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'''Finland''',{{efn|{{lang-fi|Suomi}} {{IPA-fi|ˈsuo̯mi||fi-suomi.ogg}}; {{lang-sv|Finland}} {{IPA-sv|ˈfɪ̌nland||sv-Finland.ogg}}}} officially the '''Republic of Finland''',{{efn|{{Lang-fi|Suomen tasavalta}}; {{Lang-sv|Republiken Finland}}; {{small|{{audio|Suomi Finland.ogg|listen to all|help=no}}}}}}{{efn|"Republic of Finland", or {{lang|fi|Suomen tasavalta}} in Finnish, {{lang|sv|Republiken Finland}} in Swedish, and {{lang|se|Suoma dásseváldi}} in Sami, is the long protocol name, which is however not defined by law. Legislation recognizes only the short name.}} is a [[Nordic country]] in [[Northern Europe]]. It borders [[Sweden]] to the northwest, [[Norway]] to the north, and [[Russia]] to the east, with the [[Gulf of Bothnia]] to the west and the [[Gulf of Finland]] to the south, opposite [[Estonia]]. Finland covers a total area of {{convert|338145|km2|mi2}}, including a land area of {{convert|303815|km2|mi2}},<ref name="auto2"/>
Finland was first settled around 9000 BC after the [[Last Glacial Period|last Ice Age]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Muinaisuutemme jäljet|first1=Georg|last1=Haggren|first2=Petri|last2=Halinen|first3=Mika|last3=Lavento|first4=Sami|last4=Raninen|first5=Anna|last5=Wessman|publisher=Gaudeamus|year=2015|isbn=978-952-495-363-4|location=Helsinki|page=23}}</ref> During the [[Stone Age]], various cultures emerged, distinguished by different styles of ceramics. The [[Bronze Age]] and [[Iron Age]]s were marked by contacts with other cultures in [[Fennoscandia]] and the [[Baltic region]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Muinaisuutemme jäljet|first1=Georg|last1=Haggren|first2=Petri|last2=Halinen|first3=Mika|last3=Lavento|first4=Sami|last4=Raninen|first5=Anna|last5=Wessman|publisher=Gaudeamus|year=2015|isbn=978-952-495-363-4|location=Helsinki|page=339}}</ref> From the late 13th century, Finland became part of Sweden as a result of the [[Northern Crusades]]. In 1809, as a result of the [[Finnish War]], Finland was captured from Sweden and became [[Grand Duchy of Finland|an autonomous grand duchy]] within the [[Russian Empire]]. During this period, [[Golden Age of Finnish Art|Finnish art flourished]] and the [[Independence of Finland|independence movement]] began to take hold. Finland became the first territory in Europe to grant [[Universal suffrage#Dates by country|universal suffrage]] in 1906, and the first in the world to give all adult citizens the right to run for public office.<ref name="eduskunta">{{cite web |url=http://web.eduskunta.fi/Resource.phx/parliament/aboutparliament/presentation/history.htx |work=eduskunta.fi |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2015 |author=Parliament of Finland |title=History of the Finnish Parliament |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20151206184816/http://web.eduskunta.fi/Resource.phx/parliament/aboutparliament/presentation/history.htx }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|name="full suffrage"|Finland was the first nation in the world to give all (adult) citizens full suffrage, in other words the right to vote and to run for office, in 1906. New Zealand was the first country in the world to grant all (adult) citizens the right to vote in 1893, but women did not get the right to run for the New Zealand legislature until 1919.}} Following the [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917, Finland [[Finnish Declaration of Independence|declared its independence]]. [[Finnish Civil War|A civil war]] was fought in Finland the following year, with the [[Whites (Finland)|Whites]] emerging victorious. Finland's status as a [[republic]] was confirmed in 1919. During [[Finland in World War II|World War II]], Finland fought against the [[Soviet Union]] in the [[Winter War]] and the [[Continuation War]], and later against [[Nazi Germany]] in the [[Lapland War]]. As a result, it lost parts of its territory but retained its independence.
