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| area_km2 = 406752
| percent_water = 2.6
| population_census = 6,109,644903<ref name=population>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abcine.comgov.py/nacionalescenso2022/2023/08/31/paraguay-tiene-6109644-de-habitantes-segun-el-ultimo-censo-de-poblacion-y-viviendasdocumentos/1%20Resultados%20finales%20poblacion.pdf|title=Paraguay hasCensus 6,109,6442022 inhabitants,- accordingFinal to the last Census|date=31 August 2023Results|website=ABCINE ColorParaguay|language=ES|access-date=3121 August 2023|archive-date=5 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905110622/https://www.abc.com.py/nacionales/2023/08/31/paraguay-tiene-6109644-de-habitantes-segun-el-ultimo-censo-de-poblacion-y-viviendas/|url-status=live2024}}</ref>
| population_census_year = 2022
| population_estimate = 6,218,879<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://portalgeoestad.ine.gov.py/|title=Geostatistical viewer: Population, districts, poverty, road and water coverage, etc.|date=20 January 2024|website=INE Paraguay|language=ES}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_estimate_rank = 113th113rd
| population_density_km2 =
| population_density_sq_mi = 39 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| population_density_rank = 223th223rd
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $124.726 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.PY">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=288,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LUR,LP,&sy=2024&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database: Paraguay |date=April 2024 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=30 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428113647/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=288,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LUR,LP,&sy=2024&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_rank = 96th
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| GDP_nominal_rank = 96th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,368<ref name="IMFWEO.PY" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 93th93rd
| sovereignty_type = [[Paraguay campaign|Independence]] {{nobold|from [[Spain]]}}
| established_event1 = Declared
Line 98:
| today =
}}
'''Paraguay''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ær|ə|ɡ|w|aɪ}}; {{IPA-|es|paɾaˈɣwaj|-|ES-pe - Paraguay.ogg}}), officially the '''Republic of Paraguay''' ({{lang-es|República del Paraguay}}<!--{{IPA-|es|reˈpuβlika ðel paɾaˈɣwaj|}}-->; {{lang-gn|Paraguái Tavakuairetã|links=si}}<!--{{IPA-gn|teˈtã paɾaˈɣwaj|}}-->), is a [[Landlocked country|landlocked]] incountry centralin [[South America]]. It is bordered by [[Argentina]] to the south and southwest, [[Brazil]] to the east and northeast, and [[Bolivia]] to the northwest. It has a population of around 6.1&nbsp;million, nearly 2.3&nbsp;million of whom live in the [[Capital city|capital]] and largest city of [[Asunción]], and its surrounding metro area. Paraguay has ports on the [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]] and [[Paraná River|Paraná]] rivers that provide access to the Atlantic Ocean, through the Paraná-Paraguay Waterway.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.agroindustria.gob.ar/sitio/areas/ss_mercados_agropecuarios/infraestructura/_archivos/000070_Hidrov%C3%ADas/000010_Hidrov%C3%ADa%20Paran%C3%A1%20Paraguay.pdf|title=Paraná-Paraguay Waterway|language=es|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085649/https://www.agroindustria.gob.ar/sitio/areas/ss_mercados_agropecuarios/infraestructura/_archivos/000070_Hidrov%C3%ADas/000010_Hidrov%C3%ADa%20Paran%C3%A1%20Paraguay.pdf|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Spanish [[conquistador]]es arrived in 1524, and in 1537 established the city of [[Asunción]], the first capital of the [[Governorate of the Río de la Plata]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Paraguay: Cómo Asunción se convirtió en 'madre' de más de 70&nbsp;ciudades de Sudamérica hace 480&nbsp;años |series=BBC News Mundo |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-40920828|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918202538/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-40920828|archive-date=18 September 2018}}</ref> During the 17th&nbsp;century, Paraguay was the center of [[Reductions|Jesuit missions]], where the native [[Guaraní people]] were converted to Christianity and introduced to European culture.<ref>{{cite book |author=Caraman, Philip |year=1976 |title=The Lost Paradise: The Jesuit republic in South America |location=New York, NY |publisher=Seabury Press}}</ref> After the [[Suppression of the Society of Jesus|expulsion of the Jesuits]] from Spanish territories in 1767, Paraguay increasingly became a peripheral colony. Following [[Independence of Paraguay|independence from Spain]] in the early 19th&nbsp;century, Paraguay was ruled by a series of authoritarian governments. This period ended with the disastrous [[Paraguayan War]] (1864–1870), during which the country lost half its prewar population and around 25–33% of its territory. In the 20th&nbsp;century, Paraguay faced another major international conflict{{mdash}}the [[Chaco War]] (1932–1935) against Bolivia{{mdash}}in which Paraguay prevailed. The country came under a succession of military dictators, culminating in the 35-year regime of [[Alfredo Stroessner]], which lasted until his overthrow in 1989 by an internal military coup. This marked the beginning of Paraguay's current democratic era.
