city-centre site are now used as part of the city's court complex.
The new head office building was designed by the [[Ministry of Works (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Public
In 1995, the Ordnance Survey digitised the last of about 230,000 maps, making the United Kingdom the first country in the world to complete a programme of large-scale electronic mapping.<ref name="ordnancesurvey.co.uk" /> By the late 1990s technological developments had eliminated the need for vast areas for storing maps and for making printing plates by hand. Although there was a small computer section at the Ordnance Survey in the 1960s, the digitising programme had replaced the need for printing large-scale maps, while [[computer-to-plate]] technology (in the form of a single machine) had also rendered the photographic platemaking areas obsolete. Part of the latter was converted into a new conference centre in 2000, which was used for internal events and also made available for external organisations to hire.
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; Address 2 : Adds further information to the Address layer, such as addresses with multiple occupants (blocks of flats, student houses, etc.) and objects with no postal addresses, such as fields and electricity substations.
The Address layers were withdrawn in about 2016 with the information now being available in the AddressBase products<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/business-government/address-data|title=Address Data|website=Ordnance Survey|access-date=19 May 2021|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519093938/https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/business-government/address-data|url-status=live}}</ref>
Pricing of licenses to ''OS MasterMap'' data depends on the total area requested, the layers licensed, the number of TOIDs in the layers, and the period in years of the data usage. ''OS MasterMap'' can be used to generate maps for a vast array of purposes and maps can be printed from ''OS MasterMap'' data with detail equivalent to a traditional 1:1250 scale paper map.
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; ''OS Landranger'' {{nobold|{{smaller|(1:50,000)}}}} : The "general purpose" map. They have pink covers; 204 sheets cover the whole of Great Britain and the [[Isle of Man]]. The map shows all footpaths and the format is similar to the ''Explorer'' maps, but with less detail.
; ''OS Landranger Active'' {{nobold|{{smaller|(1:50,000)}}}} : Select ''OS Landranger'' maps available in a plastic-[[Lamination|laminated]] waterproof version, similar to the ''OS Explorer Active'' range. {{As of|2009|10}}, 25 of the 204 ''Landranger'' maps were available as ''OS Landranger Active'' maps.
; ''OS Explorer'', {{nobold|{{smaller|(1:25,000)}}}} : Specifically designed for walkers and cyclists. They have orange covers, and contain 403 sheets covering the whole of Great Britain (the Isle of Man is excluded from this series). These are the most detailed leisure maps that the Ordnance Survey publish and cover all types of footpaths and most details of the countryside for easy navigation. The ''OL'' branded sheets within the Explorer series show areas of greater interest (such as the [[Lake District]], the [[Black Mountains, Wales|Black Mountains]], etc.) with an enlarged area coverage. They appear identical to the ordinary ''Explorer'' maps, except for the numbering and a little yellow mark on the corner (a relic of the old ''Outdoor Leisure'' series). The ''OS Explorer'' maps, together with the former ''Outdoor Leisure'' series, superseded the numerous green-covered ''Pathfinder'' maps. In May 2015 the Ordnance Survey announced that the new release of OL series maps would come with a mobile download version, available through a dedicated app on [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]] devices.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ordnance Survey maps undergo their greatest innovation for over 200 years |url=http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/about/news/2015/os-maps-undergo-greatest-innovation-in-200-years.html |publisher=Ordnance Survey |access-date=20 May 2015 |archive-date=20 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520194058/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/about/news/2015/os-maps-undergo-greatest-innovation-in-200-years.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is expected that this will be rolled out to all the Explorer and Landranger series over time.
; ''OS Explorer Active'' {{nobold|{{smaller|(1:25,000 scale)}}}} : ''OS Explorer'' and ''Outdoor Leisure'' maps in a plastic-laminated waterproof version.
; ''Activity Maps'' : An experimental range of maps designed to support specific activities. The four map packs currently published are ''Off-Road Cycling Hampshire'' North, South, East and West. Each map pack contains 12 cycle routes printed on individual map sheets on waterproof paper. While they are based on the 1:25,000 scale maps, the scales have been adjusted so each route fits on a single A4 sheet.
