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| image_flag = Flag of Paraguay.svg
| flag_caption = {{nowrap|
Flag{{tsp}}{{#tag:ref |The reverse side of the Flag of Paraguay:<br/>[[File:Flag_of_Paraguay_(reverse).svg|100px|left]]{{
<!--(end nowrap:)-->
}}
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Paraguay.svg
| symbol_type = {{nowrap|[[Coat of arms of Paraguay|Seal]]{{tsp}}{{#tag:ref |The reverse side of the National Seal of Paraguay:<br/>[[File:Coat of arms of Paraguay (reverse).svg|100px|left]]{{
| image_map = PRY orthographic.svg
| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=South America |region_color=grey }}
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| leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Paraguay|Vice President]]
| leader_name2 = [[Pedro Alliana]]
| leader_title3 = [[List of presidents of the Senate of Paraguay|President of the Senate]]
| leader_name3 = [[Silvio Ovelar]]
| leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the Chamber of Deputies of Paraguay|President of the Chamber of Deputies]]
| leader_name4 = [[Raul Latorre]]
| leader_title5 = [[Supreme Court of Justice of Paraguay|President of the Supreme Court]]
| leader_name5 = [[César Diesel]]
| legislature = [[Congress of Paraguay|Congress]]
| upper_house = [[Senate of Paraguay|Senate]]
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| area_km2 = 406752
| percent_water = 2.6
| population_census = 6,109,
| population_census_year = 2022
| population_estimate = 6,218,879<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://portalgeoestad.ine.gov.py/|title=Geostatistical viewer: Population, districts, poverty, road and water coverage, etc.|date=20 January 2024|website=INE Paraguay|language=ES}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_estimate_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_density_sq_mi = 39 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| population_density_rank =
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $124.726 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.PY">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=288,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LUR,LP,&sy=2024&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database: Paraguay |date=April 2024 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=30 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428113647/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=288,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LUR,LP,&sy=2024&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_rank = 96th
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| GDP_nominal_rank = 96th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,368<ref name="IMFWEO.PY" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
| sovereignty_type = [[Paraguay campaign|Independence]] {{nobold|from [[Spain]]}}
| established_event1 = Declared
Line 92 ⟶ 98:
| today =
}}
'''Paraguay''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ær|ə|ɡ|w|aɪ}}; {{IPA
Spanish [[conquistador]]es arrived in 1524, and in 1537 established the city of [[Asunción]], the first capital of the [[Governorate of the Río de la Plata]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Paraguay: Cómo Asunción se convirtió en 'madre' de más de 70 ciudades de Sudamérica hace 480 años |series=BBC News Mundo |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-40920828|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918202538/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-40920828|archive-date=18 September 2018}}</ref> During the 17th century, Paraguay was the center of [[Reductions|Jesuit missions]], where the native [[Guaraní people]] were converted to Christianity and introduced to European culture.<ref>{{cite book |author=Caraman, Philip |year=1976 |title=The Lost Paradise: The Jesuit republic in South America |location=New York, NY |publisher=Seabury Press}}</ref> After the [[Suppression of the Society of Jesus|expulsion of the Jesuits]] from Spanish territories in 1767, Paraguay increasingly became a peripheral colony. Following [[Independence of Paraguay|independence from Spain]] in the early 19th century, Paraguay was ruled by a series of authoritarian governments. This period ended with the disastrous [[Paraguayan War]] (1864–1870), during which the country lost half its prewar population and around 25–33% of its territory. In the 20th century, Paraguay faced another major international conflict{{mdash}}the [[Chaco War]] (1932–1935) against Bolivia{{mdash}}in which Paraguay prevailed. The country came under a succession of military dictators, culminating in the 35
Paraguay is a [[developing country]], ranking 105th in the [[Human Development Index]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database |date=April 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |url-status=live |access-date=29 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010203013/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2F+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |archive-date=10 October 2020}}</ref> It is a founding member of [[Mercosur]], the [[United Nations]], the [[Organization of American States]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and the [[Lima Group]]. Additionally, the city of [[Luque]], in metropolitan Asuncion, is the seat of the [[CONMEBOL|South American Football Confederation]].
