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{{Short description|
{{Other people}}
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{{Featured article}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2012}}
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{{infobox person
| name = Ian Fleming
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| mother = [[Evelyn St. Croix Fleming]]
| father = [[Valentine Fleming]]
| relatives = [[Peter Fleming (writer)|Peter Fleming]] (brother)<br />[[Amaryllis Fleming]] (half-sister)
}}
'''Ian Lancaster Fleming''' (28 May 1908 – 12 August 1964) was
While working for Britain's [[Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)|Naval Intelligence Division]] during the Second World War, Fleming was involved in planning [[Operation Goldeneye]] and in the planning and oversight of two intelligence units: [[30 Assault Unit]] and [[T-Force]]. He drew from his wartime service and his career as a journalist for much of the background, detail, and depth of his [[List of James Bond novels and short stories|James Bond novels]].
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=== Birth and family ===
[[File:A link to James Bond - geograph.org.uk - 1255756.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|alt=A discoloured brass plaque showing the names of those local men killed in the First World War|The [[Glenelg, Highland|Glenelg]] War Memorial, listing [[Valentine Fleming]], Ian's father]]
Ian<!-- Don't remove his first name: it's the first use outside the lead, so the full name is shown --> Lancaster Fleming was born on 28 May 1908, at 27 [[Green Street, Mayfair|Green Street]] in the wealthy London district of [[Mayfair]].<ref name="Lycett (DNB)" /><ref>{{cite book |publisher=General Register Office |location=United Kingdom |title=England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes |date=1837–1915 |volume=1a |page=420a}}</ref> His mother was [[Evelyn St. Croix Fleming|Evelyn "Eve" Fleming]], ''{{nee}}'' Rose, and his father was [[Valentine Fleming]], the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Henley (UK Parliament constituency)|Henley]] from 1910 to 1917.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fleming, Ian Lancaster, (28 May 1908 – 12 Aug. 1964), writer |url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-56886 |access-date=3 March 2021 |website=Who's Who & Who Was Who |year=2007 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u56886 |isbn=978-0-19-954089-1}}</ref><ref name="Churchill Obit" /> As an infant he briefly lived with his family at [[Braziers Park]] in Oxfordshire.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.braziers.org.uk/buildings-and-land |title=Buildings and Land |series=Braziers Park |date=16 March 2009 |access-date=23 March 2017}}</ref> Fleming was a grandson of the Scottish financier [[Robert Fleming (financier)|Robert Fleming]], who co-founded the [[Scottish American Investment Company]] and the merchant bank [[Robert Fleming & Co.]]<ref name="Lycett (DNB)" />{{efn|Since 2000 Robert Fleming & Co has been part of [[JPMorgan Chase]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Griffiths |first=Katherine |title=Abbey buys Fleming Premier for £106m |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=15 May 2001 |page=18 |location=London}}</ref>}}
In 1914, with the start of the First World War, Valentine Fleming joined [[Squadron (army)|"C" Squadron]] of [[Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars]], and rose to the rank of [[Major (United Kingdom)|
Fleming's elder brother [[Peter Fleming (writer)|Peter]] (1907–1971) became a travel writer and married actress [[Celia Johnson]].<ref name="PF Obit (1971)" /> Peter served with the [[Grenadier Guards]] during the Second World War, was later commissioned under [[Colin Gubbins]] to help establish the [[Auxiliary Units]], and became involved in behind-the-lines operations in Norway and Greece during the war.<ref name="PF Obit (1971)" />
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=== Education and early life ===
In 1914 Fleming attended [[Durnford School]], a [[Preparatory school (United Kingdom)|preparatory school]] on the [[Isle of Purbeck]] in [[Dorset]].{{sfn|DelFattore|1989|p=86}}{{efn|The school was near to the estate of the Bond family, who could trace their ancestry to an Elizabethan spy named John Bond, and whose motto was ''Non Sufficit Orbis''—the world is not enough.<ref>{{cite news |last=Britten |first=Nick |title=Ian Fleming 'used 16th century spy as inspiration for James Bond' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/3285886/Ian-Fleming-used-16th-century-spy-as-inspiration-for-James-Bond.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/3285886/Ian-Fleming-used-16th-century-spy-as-inspiration-for-James-Bond.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=4 December 2011 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=30 October 2008 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}} He did not enjoy his time at Durnford; he suffered unpalatable food, physical hardship and bullying.{{sfn| DelFattore |1989|p=86}}
[[File:Eton College quadrangle.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A building in the Tudor style with a courtyard in front|[[Eton College]], Fleming's ''alma mater'' from 1921 to 1927]]
In 1921 Fleming enrolled at [[Eton College]]. Not a high achiever academically, he excelled at athletics and held the title of ''[[Victor Ludorum]]'' ("Winner of the Games") for two years between 1925 and 1927.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=33}} He also edited a school magazine, ''The Wyvern''.<ref name="Lycett (DNB)" /> His lifestyle at Eton brought him into conflict with his housemaster, E. V. Slater, who disapproved of Fleming's attitude, his hair oil, his ownership of a car and his relations with women.{{sfn| DelFattore |1989|p=86}} Slater persuaded Fleming's mother to remove him from Eton a term early for a [[Cram school|crammer]] course to gain entry to the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]].<ref name=":0" />{{sfn| DelFattore |1989|p=86}} He spent less than a year there, leaving in 1927 without gaining a commission, after contracting [[gonorrhea]].{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=33}}
