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{{short description|
{{other uses|Bait (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Pimephales promelas2.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[Fathead minnow]], a common [[bait fish]]]]
[[File:Bait_(5716733900).jpg|thumb|A container of [[earthworm]]s (nightcrawlers)
[[File:Go fish (23747507209).jpg|thumb|[[Mussel]] meat used as cutbait on a hook]]▼
'''Fishing bait''' is any [[bait (luring substance)|luring substance]] used specifically to attract and [[fishing|catch]] [[fish]], typically when [[angling]] with a [[fish hook|hook]] and [[fishing line|line]]. There are generally two types of baits used in angling: ''hookbaits'', which are directly mounted onto fish hooks and are what the term "fishing bait" typically refers to; and ''[[groundbait]]s'', which are scattered separately into the water as an "[[appetizer]]" to attract the fish nearer to the hook. Despite the bait's sole importance is to provoke a [[feeding]] response out of the target fish, the way how fish react to different baits is quite poorly understood.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Karpiński |first1=Emil Andrzej |last2=Skrzypczak |first2=Andrzej Robert |date=2021-11-27 |title=Environmental Preferences and Fish Handling Practice among European Freshwater Anglers with Different Fishing Specialization Profiles |journal=Sustainability |volume=13 |issue=23 |pages=13167 |doi=10.3390/su132313167 |issn=2071-1050|doi-access=free }}</ref>
Fishing baits can be grouped into two broad categories: ''natural'' baits and ''artificial'' baits. Traditionally, fishing baits are natural [[food]] or [[prey]] items (live or dead) that are already present in the fish's normal diet (e.g. [[lumbricus terrestris|nightcrawler]]s, [[insect]]s, [[crustacean]]s and smaller [[bait fish]]), and such baits are both procured from and used within the same environment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ruxton |first1=Graeme D. |last2=Hansell |first2=Michael H. |date=January 2011 |title=Fishing with a Bait or Lure: A Brief Review of the Cognitive Issues: Review of Bait Fishing |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01848.x |journal=Ethology |language=en |volume=117 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01848.x}}</ref> Artificial baits, conversely, are not naturally acquired and must involve some kind of production process. These can be [[processed food]]s (e.g. [[bread]], [[cheese]], [[dough]], [[cutlet]]s, [[fish food]] or [[pet food]] pellets, etc.), commercially made mixtures (e.g. [[boilie]]s), and
Fishing with baits does come with potential [[environmental issues|environmental concerns]], especially when large quantities of non-native
==
=== Natural baits ===
[[File:Boilies.jpg|thumb|[[Boilie]] balls, a common edible artificial bait for [[carp fishing]]]]▼
{{see also|Bait fish|live food}}▼
▲[[File:Go fish (23747507209).jpg|thumb|[[Mussel]] meat used as cutbait]]
[[File:Dorosoma_petenense.jpeg|thumb|
The natural bait angler, with few exceptions, will use a common prey species of the fish as an attractant. The natural bait used may be alive or dead. Common natural baits include [[Earthworm|worms]], [[leech]]es (notably bait-leech ''[[Nephelopsis obscura]]''), [[Cyprinid|minnows]], [[frog]]s, [[salamander]]s, and [[insect]]s. Natural baits are effective due to the lifelike texture, odor and color of the bait presented. Studies show that natural baits like [[Sciaenidae|croaker]] and [[shrimp]] are more recognized by the fish and are more readily accepted.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Gunnar Miesen |url=https://archive.org/details/livebaitfishing0000mies |title=Live Bait Fishing: Including Doughbait & Scent |author2=Steve Hague |author3=Steve Hauge |publisher=Creative Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=1-58923-146-5 |url-access=registration}}</ref>
=== Artificial baits ===
▲[[File:Boilies.jpg|thumb|[[Boilie]] balls, a common
Artificial baits are baits that are not directly acquired via natural means, but are made from other materials via some kind of artificial processing. These can be [[fish food]] that are either homemade (e.g. dried [[paste (food)|food paste]]) or commercially purchased (e.g. [[boilie]]s and [[fish feed|feed pellets]]). Homemade artificial baits are often [[food preparation|prepared]]/[[processed food]] such as [[cutlet]]s, [[offal]]s, [[hulling|dehulled]] [[seed|kernel]]s (e.g. [[pea]] and [[corn]]), [[dairy product]]s ([[cheese]] and [[curd]]), [[bread]] or [[dough]]balls made from various ingredient mixtures (e.g. [[cooked rice]], [[semolina]], [[cornmeal]], [[bread crumb]]s and [[fishmeal]], etc.), which can be used to attract [[omnivorous]] or even [[herbivorous]] fish.