Although one of only two landlocked countries in South America ([[Bolivia]] is the other), Paraguay has ports on the [[Paraguay River|Paraguay]] and [[Paraná River|Paraná]] rivers that give exit to the Atlantic Ocean, through the Paraná-Paraguay Waterway.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agroindustria.gob.ar/sitio/areas/ss_mercados_agropecuarios/infraestructura/_archivos/000070_Hidrov%C3%ADas/000010_Hidrov%C3%ADa%20Paran%C3%A1%20Paraguay.pdf|title=Paraná-Paraguay Waterway|language=es|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085649/https://www.agroindustria.gob.ar/sitio/areas/ss_mercados_agropecuarios/infraestructura/_archivos/000070_Hidrov%C3%ADas/000010_Hidrov%C3%ADa%20Paran%C3%A1%20Paraguay.pdf|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The majority of Paraguay's 6 million people are ''[[mestizo]]'', and Guarani culture remains widely influential; more than 90% of the population speak various dialects of the [[Guarani language]] alongside Spanish. Paraguay's GDP per capita PPP is the seventh-highest in South America. In a 2017 Positive Experience Index based on global polling data, Paraguay ranked as the "world's happiest place".<ref>{{cite news |title=World's happiest country? Would you believe Paraguay? |website=[[NBC News]] (nbcnews.com) |date=21 May 2014 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/worlds-happiest-country-would-you-believe-paraguay-n110981 |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914163313/https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/worlds-happiest-country-would-you-believe-paraguay-n110981 |archive-date=14 September 2018}}</ref>
==Etymology==
The origin of the name
==History==
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The first Europeans in the area were Spanish explorers in 1516.<ref name=eec>{{cite report |author=Sacks, Richard S. |section=Early explorers and conquistadors |editor1-last=Hanratty |editor1-first=Dannin M. |editor2-last=Meditz |editor2-first=Sandra W. |year=1988 |title=Paraguay: A country study |location=Washington, DC |publisher=U.S. [[Library of Congress]] / [[Government Printing Office|GPO]] |url=http://countrystudies.us/paraguay/2.htm |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919163833/http://countrystudies.us/paraguay/2.htm |archive-date=19 September 2011}}</ref> The Spanish explorer [[Juan de Salazar de Espinosa]] founded the settlement of [[Asunción]] on 15 August 1537. The city eventually became the center of a [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish colonial province of Paraguay]].
An attempt to create an autonomous Christian Indian nation<ref name="cite wdl|#2581">{{cite web |title=Paraguariae Provinciae Soc. Jesu cum Adiacentibg. Novissima Descriptio |
In western Paraguay, Spanish settlement and Christianity were strongly resisted by the nomadic [[Guaycuru peoples|Guaycuru]] and other nomads from the 16th century onward. Most of these peoples were absorbed into the [[mestizo]] population in the 18th and 19th centuries.
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The regime of the López family was characterized by pervasive and rigid centralism in production and distribution. There was no distinction between the public and the private spheres, and the López family ruled the country as it would a large estate.<ref>{{cite report |title=Carlos Antonio López |date=December 1988 |series=Library of Congress Country Studies |publisher=U.S. [[Library of Congress]] |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+py0019) |access-date=30 December 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816005342/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+py0019%29 |archive-date=16 August 2017}}</ref>
The government exerted control on all exports. The export of [[yerba mate]] and valuable wood products maintained the balance of trade between Paraguay and the outside world.<ref>{{worldhistory|section=1665|quote=Page 630}}</ref> The Paraguayan government was extremely protectionist, never accepted loans from abroad and levied high [[tariff]]s against imported foreign products. This [[protectionism]] made the society self-sufficient, and it also avoided the debt suffered by Argentina and Brazil. Slavery existed in Paraguay, although not in great numbers, until 1844, when it was legally abolished in the new constitution.
| last1 = Cunninghame Graham
| first1 =Robert Bontine
| year = 1933
| title = Portrait of a Dictator: Francisco Solano López
| publisher = William Heinemann Ltd.