In 1927, to prepare Fleming for possible entry into the [[Foreign Office]],{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=45}} his mother sent him to the Tennerhof in [[Kitzbühel]], Austria, a small private school run by the [[Adlerian]] disciple and former British spy Ernan Forbes Dennis and his novelist wife, [[Phyllis Bottome]].{{sfn|DelFattore|1989|p=87}} After improving his language skills there, he studied briefly at [[Munich University]] and the [[University of Geneva]].<ref name="Lycett (DNB)" /> While in Geneva, Fleming began a romance with Monique Panchaud de Bottens{{efn|Some sources provide the name as "Monique Panchaud de Bottomes".{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=17}}}} and the couple became engaged just before he returned to London in September 1931 to take the Foreign Office exam. He scored an adequate pass standard, but failed to get a job offer.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=46}} His mother intervened in his affairs, lobbying [[Roderick Jones (journalist)|Sir Roderick Jones]], head of [[Reuters|Reuters News Agency]], and in October 1931 he was given a position as a [[sub-editor]] and journalist for the company.<ref name="Lycett (DNB)" /> In April 1933 Fleming spent time in [[Moscow]], where he covered the [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] [[show trial]] of six engineers from the British company [[Metropolitan-Vickers]].{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=46}} While there he applied for an interview with Soviet premier [[Joseph Stalin]], and was amazed to receive a personally signed note apologising for not being able to attend.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=39}} Upon returning from Moscow he ended the engagement to Monique after his mother threatened to cut off his trust fund allowance.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=59}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Buckton |first=Oliver |title=The World Is Not Enough: A Biography of Ian Fleming |year=2021 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=
Fleming bowed to family pressure again in October 1933, and went into banking with a position at the financiers Cull & Co.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=46}} In 1935 he moved to Rowe and Pitman on [[Bishopsgate]] as a stockbroker.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=39}} Fleming was unsuccessful in both roles.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=72}}{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=46}} The same year, Fleming met Muriel Wright whilst skiing in Kitzbühel, and began a long-term relationship with her. After her death during a
=== Second World War ===
[[File:Old Admiralty Building 2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=A red brick building with white stone detailing in the Queen Anne style with French influences|[[British Admiralty#The Admiralty|The Admiralty]], where Fleming worked in the [[Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)|Naval Intelligence Division]] during the Second World War]]
In May 1939 Fleming was recruited by [[Rear Admiral]] [[John Henry Godfrey|John Godfrey]], [[Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)|Director of Naval Intelligence]] of the [[Royal Navy]], to become his [[personal assistant]]. He joined the organisation full-time in August 1939,{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=99}} with the codename "17F",{{sfn|Gant|1966|p=45}} and worked out of Room 39 at [[British Admiralty|the Admiralty]], now known as the Ripley Building.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=101}} Fleming's biographer, [[Andrew Lycett]], notes that Fleming had "no obvious qualifications" for the role.<ref name="Lycett (DNB)" /> As part of his appointment, Fleming was commissioned into the [[Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve]] in July 1939,{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=99}} initially as [[Lieutenant (navy)|
Fleming proved invaluable as Godfrey's personal assistant and excelled in administration.<ref name="Lycett (DNB)" /> Godfrey was known as an abrasive character who made enemies within government circles. He frequently used Fleming as a liaison with other sections of the government's wartime administration, such as the [[Secret Intelligence Service]], the [[Political Warfare Executive]], the [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE), the [[Joint Intelligence Committee (United Kingdom)|Joint Intelligence Committee]] and the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]'s staff.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=28}}
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On 29 September 1939, soon after the start of the war, Godfrey circulated a memorandum that, "bore all the hallmarks of ... Lieutenant Commander Ian Fleming", according to historian [[Ben Macintyre]].{{sfn|Macintyre|2010|p=6}} It was called the [[Trout Memo]] and compared the deception of an enemy in wartime to [[fly fishing]].{{sfn|Macintyre|2010|p=6}} The memo contained several schemes to be considered for use against the [[Axis powers]] to lure [[U-boat]]s and German surface ships towards minefields.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=29}} Number 28 on the list was an idea to plant misleading papers on a corpse that would be found by the enemy; the suggestion is similar to [[Operation Mincemeat]], the 1943 plan to conceal the [[operation Husky|intended invasion of Italy]] from North Africa, which was developed by Charles Cholmondoley in October 1942.{{sfn|Macintyre|2010|p=7}} The recommendation in the Trout Memo was titled: "A Suggestion (not a very nice one)",{{sfn|Macintyre|2010|p=7}} and continued: "The following suggestion is used in a book by [[Basil Thomson]]: a corpse dressed as an airman, with despatches in his pockets, could be dropped on the coast, supposedly from a parachute that has failed. I understand there is no difficulty in obtaining corpses at the Naval Hospital, but, of course, it would have to be a fresh one."{{sfn|Macintyre|2010|p=7}}
In 1940 Fleming and Godfrey contacted [[Kenneth Mason (geographer)|Kenneth Mason]], Professor of Geography at [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]], about the preparation of reports on the geography of countries involved in military operations. These reports were the precursors of the [[Naval Intelligence Handbooks|''Naval Intelligence Division Geographical Handbook Series'']] produced between 1941 and 1946.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Clout |first=Hugh |author2=Gosme, Cyril |title=The Naval Intelligence Handbooks: a monument in geographical writing |journal=[[Progress in Human Geography]] |date=April 2003 |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=153–173 [156] |doi=10.1191/0309132503ph420oa |s2cid=140542095 |issn=0309-1325}}</ref>