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Paraguay is a [[developing country]], ranking 105th in the [[Human Development Index]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database |date=April 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |url-status=live |access-date=29 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010203013/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2F+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |archive-date=10 October 2020}}</ref> It is a founding member of [[Mercosur]], the [[United Nations]], the [[Organization of American States]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and the [[Lima Group]]. Additionally, the city of [[Luque]], in metropolitan Asuncion, is the seat of the [[CONMEBOL|South American Football Confederation]].
 
Although one of only two landlocked countries in South America ([[Bolivia]] is the other), Paraguay has ports on the [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]] and [[Paraná River|Paraná]] rivers that give exit to the Atlantic Ocean, through the Paraná-Paraguay Waterway.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agroindustria.gob.ar/sitio/areas/ss_mercados_agropecuarios/infraestructura/_archivos/000070_Hidrov%C3%ADas/000010_Hidrov%C3%ADa%20Paran%C3%A1%20Paraguay.pdf|title=Paraná-Paraguay Waterway|language=es|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085649/https://www.agroindustria.gob.ar/sitio/areas/ss_mercados_agropecuarios/infraestructura/_archivos/000070_Hidrov%C3%ADas/000010_Hidrov%C3%ADa%20Paran%C3%A1%20Paraguay.pdf|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The majority of Paraguay's 6&nbsp;million people are ''[[mestizo]]'', and Guarani culture remains widely influential; more than 90% of the population speak various dialects of the [[Guarani language]] alongside Spanish. Paraguay's GDP per capita PPP is the seventh-highest in South America. In a 2017 Positive Experience Index based on global polling data, Paraguay ranked as the "world's happiest place".<ref>{{cite news |title=World's happiest country? Would you believe Paraguay? |website=[[NBC News]] (nbcnews.com) |date=21 May 2014 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/worlds-happiest-country-would-you-believe-paraguay-n110981 |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914163313/https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/worlds-happiest-country-would-you-believe-paraguay-n110981 |archive-date=14 September 2018}}</ref>
 
==Etymology==
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===Stroessner's overthrow, post-1989===
On 3 February 1989, Stroessner was overthrown in a military coup headed by General [[Andrés Rodríguez (President)|Andrés Rodríguez]]. As president, Rodríguez instituted political, legal, and economic reforms and initiated a ''rapprochement'' with the international community. Reflecting the deep hunger of the rural poor for land, hundreds immediately occupied thousands of acres of unused territories belonging to Stroessner and his associates; by mid-1990, 19,000&nbsp;families occupied {{convert|340000|acres|-3|abbr=on}}. At the time, 2.06&nbsp;million people lived in rural areas, more than half of the 4.1&nbsp;million total population, and most were landless.<ref name="nagel">{{cite journal |author=Nagel, Beverly Y. |year=1999 |title='Unleashing the fury': The cultural discourse of rural violence and land rights in Paraguay |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=148–181 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/S0010417599001905 |s2cid=146491025 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=1921 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016023308/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=1921 |archive-date=16 October 2015|issn=0010-4175 }}</ref>
 
The June 1992 constitution established a democratic system of government and dramatically improved protection of fundamental human rights. In May 1993, Colorado Party candidate [[Juan Carlos Wasmosy]] was elected as Paraguay's first civilian president in almost forty years, in what international observers deemed free and fair elections.