| location = London
| author1-link =Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham
}}</ref>{{rp|39–40}}
[[Francisco Solano López]], the son of Carlos Antonio López, replaced his father as the President-Dictator in 1862, and generally continued the political policies of his father. Both wanted to give an international image of Paraguay as "democratic and republican", but in fact, the ruling family had almost total control of all public life in the country, including church and colleges.<ref name=rbcg1933 />{{
Militarily, Carlos Antonio López modernized and expanded industry and the [[Paraguayan Army]] and greatly strengthened the strategic defenses of Paraguay by developing the [[Fortress of Humaitá]].<ref>Robert Cowley, ''The Reader's Encyclopedia to Military History''. New York, New York: Houston Mifflin, 1996. Page 479.</ref> The government hired more than 200 foreign technicians, who installed [[telegraph line]]s and railroads to aid the expanding steel, textile, paper and ink, naval construction, weapons and gunpowder industries. The [[Ybycuí]] foundry, completed in 1850, manufactured cannons, mortars and bullets of all calibers. River warships were built in the shipyards of Asunción. Fortifications were built, especially along the [[Apa River]] and in [[Gran Chaco]].<ref name="Hooker">Hooker, T.D., 2008, The Paraguayan War, Nottingham: Foundry Books, {{ISBN|1901543153}}</ref>{{rp|22}} Following the death of Carlos Antonio López, these projects continued under his son Francisco Solano.
In terms of socio-economic development, the country was dubbed "the most advanced Republic in South America", notably by the British judge and politician [[Robert Phillimore|Sir Robert Phillimore]].<ref>Robert Phillimore (1860), ''A Statement of the Facts of the Controversy Between the Governments of Great Britain and Paraguay'', page 2. William Moore Printing, Washington D.C., USA.</ref>
According to George Thompson, Lieutenant Colonel of Engineers in the Paraguayan Army prior to and during the war, López's government was comparatively a good one for Paraguay:
{{blockquote|Probably in no other country in the world has life and property been so secure as all over Paraguay during his (Antonio Lopez's) reign. Crime was almost unknown, and when committed, immediately detected and punished. The mass of the people was, perhaps, the happiest in existence. They had hardly to do any work to gain a livelihood. Each family had its house or hut in its own ground. They planted, in a few days, enough tobacco, maize and mandioca for their own consumption [...]. Having at every hut a grove of oranges [...] and also a few cows, they were almost throughout the year under little necessity [...]. The higher classes, of course, lived more in the European way...|George Thompson, C.E.<ref>{{
| last1 = Thompson
| first1 = George
| year = 1869
| title = The War in Paraguay: With a historical sketch of the country and its people and notes upon the military engineering of the war.
| publisher = Longmans and Green Co.
| location = London
|page=10}}</ref>}}
===Paraguayan War (1864–1870)===
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On 12 October 1864, despite Paraguayan ultimatums, [[Empire of Brazil|Brazil]] (allied with the Argentine Government under General [[Bartolomé Mitre]] and the rebellious [[Colorado Party (Uruguay)|Uruguayan colorados]] led by Gen. [[Venancio Flores]]) invaded the Republic of Uruguay in order to overthrow the government of that time (which was under the rule of the [[National Party (Uruguay)|Blanco Party]], an ally of López),{{efn|The Blanco Party of Uruguay, hardline right wing and reactionary at those days, was in the Uruguayan Government during the outbreak of the war and were allies of the Paraguayan Government.<ref>{{cite book |first=Luis Alberto |last=de Herrera |year=1927 |title=El Drama del 65 – La Culpa Mitrista |pages=11–33 |publisher=Bareiro y Ramos |location=Montevideo, Uruguay}} — classic book by Blanco leader</ref>}} thus starting the [[Paraguayan War]].{{efn| [[Richard Francis Burton|Burton]], a witness of the conflict, marks this date (12–16 October 1864) as the real beginning of the war. He writes (and it is the most logic account, considering the facts): ''The Brazilian Army invades the [[Banda Oriental]], despite the protestations of President López, who declared that such invasion would be held a "casus belli"''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard Francis, Sir |last=Burton |author-link=Richard Francis Burton |year=1870 |title=Letters from the Battlefields of Paraguay |page=76 |publisher=Tinsley Brothers |location=London}}</ref>}}
The Paraguayans, led by the [[Grand marshal|Marshal of the Republic]] [[Francisco Solano López]], retaliated by [[Mato Grosso Campaign|attacking Mato Grosso]] on 15 December 1864 and later declared war against Argentina on 23 March 1865. The Blanco Government was toppled and replaced by a Colorado government under General Venancio Flores on 22 February 1865. Afterward, the [[Argentine Republic]], the [[Empire of Brazil]] and the Republic of Uruguay signed the [[Treaty of the Triple Alliance|Secret Treaty of the Triple Alliance]] against the Paraguayan Government on 1 May 1865.<ref>{{cite book |author=Pomer, León |year=2008 |title=La Guerra del Paraguay: Estado, política y negocios |
On 24 May 1866, the [[Battle of Tuyutí]] led to the loss of 6,000 men when a Paraguayan attack was repelled by the Allies. It was marked as the bloodiest battle in South America during the war.