[[Operation Ruthless]], a plan aimed at obtaining details of the [[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma#German Navy 3-rotor Enigma|Enigma codes]] used by the [[Kriegsmarine|German Navy]], was instigated by a memo written by Fleming to Godfrey on 12 September 1940. The idea was to "obtain" a Nazi bomber, man it with a German-speaking crew dressed in Luftwaffe uniforms, and crash it into the English Channel. The crew would then attack their German rescuers and bring their boat and [[Enigma machine]] back to England.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=121}} Much to the annoyance of [[Alan Turing]] and [[Peter Twinn]] at [[Bletchley Park]], the mission was never carried out. According to Fleming's niece, [[Lucy Fleming|Lucy]], an official of the [[Royal Air Force]] pointed out that if they were to drop a downed [[Heinkel]] bomber in the English Channel, it would probably sink rather quickly.<ref name="Correspondence" />
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Fleming did not fight in the field with the unit, but selected targets and directed operations from the rear.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=33}} On its formation the unit was 30 strong, but it grew to five times that size.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=50}} The unit was filled with men from other commando units, and trained in unarmed combat, safe-cracking and lock-picking at the SOE facilities.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=33}} In late 1942 [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] (later [[Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom|Rear-Admiral]]) Edmund Rushbrooke replaced Godfrey as head of the Naval Intelligence Division, and Fleming's influence in the organisation declined, although he retained control over 30AU.<ref name="Lycett (DNB)" /> Fleming was unpopular with the unit's members,{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=50}} who disliked his referring to them as ''his'' "Red Indians".{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=152}}
Before the 1944 [[Normandy landings]], most of 30AU's operations were in the Mediterranean, although it is possible that it secretly participated in the [[Dieppe Raid]] in a failed pinch raid for an Enigma machine and related materials. Fleming observed the raid from [[HMS Fernie (L11)|HMS ''Fernie'']], 700 yards offshore.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ogrodnik |first=Irene |title=Breaking German codes real reason for 1942 Dieppe raid: historian |url=http://www.globalnews.ca/feature/6442694158/story.html |work=Global News |publisher=[[Shaw Media]] |access-date=17 August 2012 |date=9 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024084451/http://www.globalnews.ca/feature/6442694158/story.html |archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> Because of its successes in Sicily and Italy, 30AU became greatly trusted by naval intelligence.{{sfn|Rankin|2011|p=220}}{{sfn|Longden|2010|p=6}}
In March 1944 Fleming oversaw the distribution of intelligence to Royal Navy units in preparation for [[Operation Overlord]].{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=56}} He was replaced as head of 30AU on 6 June 1944,{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=33}} but maintained some involvement.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|pp=152–153}} He visited 30AU in the field during and after Overlord, especially following an attack on [[Cherbourg]] for which he was concerned that the unit had been incorrectly used as a regular commando force rather than an intelligence-gathering unit. This wasted the men's specialist skills, risked their safety on operations that did not justify the use of such skilled operatives, and threatened the vital gathering of intelligence. Afterwards, the management of these units was revised.{{sfn|Rankin|2011|p=220}} He also followed the unit into Germany after it located, in Tambach Castle, the German naval archives from 1870.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|pp=56–57}}
In December 1944 Fleming was posted on an intelligence fact-finding trip to the Far East on behalf of the Director of Naval Intelligence.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=154}} Much of the trip was spent identifying opportunities for 30AU in the Pacific;{{sfn|Lycett|1996|pp=154–155}} the unit saw little action because of the [[Surrender of Japan|Japanese surrender]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History of 30 Assault Unit 1942–1946 |url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/summary/xh40-001.shtml |work=Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives |publisher=[[King's College London]] |access-date=16 May 2012 |location=London |date=8 August 2005}}</ref>
==== T-Force ====
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Fleming sat on the committee that selected the targets for the T-Force unit, and listed them in the "Black Books" that were issued to the unit's officers.{{sfn|Longden|2010|p=51}} The infantry component of T-Force was in part made up of the [[5th Battalion, King's Regiment (Liverpool)|5th Battalion]], [[King's Regiment]], which supported the [[Second Army (United Kingdom)|Second Army]].{{sfn|Longden|2010|p=78}} It was responsible for securing targets of interest for the British military, including nuclear laboratories, gas research centres and individual rocket scientists. The unit's most notable discoveries came during the advance on the German port of [[Kiel]], in the research centre for German engines used in the [[V-2 rocket]], [[Messerschmitt Me 163]] fighters and high-speed U-boats.{{sfn|Longden|2010|p=198}} Fleming would later use elements of the activities of T-Force in his writing, particularly in his 1955 Bond novel ''[[Moonraker (novel)|Moonraker]]''.{{sfn|Longden|2010|p=377}}
In 1942 Fleming attended an Anglo-American intelligence summit in Jamaica and, despite the constant heavy rain during his visit, he decided to live on the island once the war was over.{{sfn|Gant|1966|p=51}} His friend Ivar Bryce helped find a plot of land in [[Saint Mary Parish, Jamaica|Saint Mary Parish]] where, in 1945, Fleming had a house built, which he named [[Goldeneye (estate)|Goldeneye]].{{sfn|Pearson|1967|p=161}} (His main residence remained in London, in [[London Victoria station|Victoria]]).{{sfn|Lycett|1996|page=236}} The name of the house and estate where he wrote his novels has many possible sources. Fleming himself mentioned both his wartime Operation Goldeneye{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=165}} and [[Carson McCullers]]' 1941 novel ''[[Reflections in a Golden Eye (novel)|Reflections in a Golden Eye]]'', which described the use of British naval bases in the Caribbean by the American navy.{{sfn|Pearson|1967|p=161}}