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Paraguay has partnered with Argentina, Brazil, and the United States in regional anti-terrorism and anti-narcotics efforts.<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Relations With Paraguay|url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-paraguay/|access-date=3 December 2020|website=United States Department of State|archive-date=1 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601071053/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1841.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2005, U.S. [[special forces]] began arriving at Paraguay's [[Mariscal Estigarribia]] air base to support joint training and humanitarian operations<ref>{{Cite news |title=U.S. military moves in Paraguay rattle regional relations |publisher=[[International Relations Center]] |date=14 December 2005 |url=http://americas.irc-online.org/am/2991|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612192202/http://americas.irc-online.org/am/2991 |archive-date=12 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Clarin">{{cite news |url=http://www.clarin.com/suplementos/zona/2005/09/11/z-03615.htm |title=U.S. marines put a foot in Paraguay |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327063628/http://www.clarin.com/suplementos/zona/2005/09/11/z-03615.htm |archive-date=27 March 2009 |newspaper=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|El Clarín]] |date=9 September 2005 |language=es}}</ref> In 2019, Asuncion hosted the first meeting of the Regional Security Mechanism (RSM), which promotes cooperation between Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil, and the U.S. in addressing [[transnational crime]] and terrorism in the "triple frontier" region.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=Expert meeting of the Regional Security Mechanism (RSM) in Asuncion |url=https://py.usembassy.gov/expert-meeting-of-the-regional-security-mechanism-rsm-in-asuncion/ |access-date=3 December 2020 |website=U.S. Embassy in Paraguay |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025080332/https://py.usembassy.gov/expert-meeting-of-the-regional-security-mechanism-rsm-in-asuncion/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Paraguay is the 73rd most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[Global Peace Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf}}</ref>
 
===Administrative divisions===
Line 288 ⟶ 290:
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|ASU||[[Capital District (Paraguay)|Distrito Capital]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Asunción]]||477462,346241||117||1
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|1||[[Concepción Department (Paraguay)|Concepción]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Concepción, Paraguay|Concepción]]||204206,536181||18,057||14
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|2||[[San Pedro Department, Paraguay|San Pedro]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[San Pedro, Paraguay|San Pedro]]||341355,895175||20,007||23
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|3||[[Cordillera Department|Cordillera]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Caacupé]]||271268,475037||4,953||20
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|4||[[Guairá Department|Guairá]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Villarrica, Paraguay|Villarrica]]||180179,121555||3,991||18▼
|[[Guairá Department|Guairá]]
▲|style="text-align:left;"|[[Villarrica, Paraguay|Villarrica]]||180,121||3,991||18
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|5||[[Caaguazú Department|Caaguazú]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Coronel Oviedo]]||430431,142519||11,479||22
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|6||[[Caazapá Department|Caazapá]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Caazapá]]||140139,060479||9,503||11
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|7||[[Itapúa]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Encarnación, Paraguay|Encarnación]]||436449,966642||16,536||30
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|8
|[[Misiones Department|Misiones]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[San Juan Bautista, Paraguay|San Juan Bautista]]||114111,542142||9,568||10
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|9
|[[Paraguarí Department|Paraguarí]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Paraguarí]]||199200,430472||8,710||18