The Paraguayans put up a ferocious resistance but ultimately lost in 1870 in the [[Battle of Cerro Corá]], where Marshal Solano López refused to surrender and died in action.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hooker, T.D. |year=2008 |title=The Paraguayan War |location=Nottingham, UK |publisher=Foundry Books |pages=105–108 |isbn=978-1901543155}}</ref> The real causes of this war, which remains the bloodiest international conflict in the history of [[The Americas]], are still highly debatable.{{efn|The classical view asserts that Francisco Solano López's expansionist and hegemonic views are the main reason for the outbreak of the conflict. The traditional Paraguayan view, held by the "''lopistas''" (supporters of Solano López in Paraguay and elsewhere), holds that Paraguay acted in self-defense and for the protection of the equilibrium of the Plate Basin. This view is usually contested by the "''anti-lopistas''" (known in Paraguay as "''legionarios''"), who favored the "Triple Alliance". Revisionist views from right and left national populists put a great emphasis on the influence of the British Empire, a view that a majority of historians reject.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}}}
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===Stroessner's overthrow, post-1989===
On 3 February 1989, Stroessner was overthrown in a military coup headed by General [[Andrés Rodríguez (President)|Andrés Rodríguez]]. As president, Rodríguez instituted political, legal, and economic reforms and initiated a ''rapprochement'' with the international community. Reflecting the deep hunger of the rural poor for land, hundreds immediately occupied thousands of acres of unused territories belonging to Stroessner and his associates; by mid-1990, 19,000 families occupied {{convert|340000|acres|-3|abbr=on}}. At the time, 2.06 million people lived in rural areas, more than half of the 4.1 million total population, and most were landless.<ref name="nagel">{{cite journal |author=Nagel, Beverly Y. |year=1999 |title='Unleashing the fury': The cultural discourse of rural violence and land rights in Paraguay |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=148–181 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/S0010417599001905 |s2cid=146491025 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=1921 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016023308/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=1921 |archive-date=16 October 2015|issn=0010-4175 }}</ref>
The June 1992 constitution established a democratic system of government and dramatically improved protection of fundamental human rights. In May 1993, Colorado Party candidate [[Juan Carlos Wasmosy]] was elected as Paraguay's first civilian president in almost forty years, in what international observers deemed free and fair elections.
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On 14 May 2011, Paraguay celebrated its [[Paraguay Bicentennial|bicentenary]] on the 200th anniversary of independence from the Spanish Empire as a sovereign state.
Lugo's supporters gathered outside Congress to protest the decision as a "politically motivated coup d'état".<ref name=CNN22/> Lugo's removal from office on 22 June 2012 is considered by [[UNASUR]] and other neighboring countries, especially those currently governed by leftist leaders, as a coup d'état.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unasursg.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=698%3Acomunicado-asuncion-22-de-junio-de-2012&catid=68%3Acomunicados&Itemid=346 |title=COMUNICADO UNASUR Asunción, 22 de Junio de 2012 |
===Present day===
From August 2013 to 15 August 2018, the [[President of Paraguay]] was [[Horacio Cartes]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/22/world/americas/horacio-cartes-wins-paraguays-presidential-election.html|title=Conservative Tobacco Magnate Wins Presidential Race in Paraguay|first=Simon|last=Romero|date=22 April 2013|work=The New York Times|access-date=7 April 2021|archive-date=2 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102234322/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/22/world/americas/horacio-cartes-wins-paraguays-presidential-election.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 15 August 2018, the [[President of Paraguay]] has been [[Mario Abdo Benítez]]. They are both from the conservative [[Colorado Party (Paraguay)|Colorado Party]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45200965|title=New Paraguayan President Abdo Benítez sworn in|date=15 August 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=1 April 2021|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415203558/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45200965|url-status=live}}</ref> President Mario Abdo enjoyed a close relationship with the Brazilian far-right president (in power
==Geography==
Line 245 ⟶ 268:
Paraguay has [[Conscription|compulsory military service]]; all 18-year-old males, as well as 17-year-old males in the year of their 18th birthday, are liable for one year of [[active duty]]. While the constitution allows for [[Conscientious objector|conscientious objection]], no enabling legislation has yet been approved.
