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{{redirect-multi|3|Tedium|Bored|Ennui|the 2008 film|Khastegi|other uses|Bored (disambiguation)|and|Ennui (disambiguation)|and|Boredom (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Souvenir Seller - Moscow - Russia cropped.JPG|thumb|right|262px|A [[souvenir]] seller in [[Moscow]] appears bored as she waits for customers.]]
{{Emotion}}
In conventional usage, '''boredom''', '''ennui''', or '''tedium''' is an [[emotion]] characterized by uninterest in one's surrounding, often caused by a lack of distractions or occupations. Although, "There is no universally accepted definition of boredom. But whatever it is, researchers argue, it is not simply another name for [[Depression (mood)|depression]] or [[apathy]]. It seems to be a specific [[mental state]] that people find unpleasant—a lack of stimulation that leaves them craving relief, with a host of behavioral, medical and social consequences."<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-boredom-is-anything-but-boring/|title=Why Boredom Is Anything but Boring|first=Maggie|last=Koerth-Baker|journal=Nature|year=2016|volume=529|issue=7585|pages=146–148|doi=10.1038/529146a|pmid=26762441|bibcode=2016Natur.529..146K|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608101457/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-boredom-is-anything-but-boring/|archive-date=8 June 2017|doi-access=free}}</ref> According to BBC News, boredom "...can be a dangerous and disruptive state of mind that damages your [[health]]"; yet research "...suggest[s] that without boredom we couldn't achieve our [[Creativity|creative feats]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20141218-why-boredom-is-good-for-you|title=Psychology: Why boredom is bad... and good for you|first=David|last=Robson|website=bbc.com|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824121704/http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20141218-why-boredom-is-good-for-you|archive-date=24 August 2017}}</ref>
In ''Experience Without Qualities: Boredom and Modernity'', Elizabeth Goodstein traces the modern discourse on boredom through literary, philosophical, and sociological texts to find that as "a discursively articulated phenomenon...boredom is at once objective and subjective, emotion and intellectualization—not just a response to the [[modern world]], but also a historically constituted strategy for coping with its discontents."<ref>Goodstein, Elizabeth S. 2005. Experience Without Qualities: Boredom and Modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 3.</ref> In both conceptions, boredom has to do fundamentally with an [[Time perception|experience of
==Etymology and terminology==
The expression ''to be a bore'' had been used in print in the sense of "to be tiresome or dull" since 1768 at the latest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=b&p=27 |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=2013-12-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213061635/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=b&p=27 |archive-date=2013-12-13}}</ref> The expression "boredom" means "state of being bored," 1852, from bore (v.1) + -dom. It also has been employed in a sense "bores as a class" (1883) and "practice of being a bore" (1864, a sense properly belonging to boreism, 1833).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=boredom |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=2015-12-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163157/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=boredom |archive-date=2015-12-22 }}</ref> The word "bore" as a noun meaning a "thing which causes ennui or annoyance" is attested to since 1778; "of persons by 1812". The noun "bore" comes from the verb "bore", which had the meaning "[to] be tiresome or dull" first attested [in] 1768, a vogue word {{circa|1780}}–81 according to Grose (1785); possibly a figurative extension of "to move forward slowly and persistently, as a [hole-] boring tool does."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=bore |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=2015-12-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222150953/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=bore |archive-date=2015-12-22 }}</ref> A popular misconception is that [[Charles Dickens]] coined the term "boredom" in his work ''[[Bleak House]]'', published in 1853. The word, however, has been attested since at least 1829 in an issue of the publication ''The Albion''.<ref>{{cite web |title=You Didn't Invent That: Charles Dickens and Boredom |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/charles-dickens-boredom/ |website=Dictionary.com |date=15 December 2015 |access-date=8 April 2021}}</ref>
The French term for boredom,
==Psychology==
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Boredom also plays a role in [[existentialism|existentialist]] thought. [[Søren Kierkegaard]] and [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] were two of the first philosophers considered fundamental to the existentialist movement. Like [[Blaise Pascal|Pascal]], they were interested in people's quiet struggle with the apparent meaninglessness of life and the use of diversion to escape from boredom. Kierkegaard's ''[[Either/Or]]'' describes the [[rotation method]], a method used by higher-level aesthetes in order to avoid boredom. The method is an essential [[hedonism|hedonistic]] aspect of the aesthetic way of life. For the aesthete, one constantly changes what one is doing in order to maximize the enjoyment and pleasure derived from each activity.
In contexts where one is confined, spatially or otherwise, boredom may be met with various religious activities, not because religion would want to associate itself with tedium, but rather, partly because boredom may be taken as the essential human condition, to which God, wisdom, or morality are the ultimate answers. Many
[[Martin Heidegger]] wrote about boredom in two texts available in English, in the 1929/30 semester lecture course ''The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics'', and again in the essay ''What is Metaphysics?'' published in the same year. In the lecture, Heidegger included about 100 pages on boredom, probably the most extensive philosophical treatment ever of the subject. He focused on waiting at [[railway station]]s in particular as a major context of boredom.<ref>Martin Heidegger. ''The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics'', pp. 78–164.</ref> [[Søren Kierkegaard]] remarks in ''[[Either/Or]]'' that "patience cannot be depicted" visually, since there is a sense that any immediate moment of life may be fundamentally tedious.
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