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{{short description|
{{other uses|Bait (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Pimephales promelas2.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[Fathead minnow]], a common [[bait fish]]]]
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Fishing baits can be grouped into two broad categories: ''natural'' baits and ''artificial'' baits. Traditionally, fishing baits are natural [[food]] or [[prey]] items (live or dead) that are already present in the fish's normal diet (e.g. [[lumbricus terrestris|nightcrawler]]s, [[insect]]s, [[crustacean]]s and smaller [[bait fish]]), and such baits are both procured from and used within the same environment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ruxton |first1=Graeme D. |last2=Hansell |first2=Michael H. |date=January 2011 |title=Fishing with a Bait or Lure: A Brief Review of the Cognitive Issues: Review of Bait Fishing |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01848.x |journal=Ethology |language=en |volume=117 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01848.x}}</ref> Artificial baits, conversely, are not naturally acquired and must involve some kind of production process. These can be [[processed food]]s (e.g. [[bread]], [[cheese]], [[dough]], [[cutlet]]s, [[fish food]] or [[pet food]] pellets, etc.), commercially made mixtures (e.g. [[boilie]]s), and imitative [[replica]] "[[fake food]]s" made of inedible materials known as [[fishing lure|lure]]s (e.g [[soft plastic bait|plastic worm]], [[swimbait]]s, [[spoon lure|spoon]]s, [[surface lure|stickbait]]s, hybrid [[spinnerbait|spinner]]s or even [[bionic]] [[robot fish]]). The variety of baits that a [[fisherman]] may choose is dictated mainly by the target [[species]] and by its [[habitat]], as well as personal preference. Both natural and artificial baits frequently demonstrate similar efficiency if chosen adequately for the target fish. The overall bait type, size and [[fishing techniques|techniques]] used will affect the efficiency and [[ecological yield|yield]] when fishing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eighani |first1=Morteza |last2=Paighambari |first2=Seyed Yousef |last3=Herrmann |first3=Bent |last4=Feekings |first4=Jordan |date=2018-03-01 |title=Effect of bait type and size on catch efficiency of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) in the Persian Gulf handline fisheries |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165783617303314 |journal=Fisheries Research |language=en |volume=199 |pages=32–35 |doi=10.1016/j.fishres.2017.11.023 |issn=0165-7836}}</ref>
Fishing with baits does come with potential [[environmental issues|environmental concerns]], especially when large quantities of non-native ingredients are involved. A common concern is that some
== Types ==
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The natural bait angler, with few exceptions, will use a common prey species of the fish as an attractant. The natural bait used may be alive or dead. Common natural baits include [[Earthworm|worms]], [[leech]]es (notably bait-leech ''[[Nephelopsis obscura]]''), [[Cyprinid|minnows]], [[frog]]s, [[salamander]]s, and [[insect]]s. Natural baits are effective due to the lifelike texture, odor and color of the bait presented. Studies show that natural baits like [[Sciaenidae|croaker]] and [[shrimp]] are more recognized by the fish and are more readily accepted.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Gunnar Miesen |url=https://archive.org/details/livebaitfishing0000mies |title=Live Bait Fishing: Including Doughbait & Scent |author2=Steve Hague |author3=Steve Hauge |publisher=Creative Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=1-58923-146-5 |url-access=registration}}</ref>
Live bait being used to catch native species is a [[sustainability|sustainable]] and desirable activity in a [[social]] and [[economics|economical]] aspect,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Henriques |first1=Marcelo Barbosa |last2=de Araújo Nunes |first2=Fabio Alexandre |last3=de Souza |first3=Marcelo Ricardo |last4=Castilho-Barros |first4=Leonardo |last5=Barbieri |first5=Edison |date=2022-02-01 |title=Live bait or artificial bait? Efficiency in recreational fishing for sea bass (Centropomus parallelus) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569121004592 |journal=Ocean & Coastal Management |language=en |volume=216 |pages=105976 |doi=10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105976 |bibcode=2022OCM...21605976H |s2cid=244701171 |issn=0964-5691}}</ref> although it is subjected to [[fisheries law|local regulation]]s which may restrict usage due to [[ecological]] and [[animal cruelty|ethical]] concerns. The availability of live bait and cost factor can inhibit the use of natural baits year round.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Alexander D. M. |last2=Brownscombe |first2=Jacob W. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Brittany |last4=Jain-Schlaepfer |first4=Sofia |last5=Cooke |first5=Steven J. |date=2015-08-18 |title=Does Angling Technique Selectively Target Fishes Based on Their Behavioural Type? |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=e0135848 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0135848 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4540471 |pmid=26284779|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1035848W |doi-access=free }}</ref> Anglers can get various live baits from [[fishing tackle|tackle]] shops at the limitations of price and season. Other ways anglers get natural bait is through usual methods of fishing, e.g. hook and line, [[fish trap|trap]]s and casting [[fishing net|net]]s. Once live bait has been obtained, it's important for the angler to keep it alive and fresh for it to be effective. Many anglers opt for a bait pen<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bait Pen - Live Bait Pen (Floating) |url=https://www.reeltexasoutdoors.com/products/bait-pen-live-bait-pen |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Reel Texas Outdoors}}</ref> or small fish cages<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fish Cages - Fish Holding Pens - Fish Baskets |url=https://www.reeltexasoutdoors.com/collections/fish-cage-holding-pens |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Reel Texas Outdoors}}</ref> in order to store and preserve their live bait.
=== Artificial baits ===
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=== Littering ===
[[File:Gannet in fishing line (8080499914).jpg|thumb|A dead [[gannet]] entangled by the line on a [[crankbait]]]]
The popularity of artificial baits, especially lures, has increased drastically over time. With this, concerns of harm to the [[natural environment|environment]] have been brought up. One of these concerns comes from the lost or carelessly discarded lures left in the environment, as these tackles are made of materials that typically do not [[biodegrade]] easily. The [[littering]] of lines and lures, intentional or not, can cause potential harm to the ecosystem, especially to [[water bird]]s, [[reptile]]s and [[semiaquatic]] [[mammal]]s who can mistakenly strike at abandoned lures and get entangled by the line or injured by the lure hooks (especially [[fish hook#Points and barbs|barbed hook]]s that cannot be easily dislodged). Another concern would be towards the [[health]] of the fish, as it is not uncommon to catch fish with lost [[treble hook]]ed lures lodged inside the [[mouth]], [[gullet]] and even [[gill]]s, and these fish often suffer [[starvation]]
Many materials used in the manufacturing of lures, such as [[lead]] (ubiquitous in [[jighead]]s and [[
== Gallery ==
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