Paraguay has partnered with Argentina, Brazil, and the United States in regional anti-terrorism and anti-narcotics efforts.<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Relations With Paraguay|url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-paraguay/|access-date=3 December 2020|website=United States Department of State|archive-date=1 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601071053/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1841.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2005, U.S. [[special forces]] began arriving at Paraguay's [[Mariscal Estigarribia]] air base to support joint training and humanitarian operations<ref>{{Cite news |title=U.S. military moves in Paraguay rattle regional relations |publisher=[[International Relations Center]] |date=14 December 2005 |url=http://americas.irc-online.org/am/2991|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612192202/http://americas.irc-online.org/am/2991 |archive-date=12 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Clarin">{{cite news |url=http://www.clarin.com/suplementos/zona/2005/09/11/z-03615.htm |title=U.S. marines put a foot in Paraguay |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327063628/http://www.clarin.com/suplementos/zona/2005/09/11/z-03615.htm |archive-date=27 March 2009 |newspaper=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|El Clarín]] |date=9 September 2005 |
Paraguay is the 73rd most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[Global Peace Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf}}</ref>
===Administrative divisions===
Line 265 ⟶ 290:
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|ASU||[[Capital District (Paraguay)|Distrito Capital]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Asunción]]||
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|1||[[Concepción Department (Paraguay)|Concepción]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Concepción, Paraguay|Concepción]]||
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|2||[[San Pedro Department, Paraguay|San Pedro]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[San Pedro, Paraguay|San Pedro]]||
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|3||[[Cordillera Department|Cordillera]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Caacupé]]||
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|4||[[Guairá Department|Guairá]]
▲|style="text-align:left;"|[[Villarrica, Paraguay|Villarrica]]||180,121||3,991||18
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|5||[[Caaguazú Department|Caaguazú]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Coronel Oviedo]]||
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|6||[[Caazapá Department|Caazapá]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Caazapá]]||
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|7||[[Itapúa]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Encarnación, Paraguay|Encarnación]]||
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|8
|[[Misiones Department|Misiones]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[San Juan Bautista, Paraguay|San Juan Bautista]]||
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|9
|[[Paraguarí Department|Paraguarí]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Paraguarí]]||
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|10||[[Alto Paraná Department|Alto Paraná]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Ciudad del Este]]||
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|11||[[Central Department|Central]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Areguá]]||1,
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|12||[[Ñeembucú]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Pilar, Paraguay|Pilar]]||
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|13||[[Amambay]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay|Pedro Juan Caballero]]||
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|14||[[Canindeyú]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Salto del Guairá]]||
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|15||[[Presidente Hayes]]||style="text-align:left;"|[[Villa Hayes]]||
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|16||[[Alto Paraguay]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Fuerte Olimpo]]||17,
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|17||[[Boquerón Department|Boquerón]]
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Filadelfia, Paraguay|Filadelfia]]||
|-
|style="text-align:right;"|–||'''Paraguay'''
|style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Asunción]]'''||'''6,109,
|}
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The market economy is distinguished by a large informal sector, featuring re-export of imported consumer goods to neighboring countries, as well as the activities of thousands of microenterprises and urban street vendors. Nonetheless, over the last 10 years the Paraguayan economy diversified dramatically, with the energy, auto parts and clothing industries leading the way.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paraguay un milagro americano|url=http://paraguay-un-milagro-americano.blogspot.com|access-date=15 January 2015|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526011128/http://paraguay-un-milagro-americano.blogspot.com/|archive-date=26 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
Paraguay's most important [[urban area]]s are located along the [[Argentina-Paraguay border]]: [[Asunción]], [[Alberdi, Paraguay|Alberdi]], [[Encarnación, Paraguay|Encarnación]], [[Pilar, Paraguay|Pilar]] and [[Gran Ciudad del Este|Ciudad del Este]], the latter being the third most important free commercial zone in the world, only trailing behind [[Miami]] and [[Hong Kong]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exportimportstatistics.com/country-profile/Paraguay-profile.aspx|title=Paraguay|website=exportimportstatistics.com|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130204636/http://www.exportimportstatistics.com/country-profile/Paraguay-profile.aspx|archive-date=30 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fronteras.dnm.gov.ar/centros/111-posadas-encarnacion-misiones |title=Centro de Frontera • Posadas - Encarnación, Misiones |publisher=Ministry of the Interior (Argentina) |