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|10||[[Alto Paraná Department|Alto Paraná]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Ciudad del Este]]||784763,839702||14,898||22
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|11||[[Central Department|Central]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Areguá]]||1,866883,562927||2,665||19
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|12||[[Ñeembucú]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Pilar, Paraguay|Pilar]]||8576,749719||12,155||16
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|13||[[Amambay]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay|Pedro Juan Caballero]]||173179,770412||12,935||6
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|14||[[Canindeyú]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Salto del Guairá]]||189191,128114||14,677||16
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|15||[[Presidente Hayes]]||style="text-align:left;"|[[Villa Hayes]]||126123,880313||72,917||10
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|16||[[Alto Paraguay]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Fuerte Olimpo]]||17,608195||82,394||4
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|17||[[Boquerón Department|Boquerón]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Filadelfia, Paraguay|Filadelfia]]||6871,595078||91,676||4
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|–||'''Paraguay'''
|style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Asunción]]'''||'''6,109,644903'''||'''406,796'''||'''273'''
|}
 
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In 2018, in addition to soy, the country had a large production of [[maize]] and [[sugar cane]], where it positioned itself as the 21st largest producer in the world; other important cultures of the country are [[cassava]], [[rice]], [[wheat]], [[Orange (fruit)|orange]], [[yerba mate]], and [[sorghum]]. In livestock, Paraguay produced, in 2020, 481 thousand tons of beef, being the 26th largest producer in the world.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/| title = Paraguay production in 2018, by FAO| access-date = 11 July 2022| archive-date = 12 November 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/| url-status = live}}</ref>
 
Soy farming was largely introduced by Brazilians: in 2019, almost 70% of soy and rice producers in Paraguay were people from Brazil, or descendants of Brazilians (the so-called brasiguaios). The first Brazilian producers began to arrive in the country in the 1980s. Before the Brazilian influx, much of the land in Paraguay was uncultivated.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brasileños protagonizan conflictos de tierras en el Paraguay |language=es |trans-title=Brazilians lead land conflicts in Paraguay |date=12 November 2017 |series=Latifundistas × Campesinos |website=deolhonosruralistas.com.br |url=https://deolhonosruralistas.com.br/deolhonoparaguai/2017/11/12/brasilenos-protagonizan-conflictos-de-tierras-en-el-paraguay/ |access-date=30 July 2020 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122201919/https://deolhonosruralistas.com.br/deolhonoparaguai/2017/11/12/brasilenos-protagonizan-conflictos-de-tierras-en-el-paraguay/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Carneri |first1=Santi |date=28 January 2019 |title=Una comunidad indígena denuncia el desalojo de sus tierras en Paraguay por pistoleros brasileños |language=es |trans-title=An indigenous community denounces the eviction of their lands in Paraguay by Brazilian gunmen |newspaper=[[El País]] |url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2019/01/24/america/1548358447_334189.html |access-date=30 July 2020 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122201917/https://elpais.com/internacional/2019/01/24/america/1548358447_334189.