In [[subtropical]] lakes such as those in [[Florida]], [[panfish]] such as [[Centrarchidae|sunfish]] are such opportunistic feeders that they will even take out-of-the-packet [[pet food]] or even household [[wheat bread]] as bait. These bread baits are improvised readily from a small amount of bread, often moistened by [[saliva]] and sometimes [[premastication|softened by chewing]], then squeezed into a small fish bite-sized ball and mounted onto the fishhook.
==== Lures ====
[[File:Rapala lures 1.jpg|thumb|A collection of fishing lures resembling baitfish]]
[[File:Green Highlander salmon fly.jpg|thumb|right|Green Highlander, an artificial fly used for [[salmon]] fishing.]]
{{see also|Fishing lures|
Using lures is a popular method among North American anglers, particularly for catching [[prey detection#Visual|vision-oriented]] predators such as [[black bass]], [[trout]] and [[Esox|pike]]. The lure may require a specialized presentation to impart an enticing action e.g. in [[fly fishing]]. Artificial lures are rigged with different types of [[Fish hook|hooks]] in order to increase catch rate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beukemaj |first=J. J. |date=April 1970 |title=Acquired hook-avoidance in the pike Esox lucius L. fished with artificial and natural baits |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1970.tb03268.x |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=155–160 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1970.tb03268.x |issn=0022-1112}}</ref> Artificial baits are manufactured to be [[durability|durable]] and used repeatedly, unlike edible baits, which are generally single-use [[consumable]]s. Some common fishing lures include: [[swimbait]]s, [[jerkbait]]s, [[crankbait]]s, [[surface lure]]s (stickbaits), [[spoon lure|spoon]]s, [[spinnerbait]]s, [[soft plastic bait|trout worm]]s, frogs, etc.
{{See also|Human impact on the environment}}▼
Artificial baits are most commonly acquired online, in-store at tackle shops, and made by hand. Different manufacturers are continuously modifying lures with new [[hydrodynamic]] designs, materials and [[bionic]] technologies to better represent and attract the [[attention]] of fish. A study showed that the reason fish react to different colors of lures is due to their ability of see [[Infrared|infrared rays]] being reflected off of lures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alderson |first=A. |date=2016-05-01 |title=Sports Tech: Fishing lures |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7725268 |journal=Engineering & Technology |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=78–79 |doi=10.1049/et.2016.0427 |issn=1750-9637}}</ref> Companies have taken information like this into consideration so that they can make their lures in a way that maximizes efficiency.
Over time, the popularity of artificial baits has increased drastically. With this, concerns of harm to the [[Natural environment|environment]] have been brought up. One of these concerns comes from the loss or disposing of used baits into the environment. The discarding of [[Fishing line|line]] and lures, loss of baits, and snapping of line while hooked to a fish can cause potential harm to the ecosystem. Another concern would be towards the [[health]] of the fish. It is not uncommon to find lures and hooks lodged into the [[Gastrointestinal tract|digestive tracts]] of fish when caught. Along with that, fish will swallow are get tangled in discarded [[fishing line]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Raison |first1=T. |last2=Nagrodski |first2=A. |last3=Suski |first3=C. D. |last4=Cooke |first4=S. J. |date=2014-02-01 |title=Exploring the Potential Effects of Lost or Discarded Soft Plastic Fishing Lures on Fish and the Environment |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-014-1869-1 |journal=Water, Air, & Soil Pollution |language=en |volume=225 |issue=2 |pages=1869 |doi=10.1007/s11270-014-1869-1 |s2cid=42949733 |issn=1573-2932}}</ref>▼
==
[[File:Zanęta na ryby (Murowana Goslina), groundbait.jpg|thumb|A bucket of groundbait made from [[baked beans]]]]
▲{{see also|Bait fish}}
[[File:Chuming the water.jpg|thumb|Chumming for sharks at [[Guadalupe Island]], [[Mexico]]]]
▲[[File:Dorosoma_petenense.jpeg|thumb|Sample shad (dorosoma petenense) baitfish.]]