In 2012, Paraguay's government introduced the MERCOSUR (FOCEM) system in order to stimulate the economy and job growth through a partnership with both Brazil and Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 April 2012|title=SUBSECRETARIA DE ESTADO DE ECONOMIA - ¿Qué es FOCEM?|url=http://www.economia.gov.py/v2/index.php?tag=que-es-focem|access-date=8 February 2023|archive-date=14 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414050706/http://www.economia.gov.py/v2/index.php?tag=que-es-focem|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{update after|2021|7|14}}<!-- and then what? Many "systems" of political economy are introduced. What was the result of this? -->
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=== Agriculture ===
Paraguay is the sixth-largest [[soybean]] producer in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/paraguay/ |title=Paraguay |date=30 September 2020 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-date=31 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231111825/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/pa.html |url-status=live}}</ref> the second-largest producer of [[stevia]] and the ninth-largest exporter of [[beef]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://agrarias.unca.edu.ar/wp-content/uploads/2018/Revista%20de%20Divulgaci%C3%B3n%20T%C3%A9cnica%20Agr%C3%ADcola%20y%20Agroindustrial/Revista-51-Estevia.pdf |title=ESTUDIO DE MERCADO DE Stevia Rebaudiana bertoni (YERBA DULCE) |
In 2018, in addition to soy, the country had a large production of [[maize]] and [[sugar cane]], where it positioned itself as the 21st largest producer in the world; other important cultures of the country are [[cassava]], [[rice]], [[wheat]], [[Orange (fruit)|orange]], [[yerba mate]], and [[sorghum]]. In livestock, Paraguay produced, in 2020, 481 thousand tons of beef, being the 26th largest producer in the world.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/| title = Paraguay production in 2018, by FAO| access-date = 11 July 2022| archive-date = 12 November 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/| url-status = live}}</ref>
Soy farming was largely introduced by Brazilians: in 2019, almost 70% of soy and rice producers in Paraguay were people from Brazil, or descendants of Brazilians (the so-called brasiguaios). The first Brazilian producers began to arrive in the country in the 1980s. Before the Brazilian influx, much of the land in Paraguay was uncultivated.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brasileños protagonizan conflictos de tierras en el Paraguay |
More than 80% of the cultivable land is owned by 2.6% of landowners. Nearly 8 million hectares were illegally granted, in violation of the agrarian law, to regime supporters during the dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner (1954–1989), and the state has done nothing since to identify the beneficiaries of this illicit enrichment. These owners include generals, businessmen, and politicians, former presidents of the Republic, Nicaraguan dictator [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]], and even the ruling [[Colorado Party (Paraguay)|Colorado Party]]. More than 130 peasant leaders have been assassinated since the fall of Stroessner in 1989.<ref name=":0">Paraguay, un país devorado por la soja, enero de 2014</ref>
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The [[World Bank]] lists the top producing countries each year, based on the total value of production. By the 2019 list, Paraguay had the 79th most valuable industry in the world ($6.9 billion).<ref>{{cite web |title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$) |department=Data |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=[[World Bank]] |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=7 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107135049/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live }}</ref> The country was the seventh largest producer of [[soybean oil]] in the world in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=FAOSTAT |website=fao.org |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[mineral industry of Paraguay]] produces about 25% of the country's [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) and employs about 31% of the labor force. Production of [[cement]], [[iron ore]], and [[steel]] occurs commonly throughout Paraguay's industrial sector. The growth of the industry was further fueled by the [[maquila]] industry, with large industrial complexes located in the eastern part of the country. Paraguay put in place many incentives aimed to attract industries to the country. One of them is the so-called "Maquila law" by which companies can relocate to Paraguay, enjoying minimal tax rates.{{
In the [[pharmaceutical industry]], Paraguayan companies now{{when|date=February 2016}} meet 70% of domestic consumption and have begun to export drugs. Paraguay is quickly{{quantify|date=February 2016}} supplanting foreign suppliers in meeting the country's drug needs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pharmaceutical industry in Paraguay, betting on innovation |date=25 August 2016 |website=Leading Edge Guides |url=http://www.leadingedgeguides.com/betting-on-innovation/ |url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214064729/http://www.leadingedgeguides.com/betting-on-innovation/ |archive-date=14 December 2018}}</ref> Strong growth also is evident in the production of edible oils, garments, organic sugar, meat processing, and steel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paraguay |website=exportimportstatistics.com |url=https://www.exportimportstatistics.com/country-profile/Paraguay-profile.aspx |url-status=live |access-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118141929/https://www.exportimportstatistics.com/country-profile/Paraguay-profile.aspx |archive-date=18 January 2021}}</ref>
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|archive-date=14 May 2015
}}
</ref> Paraguay was ranked 98th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite book
====Social issues of the indigenous====
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[[Image:Mapa RutasPY2019.png|thumb|left|National roads of Paraguay]]
According to official data from the M.O.P.C (Ministry of Public Works and Communications of Paraguay), in 2019, there were a total of {{convert|78850|km|0|abbr=on}} of roads, of which {{convert|10372|km|0|abbr=on}} were paved.