Fleming was demobilised in May 1945, but remained in the RNVR for several years, receiving a promotion to substantive lieutenant-commander (Special Branch) on 26 July 1947.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=38052|supp=|page=3983|date=22 August 1947}}</ref> In October 1947, he was awarded the [[King Christian X's Liberty Medal]] for his contribution in assisting Danish officers escaping from Denmark to Britain during the occupation of Denmark.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Faurholt |first1=Af Martin Schantz |title=Fleming og James Bonds danske forbin |url=http://www.dr.dk/nyheder/kultur/historie/ian-fleming-og-james-bonds-danske-forbindelse |access-date=30 October 2015 |language=Danish |date=30 October 2015}}</ref> He ended his service on 16 August 1952, when he was removed from the active list of the RNVR with the rank of lieutenant-commander.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=39657|supp=|page=5149|date=30 September 1952}}</ref>
=== Post-war ===
Upon Fleming's [[Demobilisation of the British Armed Forces after the Second World War|demobilisation]] in May 1945, he became the foreign manager in the [[Kemsley Newspapers|Kemsley newspaper group]], which at the time owned ''[[The Sunday Times]]''. In this role he oversaw the paper's worldwide network of correspondents. His contract allowed him to take three months' holiday every winter, which he took in Jamaica.<ref name="Lycett (DNB)" /> Fleming worked full-time for the paper until December 1959,{{sfn|Lycett|1996|pp=360–361}} but continued to write articles and attend the Tuesday weekly meetings until at least 1961.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=384}}{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=394}}
After Anne Charteris's first husband died in the war, she expected to marry Fleming, but he decided to remain a bachelor.<ref name="Lycett (DNB)" /> On 28 June 1945, she married the [[Esmond Harmsworth, 2nd Viscount Rothermere|second Viscount Rothermere]].<ref name="Lycett (Ann DNB)" /> Nevertheless, Charteris continued her affair with Fleming, travelling to Jamaica to see him under the pretext of visiting his friend and neighbour [[Noël Coward]]. In 1948 she gave birth to Fleming's daughter, Mary, who was [[Stillbirth|stillborn]]. Rothermere divorced Charteris in 1951 because of her relationship with Fleming,<ref name="Lycett (Ann DNB)" /> and the couple married on 24 March 1952 in Jamaica,{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=217}} a few months before their son Caspar was born in August. Both Fleming and Ann had affairs during their marriage, she with [[Hugh Gaitskell]], the [[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|Leader of the Labour Party]] and [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]].{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=295}} Fleming had a long-term affair in Jamaica with one of his neighbours, [[Blanche Blackwell]], the mother of [[Chris Blackwell]] of [[Island Records]].{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=113}}
Fleming was also friends with British Prime Minister [[Anthony Eden]] whom he allowed to stay at Goldeneye in late November 1953 due to Eden's deteriorating health.<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Doran |title=Ike's Gamble: America's Rise to Dominance in the Middle East |isbn=978-1-4516-9775-9 |year=2016 |page=202 |publisher=Simon and Schuster}}</ref>
=== 1950s ===
{{Quote box|quote =The scent and smoke and sweat of a casino are nauseating at three in the morning. Then the soul erosion produced by high gambling—a compost of greed and fear and nervous tension—becomes unbearable and the senses awake and revolt from it.|source =Opening lines of ''[[Casino Royale (novel)|Casino Royale]]''|width = 240px|salign = right}}
Fleming had first mentioned to friends during the war that he wanted to write a spy novel,<ref name="Lycett (DNB)" /> an ambition he achieved within two months with [[Casino Royale (novel)|''Casino Royale'']].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ian Fleming |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=96 |work=About Ian Fleming |publisher=[[Ian Fleming Publications]] |access-date=7 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815225420/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=96 |archive-date=15 August 2011
During ''Casino Royale's'' final draft stages, Fleming allowed his friend [[William Plomer]] to see a copy, and remarked "so far as I can see the element of suspense is completely absent".{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=226}} Despite this, Plomer thought the book had sufficient promise and sent a copy to the publishing house [[Jonathan Cape]]. At first, they were unenthusiastic about the novel, but Fleming's brother Peter, whose books they managed, persuaded the company to publish it.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=226}} On 13 April 1953 ''Casino Royale'' was released in the UK in hardcover, priced at [[£sd|10s 6d]],{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=244}} with a cover designed by Fleming.<ref name="Guardian covers (2008)" /> It was a success and three print runs were needed to cope with the demand.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=244}}<ref name="Guardian covers (2008)" />{{sfn|Lindner|2009|p=14}}
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Working at Goldeneye between January and March 1960, Fleming wrote the novel ''Thunderball'', based on the screenplay written by himself, Whittingham and McClory.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=20}} In March 1961 McClory read an advance copy, and he and Whittingham immediately petitioned the [[High Court of Justice|High Court]] in London for an injunction to stop publication.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=21}} After [[Thunderball (novel)#Controversy|two court actions]], the second in November 1961,<ref name="Sellers (2007)" /> Fleming offered McClory a deal, settling out of court. McClory gained the literary and film rights for the screenplay, while Fleming was given the rights to the novel, provided it was acknowledged as "based on a screen treatment by Kevin McClory, Jack Whittingham and the Author".{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=432}}