{{main|Groundbait}}
▲The natural bait angler, with few exceptions, will use a common prey species of the fish as an attractant. The natural bait used may be alive or dead. Common natural baits include [[Earthworm|worms]], [[Leech|leeches]] (notably bait-leech ''[[Nephelopsis obscura]]''), [[Cyprinid|minnows]], [[Frog|frogs]], [[Salamander|salamanders]], and [[Insect|insects]]. Natural baits are effective due to the lifelike texture, odor and color of the bait presented. Studies show that natural baits like [[Sciaenidae|croaker]] and [[shrimp]] are more recognized by the fish and are more readily accepted.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Gunnar Miesen |url=https://archive.org/details/livebaitfishing0000mies |title=Live Bait Fishing: Including Doughbait & Scent |author2=Steve Hague |author3=Steve Hauge |publisher=Creative Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=1-58923-146-5 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Live bait being used to catch native species is a [[Sustainability|sustainable]] and [[Desire|desirable]] activity in a [[social]] and [[Economics|economical]] aspect.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Henriques |first1=Marcelo Barbosa |last2=de Araújo Nunes |first2=Fabio Alexandre |last3=de Souza |first3=Marcelo Ricardo |last4=Castilho-Barros |first4=Leonardo |last5=Barbieri |first5=Edison |date=2022-02-01 |title=Live bait or artificial bait? Efficiency in recreational fishing for sea bass (Centropomus parallelus) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569121004592 |journal=Ocean & Coastal Management |language=en |volume=216 |pages=105976 |doi=10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105976 |s2cid=244701171 |issn=0964-5691}}</ref> The availability of live bait and cost factor can inhibit the use of natural baits year round.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Alexander D. M. |last2=Brownscombe |first2=Jacob W. |last3=Sullivan |first3=Brittany |last4=Jain-Schlaepfer |first4=Sofia |last5=Cooke |first5=Steven J. |date=2015-08-18 |title=Does Angling Technique Selectively Target Fishes Based on Their Behavioural Type? |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=e0135848 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0135848 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4540471 |pmid=26284779|doi-access=free }}</ref> Anglers can get various live baits from [[Fishing tackle|tackle]] shops at the limitations of price and season. Other ways anglers get natural bait is through methods of catching e.g. hook and line, [[Fish trap|fish traps]] and casting nets.
Groundbaits are fishing baits that are thrown into the water as an "appetizer" in order to [[olfactory|olfactorily]] attract more [[fish]] to a designated area (i.e. the [[fishing ground]]) and increase the chance of catching some. Groundbaits are typically scattered in large quantities separately from the [[fishing hook|hook]], usually before even [[casting (fishing)|casting]] any [[fishing rod|rod]] or [[fishing net|net]], although in [[bottom fishing]] they can be deployed synchronously with hookbaits while contained inside a gradual-release device known as a ''method feeder''.
Groundbaits are often used in [[freshwater]] [[coarse fishing]], where the target fish are commonly [[omnivorous]] or [[algivore|algivorous]] and might not be easily drawn to strike the hookbait. Groundbaits can be custom-made by the angler, or bulk-purchased from dedicated manufacturers. Groundbaits can differ by the sizes of the crumbs, type of ingredients, smell, colour and texture/consistency. Anglers may also mix additives to alter the groundbait's firmness in order to control its rate of release and diffusion once in the water.
===Spreading disease===▼
Groundbaits are also used frequently in [[big game fishing|blue water fishing]], known as "[[chumming|chum]]s", which usually consist of freshly cut up parts of a slaughtered fish often mixed with fresh [[blood]] and [[offal]]s, in order to attract large [[hypercarnivorous]] fishes such as [[shark]]s either directly via the [[odor|smell]], or indirectly by drawing opportunistic [[forage fish]] that are prey to the predatory fishes.
== Impacts on environment ==
▲=== Spreading disease ===
{{see also|Fish diseases and parasites}}
[[File:VHS.png|thumb|Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) disease in a gizzard shad.]]
The capture, [[
Anglers may increase the possibility of contamination by emptying bait buckets into fishing venues and collecting or using bait improperly. The transportation of fish from one location to another can break the [[law]] and cause the [[Introduced species|introduction]] of fish alien to the ecosystem. There has been [[legislation]] passed within the last couple years in attempt of protecting big and small fisheries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Alexander G |date=2013-02-01 |title=Epidemiology of the spread of viral diseases under aquaculture |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879625712001812 |journal=Current Opinion in Virology |series=Virus entry / Environmental virology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=74–78 |doi=10.1016/j.coviro.2012.11.002
=== Nutrient pollution and anoxia ===
[[File:River algae Sichuan.jpg|thumb|Eutrophication can cause [[algal bloom]]s, which causes anoxia that are harmful to aquatic life.]]