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===Free access to historic mapping===
The [[National Library of Scotland]] provides free access to OS mapping from 1840 to 1970,<ref>{{cite web |title = About our map images |url = https://maps.nls.uk/about.html |publisher = National Library of Scotland |access-date = 22 April 2021 |archive-date = 11 April 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210411015143/https://maps.nls.uk/about.html |url-status = live }}</ref> in a variety of scales from 1:1056 "five foot" maps of London to 1:625,000 "ten mile" national planning maps.<ref>{{cite web |title = Ordnance Survey Maps, London, Five feet to the Mile,
In addition, SABRE Maps provides free access to OS mapping from the end of World War 1 to the 1970s at small and intermediate scale mapping, including 1:25000, One Inch, Half Inch, Quarter Inch and Ten Mile scales, usually with a wider coverage of individual revisions than the NLS.<ref name="About SABRE Maps">{{cite web|title=About SABRE Maps|url=https://www.sabre-roads.org.uk/maps/|publisher=SABRE|access-date = 4 May 2024}}</ref>
===History of 1:63360 and 1:50000 map publications===
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| Third Edition || 1906–1913 || 1:63360 || EWS || 152EW+131S || "Large sheet series" in colour; also district and tourist editions
|-
| Fourth Edition || 1911–1912 || 1:63360 || EWS ||
|-
| Popular Edition || 1919–1926 || 1:63360 || EWS || 146EW+92S || large sheets; often mistakenly called Fourth Edition
|-
| Fifth Edition || 1931–1939 || 1:63360 || part E ||
|-
| War Revisions || 1943–1945 || 1:63360 || part EW ||
|-
| New Popular (Sixth) Edition || 1945–1947 || 1:63360 || EW || 64–190 || excluded Scotland, national grid
|-
| Seventh Series || 1952–1962 || 1:63360 || EWS || 190 || rights of way shown; ten colours
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The Ordnance Survey still maintains a set of master [[Geodesy|geodetic]] reference points to tie Ordnance Survey [[Geodetic datum|geographic datum points]] to modern measurement systems such as [[Global Positioning System|GPS]]. Ordnance Survey maps of Great Britain use the [[Ordnance Survey National Grid]] rather than [[Geographic coordinate system#Geographic latitude and longitude|latitude and longitude]] to indicate position. The Grid is known technically as [[OSGB36]] (Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936) and was introduced after the 1936–1953 retriangulation.<ref name="GuideCRSGB">{{cite web |title=A Guide to Coordinate Systems in Great Britain |url=https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/documents/resources/guide-coordinate-systems-great-britain.pdf |website=Ordnance Survey |access-date=3 January 2023 |date=2020 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924061607/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/docs/support/guide-coordinate-systems-great-britain.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
On the British mainland for recording heights the Ordnance Survey maintains an orthometric system referenced to [[Ordnance Datum|Ordnance Datum Newlyn]], which is a height datum defined by [[mean sea level]] as measured in [[Newlyn]], Cornwall, between 1915 and 1921.<ref name="GuideCRSGB"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Greaves |first1=Mark |title=OSGM15 and OSTN15: Updated transformations for UK and Ireland |journal=Geomatics World |date=2016 |url=https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/documents/resources/updated-transformations-uk-ireland-geoid-model.pdf |access-date=3 January 2023 |archive-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814184524/https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/documents/resources/updated-transformations-uk-ireland-geoid-model.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016 the Ordnance Survey redefined Ordnance Datum Newlyn causing a general upwards shift of circa 25mm; an effect of this included the [[Calf Top]] hill becoming a mountain.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web |title=Calf Top Cumbrian hill re-categorised as a mountain |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cumbria-37289472 |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=9 December 2022 |date=2016 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209230011/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cumbria-37289472 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=OSGM15
The Ordnance Survey's CartoDesign team performs a key role in the organisation, as the authority for cartographic design and development, and engages with internal and external audiences to promote and communicate the value of [[cartography]]. They work on a broad range of projects and are responsible for styling all new products and services.<ref>{{cite web |title=Carto Design team |url=http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/resources/carto-design/index.html |publisher=Ordnance Survey |access-date=22 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192915/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/resources/carto-design/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
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===''OS OpenData''===
In response to the feedback from a consultation ''Policy options for geographic information from Ordnance Survey''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/corporate/pdf/1411177.pdf|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120920010448/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/corporate/pdf/1411177.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 September 2012|access-date=22 June 2019|date=December 2009|title=Policy options for geographic information from Ordnance Survey|publisher=[[Department for Communities and Local Government]]}}</ref> the government announced that a package of Ordnance Survey data sets would be released for free use and re-use.<ref name="OSA">{{cite web |url= http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/corporate/ordnancesurveyconresponse |archive-url= http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120919132719/http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/corporate/ordnancesurveyconresponse |url-status=dead |archive-date= 19 September 2012 |title= Policy options for geographic information from Ordnance Survey: Consultation – Government Response |publisher=[[Department for Communities and Local Government]]}}</ref> On 1 April 2010 the Ordnance Survey released<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/about/news/2010/OpenData.html |title=Ordnance Survey launches OS OpenData in groundbreaking national initiative |publisher=Ordnance Survey |date=1 April 2010 |access-date=16 April 2010 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927195559/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/about/news/2010/OpenData.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the brand ''[
In mid-2013 the Ordnance Survey described an "enhanced" [[Linked data|linked-data]] service with a [[SPARQL]] 1.1-compliant endpoint and bulk-download options.<ref>{{cite press release |title=New Ordnance Survey Linked Data service proving popular with developers |url=http://www.directionsmag.com/pressreleases/new-ordnance-survey-linked-data-service-proving-popular-with-developers/340085 |date=17 July 2013 |access-date=28 July 2013 |publisher=Ordnance Survey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726181925/http://www.directionsmag.com/pressreleases/new-ordnance-survey-linked-data-service-proving-popular-with-developers/340085 |archive-date=26 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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Ordnance Survey historical works are generally available, as the agency is covered by [[Crown Copyright]]: works more than fifty years old, including historic surveys of Britain and Ireland and much of the New Popular Edition, are in the public domain. However, finding suitable originals remains an issue as the Ordnance Survey does not provide historical mapping on "free" terms, instead marketing commercially "enhanced" reproductions in partnership with companies including GroundSure and Landmark.