Fleming's books had always sold well, but in 1961 sales increased dramatically. On 17 March 1961, four years after its publication and three years after the heavy criticism of ''Dr. No'', an article in ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' listed ''From Russia, with Love'' as one of [[President of the United States|US President]] [[John F. Kennedy]]'s 10 favourite books.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Sidey |first=Hugh |title=The President's Voracious Reading Habits |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |date=17 March 1961 |volume=50 |issue=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA5 |access-date=10 December 2011 |issn=0024-3019}}</ref> Kennedy and Fleming had previously met in Washington.<ref name="Hellman (1962)" /> This accolade and the associated publicity led to a surge in sales that made Fleming the biggest-selling crime writer in the US.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=383}}{{sfn|Fleming|Higson|2006|p=vi}} Fleming considered ''From Russia, with Love'' to be his best novel; he said "the great thing is that each one of the books seems to have been a favourite with one or other section of the public and none has yet been completely damned."{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=97}}
In April 1961, shortly before the second court case on ''Thunderball'',<ref name="Lycett (DNB)" /> Fleming had a heart attack during a regular weekly meeting at ''The Sunday Times''.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=384}} While he was convalescing, one of his friends, Duff Dunbar, gave him a copy of [[Beatrix Potter]]'s ''[[The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin]]'' and suggested that he take the time to write up the bedtime story that Fleming used to tell to his son Caspar each evening.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=384}} Fleming attacked the project with gusto and wrote to his publisher, Michael Howard of Jonathan Cape, joking that "There is not a moment, even on the edge of the tomb, when I am not slaving for you";{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=194}} the result was Fleming's only children's novel, ''[[Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang]]'', which was published in October 1964, two months after his death.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=27}}
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In June 1961 Fleming sold a six-month option on the film rights to his published and future James Bond novels and short stories to [[Harry Saltzman]].{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=21}} Saltzman formed the production vehicle [[Eon Productions]] along with [[Albert R. Broccoli|Albert R. "Cubby" Broccoli]], and after an extensive search, they hired [[Sean Connery]] on a six-film deal, later reduced to five beginning with ''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]'' (1962).{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=22}}<ref name="documentary" /> Connery's depiction of Bond affected the literary character; in ''[[You Only Live Twice (novel)|You Only Live Twice]]'', the first book written after ''Dr. No'' was released, Fleming gave Bond a sense of humour that was not present in the previous stories.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=205}}
Fleming's second non-fiction book was published in November 1963: ''[[Thrilling Cities]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Hope |first=Francis |title=Purple Trail |newspaper=[[The Observer]] |location=London |date=10 November 1963 |page=24}}</ref> a reprint of a series of ''Sunday Times'' articles based on Fleming's impressions of world cities{{sfn|Pearson|1967|p=375}} in trips taken during 1959 and 1960.{{sfn|Fleming|1963|p=7}} Approached in 1964 by producer [[Norman Felton]] to write a spy series for television, Fleming provided several ideas, including the names of characters [[Napoleon Solo]] and [[The Girl from U.N.C.L.E.|April Dancer]], for the series ''[[The Man from U.N.C.L.E.]]''{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=26}} However, Fleming withdrew from the project following a request from Eon Productions, who were keen to avoid any legal problems that might occur if the project overlapped with the Bond films.{{sfn|Britton|2004|p=36}}
In 1963 Fleming lent a major portion of his book collection to the [[International Printing Machinery and Allied Trades Exhibition|IPEX]] exhibit, [[Printing and the Mind of Man]]. <ref>Hayward, John (1964)."Commentary: Ian Fleming and 'Printing and the Mind of Man' " in ''The Book Collector'' 13 no 4 (winter): 431-433.</ref><ref>Fleming, James. (2023). "Printing and the Mind of Man." ''The Book Collector'' 72 no.4 (winter): 619-623.</ref>
In January 1964 Fleming went to Goldeneye for what proved to be his last holiday and wrote the first draft of ''The Man with the Golden Gun''.{{sfn| DelFattore |1989|p=108}} He was dissatisfied with it and wrote to [[William Plomer]], the copy editor of his novels, asking for it to be rewritten.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=30}} Fleming became increasingly unhappy with the book and considered rewriting it, but was dissuaded by Plomer, who considered it viable for publication.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=438}}
Line 151 ⟶ 145:
=== Death ===
[[File:Ian fleming grave.png|thumb|upright|alt=An obelisk marking the site of the Fleming family grave|Fleming's grave and memorial, [[Sevenhampton, Wiltshire]]]]
Fleming was a heavy [[tobacco smoking|smoker]] and [[alcoholism|drinker]] throughout his adult life, and suffered from [[heart disease]].{{efn|When he was 38, Fleming smoked up to 70 cigarettes a day;{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=172}} he had been having them custom made at Morland of Grosvenor Street since the 1930s, and three gold bands on the filter were added during the war to mirror his naval commander's rank.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=70}}}} In 1961, aged 53, he suffered a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] and struggled to [[recuperation (recovery)|recuperate]].{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=442}} On 11 August 1964, while staying at a hotel in [[Canterbury]], Fleming went to the [[Royal St George's Golf Club]] for lunch and later dined at his hotel with friends. The day had been tiring for him, and he collapsed with another heart attack shortly after the meal.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=442}} Fleming died at age 56 at [[Kent and Canterbury Hospital]] in the early morning of 12 August 1964—his son Caspar's 12th birthday.<ref name="Times obit (1965)" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Ian Fleming and the British Heart Foundation |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=112 |work=About Ian Fleming |publisher=[[Ian Fleming Publications]] |access-date=15 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008202613/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=112 |archive-date=8 October 2011