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Brasileña que prohíbe uso del guaraní en su estancia será investigada por el Ministerio de Trabajo |language=es |trans-title=Brazilian farmer who bans the use of Guarani in her estate will be investigated by the Ministry of Labour |website=El Nacional Paraguay |date=2 March 2021 |url=https://www.elnacional.com.py/nacionales/2021/03/01/brasilena-que-prohibe-uso-del-guarani-en-su-estancia-sera-investigada-por-el-ministerio-de-trabajo/#:~:text=Brasile%C3%B1a%20habr%C3%ADa%20amenazado%20a%20sus,de%20Curuguaty%2C%20Departamento%20de%20Canindey%C3%BA%20. |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122201919/https://www.elnacional.com.py/nacionales/2021/03/01/brasilena-que-prohibe-uso-del-guarani-en-su-estancia-sera-investigada-por-el-ministerio-de-trabajo/#:~:text=Brasile%C3%B1a%20habr%C3%ADa%20amenazado%20a%20sus,de%20Curuguaty%2C%20Departamento%20de%20Canindey%C3%BA%20. |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Paraguay: Comunidad indígena amenazada por desalojo ilegal y atacada con pesticidas |language=es |trans-title=Paraguay: Indigenous community threatened with illegal eviction and attacked with pesticides |date=11 November 2009 |website=[[Amnesty International]] |url=https://www.amnesty.org/es/latest/press-release/2009/11/paraguay-indigenas-amenazados-atacados-con-pesticidas-20091111/ |access-date=30 May 2018 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122201921/https://www.amnesty.org/es/latest/press-release/2009/11/paraguay-indigenas-amenazados-atacados-con-pesticidas-20091111/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Green going gone: The tragic deforestation of the Chaco |date=28 July 2014 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/green-going-gone-the-tragic-deforestation-of-the-chaco-116951/ |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122201917/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/green-going-gone-the-tragic-deforestation-of-the-chaco-116951/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Paraguay: Sanción por talar bosques indígenas |language=Guarani |trans-title=Paraguay: Penalty for cutting down indigenous forests |date=11 May 2010 |website=BBC News Mundo |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=11 May 2010 |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/america_latina/2010/05/100511_paraguay_indigenas_ganaderos_ea |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122201921/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/america_latina/2010/05/100511_paraguay_indigenas_ganaderos_ea |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Brasiguaios dominam produção de soja e arroz no Paraguai|url=https://globorural.globo.com/Noticias/Agricultura/noticia/2019/03/brasiguaios-dominam-producao-de-soja-e-arroz-no-paraguai.html|access-date=8 February 2023|website=Revista Globo Rural|date=23 August 2022|language=pt-br|archive-date=26 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726011522/https://globorural.globo.com/Noticias/Agricultura/noticia/2019/03/brasiguaios-dominam-producao-de-soja-e-arroz-no-paraguai.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
More than 80% of the cultivable land is owned by 2.6% of landowners. Nearly 8&nbsp;million hectares were illegally granted, in violation of the agrarian law, to regime supporters during the dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner (1954–1989), and the state has done nothing since to identify the beneficiaries of this illicit enrichment. These owners include generals, businessmen, and politicians, former presidents of the Republic, Nicaraguan dictator [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]], and even the ruling [[Colorado Party (Paraguay)|Colorado Party]]. More than 130&nbsp;peasant leaders have been assassinated since the fall of Stroessner in 1989.<ref name=":0">Paraguay, un país devorado por la soja, enero de 2014</ref>
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There is no official data on the ethnic composition of the Paraguayan population, as the Department of Statistics, Surveys and Censuses of Paraguay does not ask about ''race'' and ''ethnicity'' in census surveys, although it does inquire about the indigenous population. According to the 2022&nbsp;census, indigenous people made up 2.3% of Paraguay's total population.<ref name=population/>
 
Traditionally, the majority of the Paraguayan population is considered mixed (''mestizo'' in Spanish). According to the 2022 census, Paraguay has a population of 6&nbsp;109&nbsp;644944, of which 95% are Mestizo/White and 5% are labelled as "other", which includes members of 17&nbsp;distinct ethnolinguistic indigenous groups.<ref name=indigenous>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.gov.py/Publicaciones/Biblioteca/documento/233/censo_indigena2022.pdf|title=Indigenous Census 2022 - INE|date=31 August 2023|website=INE Paraguay|language=ES|access-date=17 September 2023|archive-date=6 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006011949/https://www.ine.gov.py/Publicaciones/Biblioteca/documento/233/censo_indigena2022.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