The [[National Library of Scotland]] has been developing its archive to make Ordnance Survey maps for all of Great Britain more easily available through their website.,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ordnance Survey Maps |url=http://maps.nls.uk/os/ |publisher=National Library of Scotland |access-date=21 May 2015 |archive-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527201628/http://maps.nls.uk/os/ |url-status=live }}</ref> whilst the [[Society for All British and Irish Road Enthusiasts]] (SABRE) also has a large easily available archive for large numbers of Ordnance Survey maps across all of Great Britain, often with almost complete complete sets of all relevant map revisions.<ref name="About SABRE Maps"/>
Wikimedia has complete sets of scans of the Old/First series one-inch maps of England and Wales;<ref>{{cite web|title=Old/First series one-inch England and Wales|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ordnance_Survey_Old/First_series_England_and_Wales_1:63360_(full_sheets)|access-date=22 May 2018|archive-date=19 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219190904/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ordnance_Survey_Old/First_series_England_and_Wales_1:63360_(full_sheets)|url-status=live}}</ref> of the Old/First series one-inch maps of Scotland;<ref>{{cite web|title=Old/First Series one-inch Scotland|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ordnance_Survey_Old/First_series_Scotland_1:63360_(full_sheets)|access-date=22 May 2018|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515181541/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ordnance_Survey_Old/First_series_Scotland_1:63360_%28full_sheets%29|url-status=live}}</ref> of the Seventh Series One-inch maps of Great Britain (1952–1967);<ref>{{cite web|title=Seventh Series one-inch Great Britain|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ordnance_Survey_Seventh_Series_Great_Britain_(1952_-_c1967)_1:63360_(full_sheets)|access-date=19 May 2018|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515181514/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ordnance_Survey_Seventh_Series_Great_Britain_%281952_-_c1967%29_1:63360_%28full_sheets%29|url-status=live}}</ref> of the Third Edition quarter-inch maps of England and Wales;<ref>{{cite web|title=Third Edition quarter-inch England and Wales|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ordnance_Survey_Quarter-Inch_Third_Edition_England_and_Wales_(1919-1930)_1:253,440_(full_sheets)|access-date=5 July 2018|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515181628/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ordnance_Survey_Quarter-Inch_Third_Edition_England_and_Wales_%281919-1930%29_1:253,440_%28full_sheets%29|url-status=live}}</ref> and of the Fifth Series quarter-inch maps of Great Britain.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fifth Series quarter-inch Great Britain|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ordnance_Survey_Quarter-Inch_Fifth_Series_(1962-_)_1:250,000_(full_sheets)|access-date=5 July 2018|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515181649/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ordnance_Survey_Quarter-Inch_Fifth_Series_%281962-_%29_1:250,000_%28full_sheets%29|url-status=live}}</ref> These sets are complete in the sense of including at least one copy of each of the sheets in the series, not in the sense of including all revision levels.
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* [[International Map of the World]]
* [[Geographers' A-Z Map Company]], principal partner of the OS
* [[Martin Hotine]], founder of the [[Ordnance Survey International|Directorate of Overseas Surveys]]
* (List of) [[National mapping agency|national mapping agencies]]
* [[Ordnance datum]] (sea level)
* [[Ordnance Survey International]]
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* [[Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland]]
* [[Romer]], a device for accurate reading of grid references from a map
*[[Napoleonic Cadastre]]{{div col end}}
==References==
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{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="nls.uk">{{cite web|url= http://maps.nls.uk/os/6inch/os_info3.html|title= Ordnance Survey Maps Six-inch, 1st edition, Scotland,
<ref name="ordnancesurvey.co.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/about/overview/history.html |title=Our history |website=Ordnance Survey |access-date=12 April 2014 |archive-date=11 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111153635/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/about/overview/history.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
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{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/ordnance-survey Ordnance Survey research guide] – [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]
{{Department for
{{Atlas}}
{{Visualization}}
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[[Category:1791 establishments in Great Britain]]
[[Category:Cartography organizations]]
[[Category:Department for
[[Category:Geodesy organizations]]
[[Category:Geographical databases in the United Kingdom]]
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