Fleming's last two books, ''The Man with the Golden Gun'' and ''Octopussy and The Living Daylights'', were published posthumously.{{sfn|Black|2005|p=75}} ''The Man with the Golden Gun'' was published eight months after Fleming's death and had not been through the full editing process by Fleming.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=141}} As a result, the novel was thought by publishing company Jonathan Cape to be thin and "feeble".{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=445}} The publishers had passed the manuscript to [[Kingsley Amis]] to read on holiday, but did not use his suggestions.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=445}} Fleming's biographer Henry Chandler observes that the novel "received polite and rather sad reviews, recognising that the book had effectively been left half-finished, and as such did not represent Fleming at the top of his game".{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=233}} The final Bond book, containing two short stories, ''Octopussy and The Living Daylights'', was published in Britain on 23 June 1966.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=31}}
In October 1975 Fleming's son Caspar, aged 23, killed himself by [[drug overdose]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Son of Ian Fleming took barbiturate overdose |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=14 October 1975 |location=London |page=3}}</ref> and was buried with his father.{{sfn|Winn|2012|p=247}} Fleming's widow, Ann, died in 1981 and was buried with her husband and their son.<ref name="Lycett (Ann DNB)" />
== Writing ==
Line 194 ⟶ 188:
The Bond books were written in post-war Britain, when the country was still an imperial power.{{sfn|Black|2005|p=3}} As the series progressed, the [[British Empire]] was in decline; journalist William Cook observed that "Bond pandered to Britain's inflated and increasingly insecure self-image, flattering us with the fantasy that Britannia could still punch above her weight."<ref name="Cook (2004)" /> This decline of British power was referred to in several of the novels; in ''From Russia, with Love'', it manifested itself in Bond's conversations with Darko Kerim, when Bond admits that in England, "we don't show teeth any more—only gums."{{sfn|Fleming|Higson|2006|p=227}}{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=113}} The theme is strongest in one of the later books of the series, the 1964 novel ''You Only Live Twice'', in conversations between Bond and the head of Japan's secret intelligence service, [[Tiger Tanaka]]. Fleming was acutely aware of the loss of British prestige in the 1950s and early 60s, particularly during the [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]], when he had Tanaka accuse Britain of throwing away the empire "with both hands".{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=113}}{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|pp=200–201}}{{sfn|Black|2005|p=62}}
Black points to the defections of [[Cambridge Five|four members of MI6]] to the [[Soviet Union]] as having a major impact on how Britain was viewed in US intelligence circles.{{sfn|Black|2005|p=61}} The last of the defections was that of [[Kim Philby]] in January 1963,<ref>{{cite ODNB |last=Clive |first=Nigel |title=Philby, Harold Adrian Russell (Kim) (1912–1988) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/40699 |access-date=25 October 2011 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/40699 |year=2004}}</ref> while Fleming was still writing the first draft of ''You Only Live Twice''.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=24}} The briefing between Bond and M is the first time in the twelve books that Fleming acknowledges the defections.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=200}} Black contends that the conversation between M and Bond allows Fleming to discuss the decline of Britain, with the defections and the [[Profumo affair]] of 1963 as a backdrop.{{sfn|Black|2005|p=62}} Two of the defections had taken place shortly before Fleming wrote ''Casino Royale'',<ref>{{cite ODNB |last=Kerr |first=Sheila |title=Burgess, Guy Francis de Moncy (1911–1963) |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/37244 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37244 |access-date=20 September 2011 |year=2004}}</ref> and the book can be seen as the writer's "attempt to reflect the disturbing moral ambiguity of a post-war world that could produce traitors like [[Guy Burgess|Burgess]] and [[Donald Maclean (spy)|Maclean]]", according to Lycett.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=221}}
By the end of the series, in the 1965 novel, ''The Man with the Golden Gun'', Black notes that an independent inquiry was undertaken by the Jamaican judiciary, while the CIA and MI6 were recorded as acting "under the closest liaison and direction of the Jamaican CID": this was the new world of a non-colonial, independent Jamaica, further underlining the decline of the British Empire.{{sfn|Black|2005|p=78}} The decline was also reflected in Bond's use of US equipment and personnel in several novels.{{sfn|Black|2005|pp=53–54}} Uncertain and shifting geopolitics led Fleming to replace the Russian organisation SMERSH with the international terrorist group SPECTRE in ''Thunderball'', permitting "evil unconstrained by ideology".{{sfn|Black|2005|p=50}} Black argues that SPECTRE provides a measure of continuity to the remaining stories in the series.{{sfn|Black|2005|p=49}}
Line 216 ⟶ 210:
== Legacy ==
[[File:Ian-Fleming-bronze-bust-by-sculptor-Anthony-Smith.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Bronze [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] of Fleming by sculptor [[Anthony Smith (sculptor)|Anthony Smith]], commissioned by the Fleming family in 2008 to commemorate the [[centenary]] of the author's birth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Commissions |url=http://anthonysmithart.co.uk/?page_id=31 |website=Anthony Smith Sculpture |access-date=30 October 2016}}</ref>]]