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The Finnish people elected [[Tarja Halonen]] in the [[2000 Finnish presidential election|2000 Presidential election]], making her the first female President of Finland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.councilwomenworldleaders.org/tarja-halonen.html|title=TARJA HALONEN – President of Finland (2000–2012)|publisher=Council of Women World Leaders|access-date=29 April 2022|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519024324/https://www.councilwomenworldleaders.org/tarja-halonen.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Her predecessor, President [[Martti Ahtisaari]], later won the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 2008. [[Financial crisis of 2007–2008|Financial crises]] paralysed <!--DO NOT change to paralyzed, see [[Oxford spelling#Defining feature]].--> Finland's exports in 2008, leading to weaker economic growth throughout the decade.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vnk.fi/documents/10616/339615/The+nature+of+Finland%E2%80%99s+economic+crisis+and+the+prerequisites+for+growth+-memorandum/07f3b69a-25cb-4347-a713-b0f91c23a931|title=The nature of Finland's economic crisis and the prerequisites for growth|first1=Bengt|last1=Holmström|first2=Sixten|last2=Korkman|first3=Matti|last3=Pohjola|website=VNK.fi|date=21 February 2014|access-date=29 April 2022|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120214313/https://vnk.fi/documents/10616/339615/The%20nature%20of%20Finland%E2%80%99s%20economic%20crisis%20and%20the%20prerequisites%20for%20growth%20-memorandum/07f3b69a-25cb-4347-a713-b0f91c23a931|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/2015/3/shortage-of-new-firms-jams-labour-market-recovery/|title=Shortage of new firms jams labour market recovery|first1=Matti|last1=Virén|first2=Juuso|last2=Vanhala|work=Bank of Finland Bulletin|date=30 June 2015|access-date=29 April 2022|archive-date=21 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521192236/https://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/2015/3/shortage-of-new-firms-jams-labour-market-recovery/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sauli Niinistö]] was elected President of Finland from 2012 until 2024, when [[Alexander Stubb]] took over.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/news/3-10960387|title=Poll suggests record-level support for Finnish President|work=[[Yle News]]|date=7 September 2019|access-date=29 April 2022|archive-date=29 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429054955/https://yle.fi/news/3-10960387|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2024/02/12/five-things-to-know-about-finlands-new-selfie-president-alex-stubb|title=Five things to know about Finland's new 'selfie' president Alex Stubb|date=12 February 2024|website=euronews}}</ref>
Finnish support for [[NATO]] rose sharply after the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022]]. Before February 2022, opinion polls showed a narrow but decisive majority against NATO membership;<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2022 |title=MTV Uutisten kysely: Nato-jäsenyyden kannatus on noussut 30 prosenttiin, vastustus laskenut selvästi – "Turvallisempaa olisi lännen kanssa" |url=https://www.mtvuutiset.fi/artikkeli/mtv-uutisten-kysely-nato-jasenyyden-kannatus-on-noussut-30-prosenttiin-vastustus-laskenut-selvasti-turvallisempaa-olisi-lannen-kanssa/8340650 |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=mtvuutiset.fi |language=fi |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516045147/https://www.mtvuutiset.fi/artikkeli/mtv-uutisten-kysely-nato-jasenyyden-kannatus-on-noussut-30-prosenttiin-vastustus-laskenut-selvasti-turvallisempaa-olisi-lannen-kanssa/8340650 |url-status=live }}</ref> by April, a supermajority was in favour of membership.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2022 |title=MTV:n kysely: Nato-jäsenyyttä kannattaa 68 prosenttia suomalaisista – Venäjän vastatoimet huolestuttavat |url=https://www.mtvuutiset.fi/artikkeli/mtv-n-kysely-nato-jasenyytta-kannattaa-68-prosenttia-suomalaisista/8400808 |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=mtvuutiset.fi |language=fi |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426215025/https://www.mtvuutiset.fi/artikkeli/mtv-n-kysely-nato-jasenyytta-kannattaa-68-prosenttia-suomalaisista/8400808 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61093302|title=Ukraine War: Finland to decide on Nato membership in weeks says PM Marin|work=BBC News|date=13 April 2022|access-date=29 April 2022|archive-date=13 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513004125/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61093302|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/22/finland-sweden-nato-membership-russia-ukraine-war/|title='Thanks, Putin': Finnish and Swedish Lawmakers Aim for NATO Membership|first=Robbie|last=Gramer|work=Foreign Policy|date=22 April 2022|access-date=29 April 2022|archive-date=29 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429054955/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/22/finland-sweden-nato-membership-russia-ukraine-war/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/04/28/nato-chief-says-finland-and-sweden-could-join-quickly-as-both-warm-to-membership|title=NATO chief says Finland and Sweden could join 'quickly' as both warm to membership|first=Joshua|last=Askew|work=Euronews|date=29 April 2022|access-date=29 April 2022|archive-date=28 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428223530/https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/04/28/nato-chief-says-finland-and-sweden-could-join-quickly-as-both-warm-to-membership|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 May 2022, Finland signed a mutual security pact with the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61408700|date=11 May 2022|title=UK agrees mutual security deals with Finland and Sweden|publisher=BBC|quote=The UK has agreed mutual security pacts with Sweden and Finland, agreeing to come to their aid should either nation come under attack. UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson visited both countries to sign the deals, amid debate about them joining Nato.|access-date=12 May 2022|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531030455/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61408700|url-status=live}}</ref> On 12 May, Finland's
==Geography==
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Finland's [[Finland–Russia relations|relationship with Russia]] deteriorated following the 2022 [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], with a number of Russian diplomats expelled for spying, Russians restricted from visiting Finland and the general opinion immediately changing for [[Finland–NATO relations|Finland to join NATO]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Finnish government approves indefinite entry restrictions for Russians |date=6 July 2023 |url=https://newsinfrance.com/finnish-government-approves-indefinite-entry-restrictions-for-russians/ |access-date=21 July 2023 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720234936/https://newsinfrance.com/finnish-government-approves-indefinite-entry-restrictions-for-russians/ |url-status=live }}</ref> while it has also had a significant impact on the increasing strengthold of [[Finland–United States relations|relations between the United States and Finland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/finland-strengthens-trade-relations-in-increasingly-important-us-market|title=Finland strengthens trade relations in increasingly important US market|publisher=[[Finnish Government]]|date=12 December 2022|access-date=19 December 2023|archive-date=19 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219010500/https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/finland-strengthens-trade-relations-in-increasingly-important-us-market|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the 2024 [[Global Peace Index]], Finland is the 13th most peaceful country in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf}}</ref>
===Military===
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