{{Largest cities
| country = Paraguay
| stat_ref = (2022 census)<ref name=population/>
| stat_ref = (2021 estimate by INE)<ref name="3218.0">{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.gov.py/assets/documento/0d37cC1.%20Paraguay.%20Poblaci%C3%B3n%20nacional%20estimada%20y%20proyectada,%20seg%C3%BAn%20sexo,%20departamento,%20y%20distrito,%202000-2025.xlsx |title=Proyección de la población por sexo y edad, según distrito|edition=Revisión 2015 |publisher=INE |year=2015 |access-date=7 December 2021 |archive-date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013053633/https://www.ine.gov.py/assets/documento/0d37cC1.%20Paraguay.%20Poblaci%C3%B3n%20nacional%20estimada%20y%20proyectada,%20seg%C3%BAn%20sexo,%20departamento,%20y%20distrito,%202000-2025.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref>
| div_name = Department
 
| city_1 = Asunción | div_1 = Capital District (Paraguay){{!}}Capital District | pop_1 = 521462,101241 | img_1 = Paraguay-001.jpg
| city_2 = Ciudad del Este | div_2 = Alto Paraná Department{{!}}Alto Paraná | pop_2 = 306325,679819 | img_2 = Ciudad del Este skyline Imagen 205.jpg
| city_3 = Luque | div_4div_3 = Central Department{{!}}Central | pop_3 = 286259,053705 | img_3 = Silvio Pettirossi International Airport.jpg
| city_4 = San Lorenzo, Paraguay{{!}}San LorenzoCapiatá | div_3div_4 = Central Department{{!}}Central | pop_4 = 260236,171 | img_4 = Catedral de San Lorenzo durante un 10 de Agosto.JPG999
| city_5 = CapiatáSan Lorenzo, Paraguay{{!}}San Lorenzo | div_5 = Central Department{{!}}Central | pop_5 = 245225,013295 | img_5 = Catedral de San Lorenzo durante un 10 de Agosto.JPG
| city_6 = LambaréLimpio | div_6 = Central Department{{!}}Central | pop_6 = 185139,524652
| city_7 = FernandoPedro deJuan la MoraCaballero, Paraguay{{!}}Fernando dePedro laJuan MoraCaballero | div_7 = CentralAmambay Department{{!}}CentralAmambay | pop_7 = 183127,390437
| city_8 = LimpioLambaré | div_8 = Central Department{{!}}Central | pop_8 = 155127,465150
| city_9 = Ñemby | div_9 = Central Department{{!}}Central | pop_9 = 148116,579383
| city_10 = EncarnaciónFernando de la Mora, Paraguay{{!}}EncarnaciónFernando de la Mora | div_10 = ItapúaCentral Department{{!}}ItapúaCentral | pop_10 = 138110,592255
| city_11 = CaaguazúEncarnación, DistrictParaguay{{!}}CaaguazúEncarnación | div_11 = CaaguazúItapúa Department{{!}}CaaguazúItapúa | pop_11 = 127106,328842
| city_12 = Coronel Oviedo | div_12 = Caaguazú Department{{!}}Caaguazú | pop_12 = 12598,893323
| city_13 = PedroCaaguazú Juan Caballero, ParaguayDistrict{{!}}Pedro Juan CaballeroCaaguazú | div_13 = AmambayCaaguazú Department{{!}}AmambayCaaguazú | pop_13 = 12398,784200
| city_14 = Itauguá | div_14 = Central Department{{!}}Central | pop_14 = 11593,140213
| city_15 = MarianoPresidente RoqueFranco Alonso, ParaguayDistrict{{!}}MarianoPresidente Roque AlonsoFranco | div_15 = CentralAlto Paraná Department{{!}}CentralAlto Paraná | pop_15 = 10788,800744
| city_16 = PresidenteMariano FrancoRoque DistrictAlonso, Paraguay{{!}}PresidenteMariano FrancoRoque Alonso | div_16 = Alto ParanáCentral Department{{!}}Alto ParanáCentral | pop_16 = 10785,687133
| city_17 = MingaHernandarias, GuazúParaguay{{!}}Hernandarias | div_17 = Alto Paraná Department{{!}}Alto Paraná | pop_17 = 9383,969285
| city_18 = Concepción,Minga Paraguay{{!}}ConcepciónGuazú | div_18 = ConcepciónAlto Paraná Department (Paraguay){{!}}ConcepciónAlto Paraná | pop_18 = 8881,559072
| city_19 = ItáConcepción, Paraguay{{!}}ItáConcepción | div_19 = CentralConcepción Department (Paraguay){{!}}CentralConcepción | pop_19 = 8373,610360
| city_20 = Villa Elisa, Paraguay{{!}}Villa Elisa | div_20 = Central Department{{!}}Central | pop_20 = 8271,491383
}}
[[File:Concepción Catholic chapel.jpeg|thumb|upright|Main Catholic Chapel in [[Concepción, Paraguay]]]]
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* {{osmrelation-inline|287077}}
* {{cite web |title=Key development forecasts for Paraguay |website=[[International Futures]] (ifs.du.edu) |publisher=[[University of Denver]] |location=Denver, CO |url=http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=PY}}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Paraguay |volume=20 |pages=756–759 |short=1}} (includes commerce data for the early 20th century)
 
; News media
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