In the late 1950s, the author [[Geoffrey Jenkins]] had suggested to Fleming that he write a Bond novel set in South Africa, and sent him his own idea for a plot outline which, according to Jenkins, Fleming felt had great potential.<ref name="KKBB: PFO" /> After Fleming's death, Jenkins was commissioned by Bond publishers [[Ian Fleming Publications|Glidrose Productions]] to write a [[continuation novel|continuation]] Bond novel, ''[[Per Fine Ounce]]'', but it was never published.{{sfn|Lane|Simpson|2000|p=433}} Starting with Kingsley Amis's ''[[Colonel Sun]]'', under the pseudonym "[[Robert Markham]]" in 1968,<ref>{{cite web |title=Colonel Sun |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/the-books/colonel-sun/ |work=The Books |publisher=[[Ian Fleming Publications]] |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> several authors have been commissioned to write Bond novels, including [[Sebastian Faulks]], who was asked by [[Ian Fleming Publications]] to write a new Bond novel in observance of what would have been Fleming's 100th birthday in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Faulks pens new James Bond novel |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6289186.stm |access-date=13 December 2011 |newspaper=[[BBC News]] |location=London |date=11 July 2007}}</ref>
During his lifetime Fleming sold thirty million books; double that number were sold in the two years following his death.<ref name="Lycett (DNB)" /> In 2008 ''[[The Times]]'' ranked Fleming fourteenth on its list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".<ref>{{cite news |last=Macintyre |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Macintyre |title=The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 |quote=14. Ian Fleming |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=5 January 2008 |location=London |page=12 |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/the-50-greatest-british-writers-since-1945-ws3g69xrf90 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-07-03 |ref=none}}</ref> In 2002 Ian Fleming Publications announced the launch of the [[CWA Ian Fleming Steel Dagger]] award, presented by the [[Crime Writers' Association]] to the best thriller, adventure or spy novel originally published in the UK.<ref name="Cork Bookseller" />
The Eon Productions series of Bond films, which started in 1962 with ''Dr. No'', continued after Fleming's death. Along with two non-Eon produced films, there have been twenty-five Eon films, with the most recent, ''[[No Time to Die]]'', released in September 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20210928-five-stars-for-no-time-to-die |title=Five stars for No Time To Die |publisher=BBC |last=Barber |first=Nicholas |date=28 September 2021 |access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> The Eon Productions series has grossed over $6.2 billion worldwide, making it one of the highest-grossing film series.<ref>{{cite web |title=Movie Franchises |url=http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/series/franchisesW.php |work=The Numbers |publisher=Nash Information Services, LLC |access-date=6 November 2015}}</ref>
The influence of Bond in the cinema and in literature is evident in films and books including the ''[[Austin Powers]]'' series,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gleiberman |first=Owen |title=A wild and crazy spy |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=9 May 1997 |issue=378 |page=56 |issn=1049-0434}}</ref> ''[[Carry On Spying]]''<ref>{{cite web |last=Angelini |first=Sergio |title=Carry On Spying (1964) |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/466477/ |work=[[Screenonline]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=3 July 2011}}</ref> and the [[Jason Bourne]] character.<ref name="Cork Bookseller" /> In 2011 Fleming became the first English-language writer to have an international airport named after him: [[Ian Fleming International Airport]], near [[Oracabessa]], Jamaica, was officially opened on 12 January 2011 by Jamaican Prime Minister [[Bruce Golding]] and Fleming's niece, Lucy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ian Fleming International Airport opened in Jamaica! |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/news/index.asp?NewsID=128 |work=News & Press |publisher=[[Ian Fleming Publications]] |access-date=14 December 2011 |date=17 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722035913/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/news/index.asp?NewsID=128 |archive-date=22 July 2012}}</ref> The [[Lilly Library]] at [[Indiana University]] houses a collection of Fleming manuscripts and first editions as well as his personal library of rare books.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bongiovanni |first=Domenica |date=2 November 2017 |title=Why this James Bond collection is in Indiana and the secrets you'll find |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/entertainment/arts/2017/11/02/why-james-bond-collection-indiana-and-secrets-youll-find/810245001/ |work=IndyStar |access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref>
In 2023, it was reported that Ian Fleming's ''[[James Bond]]'' series was being re-published, removing a number of racial slurs and references. A disclaimer was added at the beginning of each book, reading "This book was written at a time when terms and attitudes which might be considered offensive by modern readers were commonplace. A number of updates have been made in this edition, while keeping as close as possible to the original text and the period in which it is set."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Haring |first1=Bruce |title=James Bond Books Edited To Avoid Offense To Modern Audiences – Report |url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/james-bond-books-rewritten-to-avoid-offense-to-modern-audiences-1235271892/ |website=Deadline |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Simpson |first=Craig |date=25 February 2023 |title=James Bond books edited to remove racist references |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/02/25/james-bond-books-edited-remove-racist-references/ |accessdate=16 April 2023 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>