{{further|Eutrophication|anoxic waters}}
The use of commercially refined baits, particularly groundbaits (which are typically used in significant quantities), raises concern of alteration to nutrient balance where the bait is applied, especially in areas of more stagnant [[backwater (river)|backwater]]s. A 1987 Welsh study had shown that after [[cereal]] or [[maggot]] groundbaiting over a 12-week period, nearly all [[benthic]] [[invertebrate]] taxa except the [[tubificid]] ''[[Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri]]'' were reduced in density, especially the [[Naididae|naidid worm]]s and [[cladoceran]]s, and the recovery was not apparent after 4 months, although [[Cyclopoida|cyclopoid]] [[copepod]]s were significantly more abundant in treated areas. Laboratory experiments determine that [[biochemical oxygen demand]] can be increased 100-fold by a single application of cereal bait, and this increased demand could result in local deoxygenation under warm, calm conditions.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cryer|first1=Martin|last2=Edwards|first2=Ron W.|date=1987|title=The impact of angler groundbait on benthic invertebrates and sediment respiration in a shallow eutrophic reservoir|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0269749187901990|language=English|journal=Environmental Pollution|volume=46|issue=2|pages=137–150|doi=10.1016/0269-7491(87)90199-0 |pmid=15092737 |access-date=2023-09-18}}</ref>
A Portuguese study showed that the use of {{cvt|5|–|10|kg}} of groundbait per angler (approximately 3–20 tons of groundbait per year) did not alter the ecological functioning of the local reservoir but higher angling pressures may lead to a significant increase in nutrient concentrations, and suggested anglers choose groundbaits with low eutrophication potential.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Amaral|first1=Susana D.|last2=Brito|first2=David|last3=Ferreira|first3=M. Teresa|last4=Neves|first4=Ramiro|last5=Franco|first5=Adolfo|date=2013-10-25|title=Modeling water quality in reservoirs used for angling competition: Can groundbait contribute to eutrophication?|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10402381.2013.845804|format=PDF|language=English|journal=Lake and Reservoir Management|volume=29|issue=4|pages=257–269|doi=10.1080/10402381.2013.845804|bibcode=2013LRMan..29..257A |s2cid=83791710 |access-date=2023-09-18}}</ref> A later study by the team showed that nutrient inputs from the use of commercial groundbaits could be compensated by sacrificing (removing) the captured fish, but if complete [[catch-and-release]] is practiced (thus no [[biomass (ecology)|biomass]] is removed), the inputs of total [[nitrogen]] (TN) and total [[phosphorus]] (TP) are about four- and three- times higher respectively than if groundbaits are not used.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Amaral|first1=S.D.|last2=Franco|first2=A.|last3=Ferreira|first3=M.T.|date=2015-06-05|title=Biomanipulation modérée pour le contrôle de l'eutrophisation dans les reservoirs à l'aide de poisons captures dans les compétitions de pêche à la ligne|trans-title=Moderate biomanipulation for eutrophication control in reservoirs using fish captured in angling competitions|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118394380.ch54|format=[[PDF]]|language=Portuguese|journal=Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems|volume=416|issue=2015|pages=11|doi=10.1051/kmae/2015010|s2cid=56560250 |access-date=2023-09-18 |doi-access=free|hdl=10400.5/13807|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
=== Littering ===
[[File:Gannet in fishing line (8080499914).jpg|thumb|A dead [[gannet]] entangled by the line on a [[crankbait]]]]
▲
Many materials used in the manufacturing of lures, such as [[lead]] (ubiquitous in [[jighead]]s and [[bottom fishing|bottom]] [[fishing rig|rig]]s), [[plastics]] and [[paint]], can [[chemical decomposition|degrade]] after prolonged exposure to the elements and release harmful [[toxic heavy metal]]s, [[volatile organic compound]]s and [[microplastics]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pander|first1=Joachim|last2=Dobler|first2=Andreas H.|last3=Hoos|first3=Philipp|last4=Geist|first4=Juergen|date=2022-11-14|title=Environmental Pollution by Lost Fishing Tackle: A Systematic Assessment in Lake Eixendorf|journal=[[Environments (journal)|Environments]]|volume=9|issue=11|pages=144|doi=10.3390/environments9110144|doi-access=free }}</ref> that are either hazardous to the [[plankton]]s and other small basal organisms, or get [[biomagnification|concentrated]] through the [[food chain]].
== Gallery ==
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==External links==
* [http://hcfishing.com/documents/fishing_baits.html Commonly used fishing baits in the United Kingdom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110756/http://hcfishing.com/documents/fishing_baits.html |date=2015-04-02 }}
* [https://fishermantravels.com/2023/09/08/do-artificial-baits-work A comprehensive guide on artificial baits]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Fishing Bait}}
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