The [[Paraná River|Paraná-Paraguay system]] is a natural
[[Silvio Pettirossi International Airport|Asunción airport]] is an important stopover for international airlines and [[Guaraní International Airport|Ciudad del Este airport]], is an important international air cargo hub.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gol retoma voos do Brasil para o Paraguai |newspaper=Aero Magazine |date=11 April 2022 |url=https://aeromagazine.uol.com.br/artigo/gol-retoma-voos-do-brasil-para-o-paraguai.html |last1=Cardoso |first1=Marcel |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921122011/https://aeromagazine.uol.com.br/artigo/gol-retoma-voos-do-brasil-para-o-paraguai.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
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All of [[Electricity sector in Paraguay|Paraguay's electricity]] is generated by [[hydroelectricity|hydropower]], making it one of the [[List of countries by electricity production from renewable sources|cleanest in the world]]. [[File:ItaipuAerea2AAL.jpg|thumb]]
Paraguay has an installed electrical production capacity of 8,110 MW, producing 63 billion [[kilowatt-hour|kWh]]/year in 2016; with domestic consumption of just 15 billion kWh, the excess production is sold to Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay, making Paraguay the world's largest exporter of electric power.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paraguay |department=International |website=U.S. [[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA) (eia.gov) |url=https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/country.php?iso=PRY |url-status=live |access-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106204323/https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/country.php?iso=PRY |archive-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> This production is from two large [[hydroelectric power]] projects along its borders, including the [[Itaipu Dam]], the world's second largest generating station.
==Demographics==
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Paraguay's population is distributed unevenly through the country, with the vast majority of people living in the eastern region near the capital and largest city, [[Asunción]], which accounts for 10% of the country's population. The [[Gran Chaco]] region, which includes the [[Alto Paraguay Department|Alto Paraguay]], [[Boquerón Department|Boquerón]] and [[Presidente Hayes Department]], and accounts for about 60% of the territory, is home to less than 4% of the population. About 63% of Paraguayans live in urban areas, making Paraguay one of the least urbanized nations in South America.
