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| s4
= Pre-imperial Mali
| s5
= Gajaaga
| flag_type =
| image_coat =
| image_map = Ghana empire map.png
| image_map_caption = The Ghana Empire at its greatest extent
| capital = [[Koumbi Saleh]] (likely a later capital)<ref>{{cite book |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedias |chapter=The Empire of Ghana |last=Gestrich |first=Nikolas |year=2019 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.396 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 |url=https://oxfordre
| common_languages = [[Soninke language|Soninke]], [[Malinke languages|Malinke]], [[Mande languages|Mande]]
| religion = [[African traditional religion]]<br> Later [[Islam]]
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}}
The '''Ghana Empire''' ({{lang-ar|غانا}}), also known as simply '''Ghana''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Etheredge |first=Laura |date=2009-04-14 |title=Ghana |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ghana-historical-West-African-empire |access-date=2023-07-09 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> '''Ghanata''', or '''[[Wagadu (mythology)|
It is uncertain when Ghana's ruling dynasty began among historians. The first identifiable mention of the imperial dynasty in written records was made by [[Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī]] in 830.<ref>al-Kuwarizmi in Levtzion and Hopkins, ''Corpus'', p. 7.</ref> Further information about the empire was provided by the accounts of [[Córdoba, Spain|Cordoban]] scholar [[al-Bakri]] when he wrote about the region in the 11th century.
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=== Oral traditions ===
{{See also|History of the Soninke people}}
According to [[oral tradition]]s, although they vary much amongst themselves, the legendary progenitory of the Soninke was a man named Dinga, who came "from the east" (possibly [[Aswan]], [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uivtCqOlpTsC&q=cisse+aswan&pg=PA104|title=Encyclopedia of African American History [3 volumes]|first1=Leslie M.|last1=Alexander|first2=Walter C. Jr.|last2=Rucker|date=9 February 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|access-date=13 September 2018|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-85109-774-6}}</ref>), after which he migrated to a variety of locations in western Sudan, in each place leaving children by different wives. In order to take power he had to kill a serpent deity (named Bida), and then marry his daughters, who became the ancestors of the clans that were dominant in the region at the time. Some traditions state he did a deal with Bida to sacrifice one maiden a year in exchange for rainfall, and other versions add a constant supply of gold.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Conrad |first1=David |last2=Fisher |first2=Humphrey |title=The Conquest That Never Was: Ghana and the Almoravids, 1076. II. The Local Oral Sources |journal=History in Africa |volume=10 |year=1983 |doi=10.2307/3171690 |jstor=3171690 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-in-africa/article/conquest-that-never-was-ghana-and-the-almoravids-1076-ii-the-local-oral-sources/01C98BFDB91C78BFAC421A8F42C02407}}</ref>{{rp|pages=55}} Upon Dinga's death, his two sons Khine and Dyabe contested the [[mwod:kingship|kingship]], and Dyabe was victorious, founding Wagadu.{{sfn|Levtzion|1973|pp=16–17}} In some versions, the fall of Wagadu happens when a nobleman tries to save a maiden, despite her objection, and kills the snake, unleashing its curse and annulling the prior deal. This tale appears to have been a fragment of what once was a much longer narrative, now lost, however the legend of Wagadu continues to have a deep-rooted significance in Soninke culture and history.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Conrad |first1=David |last2=Fisher |first2=Humphrey |title=The Conquest That Never Was: Ghana and the Almoravids, 1076. II. The Local Oral Sources |journal=History in Africa |volume=10 |year=1983 |doi=10.2307/3171690 |jstor=3171690 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-in-africa/article/conquest-that-never-was-ghana-and-the-almoravids-1076-ii-the-local-oral-sources/01C98BFDB91C78BFAC421A8F42C02407}}</ref>{{rp|pages=54-55}} The tradition of [[Gassire's lute]] mentions Wagadu's fall.
The traditions of the [[Moors]], [[Hassaniya]] Arabs and [[Berbers]] in [[Mauritania]] maintain that the earliest occupants of areas such as the [[Adrar Plateau|Adrar]] and [[Tagant Plateau|Tagant]] were Black. These regions, part of the core of Wagadu, remained largely [[Soninke people|Soninke]] until at least the 16th century.<ref name = Kane>{{cite book |last1=Kane |first1=Oumar |title=La première hégémonie peule. Le Fuuta Tooro de Koli Teηella à Almaami Abdul |date=2004|page=57-60 |publisher=Karthala |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-84586-521-1 |url=https://www.cairn.info/la-premiere-hegemonie-peule--9782845865211-page-114.htm |access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref>
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==History==
===Rise of the Empire===
Towards the end of the 3rd century AD, a [[Monsoon#Africa (West African and Southeast African)|wet period]] in the Sahel created areas for human habitation and exploitation which had not been habitable for the best part of a millennium, resulting in Wagadu rising out of the [[Tichitt culture]]. The introduction of the [[camel]] to the western Sahara in the 3rd century AD and pressure from the nomadic Saharan [[Sanhaja]] served as major catalysts for the transformative social changes that resulted in the empire's formation. By the time of the [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|Muslim conquest of North Africa]] in the 7th century, the camel had changed the ancient, irregular trade routes into a network running between North Africa and the [[Niger River]]. [[Soninke people|Soninke]] [[Oral tradition|tradition]] portrays early Ghana as very warlike, with horse-mounted warriors key to increasing its territory and population, although details of their expansion are extremely scarce.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gestrich |first=Nikolas |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-396 |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedias: African history |year=2019 |chapter=Ghana Empire|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.396 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 }}</ref> Wagadu made its profits from maintaining a monopoly on [[gold]] heading north and [[salt]] heading south, despite not controlling the gold fields themselves.<ref name=":02">{{cite web |last=Abbou |first=Tahar |date=August 2020 |title=The Origins of the Empire of Ghana |url=https://www.vitaminedz.com/articlesfiche/7182/7182321.pdf |website=Vitaminedz.com}}</ref> It is possible that Wagadu's dominance on trade allowed for the gradual consolidation of many smaller polities into a [[Confederation|confederated state]], whose composites stood in varying relations to the core, from fully administered to nominal tribute-paying parity.<ref>{{cite journal |last=McIntosh |first=Susan |year=2008 |title=Reconceptualizing Early Ghana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40380172
Information about the empire at its height is sparse. According to Kati's [[Tarikh al-fattash|''Tarikh al-Fettash'']], in a section probably composed around 1580 but citing the chief judge Ida al-Massini who lived somewhat earlier, twenty kings ruled Ghana before the advent of Islam.{{sfn|Houdas|Delafosse|1913|p=[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5439466q/f103.image 76]}} Al-Sadi purports that approximately 18 through 34 ancient Kaya (kings) ruled before the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] and 24 more kaya (kings) ruled afterward.{{sfn|Hunwick|2003|p=13 and note 5}}
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*{{citation | last=Mauny | first=Raymond | year=1961 | title=Tableau géographique de l'ouest africain au moyen age, d'après les sources écrites, la tradition et l'archéologie | publisher= Institut français d'Afrique Noire | place=Dakar }}.
*{{citation | last=Munson | first=Patrick J. | year=1980 | title= Archaeology and the prehistoric origins of the Ghana Empire | journal=The Journal of African History | volume=21 | issue=4 | pages=457–466 | jstor=182004 | doi=10.1017/s0021853700018685| s2cid=161981607 }}.
*{{citation | last1=Thomassey | first1=Paul | last2=Mauny | first2=Raymond | year=1951 | title=Campagne de fouilles à Koumbi Saleh | journal=Bulletin de
{{refend}}
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