For most of its history, Paraguay has been a recipient of immigrants, owing to its low population density, especially after the demographic collapse caused by the Paraguayan War. Immigrants include [[Italians in Paraguay|Italians]], [[German Paraguayans|Germans]], Spanish, [[English people in Paraguay|English]], Russians, [[Koreans in Paraguay|Koreans]], Chinese, [[Lebanese migration to Paraguay|Arabs]], [[Japanese Paraguayans|Japanese]], [[Ukrainians in Paraguay|Ukrainians]], [[Poles (people)|Poles]], [[Jews]], Brazilians, [[Argentines]], [[Americans]], [[Bolivians]], [[Venezuelans]], [[Mexicans]], [[Chileans]], [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]], [[Asian people]] and [[Uruguayans]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Brasileños, Argentinos, Coreanos y Taiwaneses, encabezan ranking de inmigrantes en Paraguay |date=7 December 2021 |website=Hoy Paraguay (hoy.com.py) |
[[File:Caacupe5.jpg|thumb|left|A gathering in [[Caacupé]]]]
There is no official data on the ethnic composition of the Paraguayan population, as the Department of Statistics, Surveys and Censuses of Paraguay does not ask about ''race'' and ''ethnicity'' in census surveys, although it does inquire about the indigenous population. According to the 2022 census, indigenous people made up 2.3% of Paraguay's total population.<ref name=population/>
Traditionally, the majority of the Paraguayan population is considered mixed (''mestizo'' in Spanish). According to the 2022 census, Paraguay has a population of 6 109
{{Largest cities
| country = Paraguay
| stat_ref = (2022 census)<ref name=population/>
| div_name = Department
| city_1 = Asunción | div_1 = Capital District (Paraguay){{!}}Capital District | pop_1 =
| city_2 = Ciudad del Este | div_2 = Alto Paraná Department{{!}}Alto Paraná | pop_2 =
| city_3 = Luque |
| city_4 =
| city_5 =
| city_6 =
| city_7 =
| city_8 =
| city_9 = Ñemby | div_9 = Central Department{{!}}Central | pop_9 =
| city_10 =
| city_11 =
| city_12 = Coronel Oviedo | div_12 = Caaguazú Department{{!}}Caaguazú | pop_12 =
| city_13 =
| city_14 = Itauguá | div_14 = Central Department{{!}}Central | pop_14 =
| city_15 =
| city_16 =
| city_17 =
| city_18 =
| city_19 =
| city_20 = Villa Elisa, Paraguay{{!}}Villa Elisa | div_20 = Central Department{{!}}Central | pop_20 =
}}
[[File:Concepción Catholic chapel.jpeg|thumb|upright|Main Catholic Chapel in [[Concepción, Paraguay]]]]
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The 1950s and 1960s were the time of the birth of a new generation of Paraguayan novelists and poets such as [[José Ricardo Mazó]], [[Roque Vallejos]], and Nobel Prize nominee [[Augusto Roa Bastos]]. Several [[Cinema of Paraguay|Paraguayan films]] have been made.
Inside the family, conservative values predominate. In lower classes, [[godparent]]s have a special relationship to the family, since
The most popular instruments in Paraguayan music are the harp and the guitar. The native genres are the Paraguayan polka and the guarania, characterised by a slow song that was developed by José Asunción Flores around the 1920s.<ref>{{cite web | title=Cuna del arpa y la guitarra - Locales | website=ABC Color Paraguay (abc.com.py) | url=https://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/locales/cuna-del-arpa--y-la-guitarra-395563.html | access-date=24 November 2022 | archive-date=24 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124002240/https://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/locales/cuna-del-arpa--y-la-guitarra-395563.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=José Asunción Flores y la guarania - Articulos | website=ABC Color Paraguay | url=https://www.abc.com.py/articulos/jose-asuncion-flores-y-la-guarania-859204.html | access-date=24 November 2022 | archive-date=24 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124002241/https://www.abc.com.py/articulos/jose-asuncion-flores-y-la-guarania-859204.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
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==External links==
{{Commons category|Paraguay}}
{{Wikinews category}}
; Government
* {{cite web |title=Chief of State and Cabinet Members |publisher=U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]] |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-p/paraguay.html |url-status=dead <!-- presumed --> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528053421/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-p/paraguay.html |archive-date=28 May 2010}}
* {{cite web |title=National Department of Tourism |
* {{cite web |title=Ministry of Finance with economic and government information |
; General information
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* {{osmrelation-inline|287077}}
* {{cite web |title=Key development forecasts for Paraguay |website=[[International Futures]] (ifs.du.edu) |publisher=[[University of Denver]] |location=Denver, CO |url=http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=PY}}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Paraguay |volume=20 |pages=756–759 |short=1}} (includes commerce data for the early 20th century)
; News media
* {{cite web |title=La Rueda – Weekly reviews |
* {{cite web |title=ABC Color Paraguay |
* {{cite web |title=Última Hora |
* {{cite web |title=La Nación |
* {{cite web |title=Paraguay.com |
* {{cite web |title=Ñanduti |
* {{cite web |title=Paraguayan Pymes News |
; Trade
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; Travel
* {{cite web |title=Tradition, Culture, Maps, Tourism |website=Paraguay.com |url=http://www.Paraguay.com/}}
* {{Wikivoyage
* {{cite web |title=Tourism in Paraguay, information, pictures and more |website=Turismo.com.py |
{{Paraguay topics}}
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