Fleming's life is the subject of the 2024 biography, ''Ian Fleming: The Complete Man'', that spans 864 pages and was completed with the help of Fleming's estate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weingarten |first=Marc |date=2024-04-04 |title=James Bond's creator lived a life to rival the spy's |url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2024-04-04/ian-fleming-biography-nicholas-shakespeare |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-18 |title=Ian Fleming's Full Life |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2024/06/ian-flemings-full-life/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=National Review |language=en-US}}</ref> It was written by British novelist and biographer [[Nicholas Shakespeare]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salikof {{!}} |first=Ken |title=The Man with the Golden Pen: PW Talks with Nicholas Shakespeare |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/authors/interviews/article/94093-the-man-with-the-golden-pen-pw-talks-with-nicholas-shakespeare.html |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=PublishersWeekly.com |language=en}}</ref>
== Works ==
Line 248 ⟶ 244:
*'''James Bond short story collections'''
** [[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)|''For Your Eyes Only'']] (1960){{efn| Consisting of: "From a View to a Kill"; "For Your Eyes Only"; "Risico"; "Quantum of Solace" and "The Hildebrand Rarity".}}
** ''[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights]]'' (1966){{efn|Originally published as two stories, "Octopussy" and "The Living Daylights"; modern editions now also contain "The Property of a Lady" and "007 in New York".<ref>{{cite web |title=Octopussy & The living daylights / Ian Fleming |url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?dscnt=1&elementId=1&recIdxs=1&vl(174399379UI0)=any&frbrVersion=5&scp.scps=scope%3A(BLCONTENT)&tab=local_tab&dstmp=1323028327575&srt=rank&mode=Basic&tb=t&indx=2&renderMode=poppedOut&vl(freeText0)=%22007%20in%20new%20york%22&vid=BLVU1&fn=search&frbg=&displayMode=full&ct=display&dum=true&recIds=BLL01006731954&doc=BLL01006731954&tabs=moreTab&fromLogin=true |work=The British Library Catalogue |publisher=[[The British Library]] |access-date=4 December 2011 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155020/http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?dscnt=1&elementId=1&recIdxs=1&vl%28174399379UI0%29=any&frbrVersion=5&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&tab=local_tab&dstmp=1323028327575&srt=rank&mode=Basic&tb=t&indx=2&renderMode=poppedOut&vl%28freeText0%29=%22007%20in%20new%20york%22&vid=BLVU1&fn=search&frbg=&displayMode=full&ct=display&dum=true&recIds=BLL01006731954&doc=BLL01006731954&tabs=moreTab&fromLogin=true |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
*'''Other works'''
** ''[[The Diamond Smugglers]]'' (1957)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Diamond Smugglers |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/the-books/the-diamond-smugglers/ |work=The Books |publisher=[[Ian Fleming Publications]] |access-date=8 December 2011}}</ref>
** ''[[Thrilling Cities]]'' (1963)<ref>{{cite web |title=Thrilling Cities |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/the-books/thrilling-cities/ |work=The Books |publisher=[[Ian Fleming Publications]] |access-date=8 December 2011}}</ref>
** ''[[Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang]]'' (1964)<ref>{{cite web |title=Chitty Chitty Bang Bang |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=72 |work=The Books |publisher=[[Ian Fleming Publications]] |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921122253/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=72 |archive-date=21 September 2011}}</ref>
** ''[[The Poppy Is Also a Flower]]'' (1966), story<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Euan Lloyd Interview |magazine=Cinema Retro |issue=1}}</ref>
{{col-end}}
== Biographical films ==
* ''Goldeneye: The Secret Life of Ian Fleming'', 1989. A television film starring [[Charles Dance]] as Fleming. The film focuses on Fleming's life during the Second World War, his love life and the writing of James Bond.<ref>{{cite news |last=McEntee |first=John |title=Diary: Charles Dance |newspaper=[[Daily Express]] |date=2 April 2001 |location=London |page=29}}</ref>
* ''[[Spymaker: The Secret Life of Ian Fleming]]'', 1990. A television film starring [[Jason Connery]] (son of [[Sean Connery|Sean]]) as Fleming in a Bond-like adventure set during World War II.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wilkinson |first=Jack |title=BC cycle |agency=[[United Press International]] |date=28 June 1990}}</ref>
* ''[[Ian Fleming: Bondmaker]]'', 2005. A television [[docudrama|drama-documentary]], first broadcast on [[BBC]] on 28 August 2005. [[Ben Daniels]] portrayed Fleming.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pryor |first=Cathy |title=TV Choice: Ian Fleming: Bondmaker. Tonight, 10.45 pm BBC1 |newspaper=[[The Independent on Sunday]] |date=28 August 2005 |location=London |page=29}}</ref>
* ''[[Ian Fleming: Where Bond Began]]'', 2008. Television documentary about the life of Ian Fleming, broadcast 19 October 2008 by the BBC. Presented by former [[Bond girl]], Joanna Lumley.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lumley |first=Joanna |title=My bond with Bond: an English girl's cable car ride to another world |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=18 October 2008 |author-link=Joanna Lumley |location=London |page=26}}</ref>
* The 2011 film ''[[Age of Heroes (film)|Age of Heroes]]'' is based on the exploits of 30 Commando; [[James D'Arcy]] played Fleming.<ref>{{cite news |title=Film: "Age of Heroes" Charts Ian Fleming's Commando Unit |url=http://theglobalherald.com/film-age-of-heroes-charts-ian-flemings-commando-unit/15421/ |access-date=25 April 2011 |newspaper=The Global Herald |location=London |date=23 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522084212/http://theglobalherald.com/film-age-of-heroes-charts-ian-flemings-commando-unit/15421/ |archive-date=22 May 2011}}</ref>
* ''[[Fleming: The Man Who Would Be Bond]]'', a [[BBC America]] television four-episode mini-series, broadcast in January and February 2014, starring [[Dominic Cooper]] in the title role.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lara Pulver Talks Taking On The Woman Behind 'Bond' Author Ian Fleming |url=http://uk.omg.yahoo.com/news/lara-pulver-talks-taking-woman-behind-39-bond-182812322.html |publisher=Yahoo |access-date=30 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140130093904/http://uk.omg.yahoo.com/news/lara-pulver-talks-taking-woman-behind-39-bond-182812322.html |archive-date=30 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Brant |first=Emma |title=Actress Lara Pulver Plays Bond Girl in TV drama |newspaper=[[BBC]] |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/21194288 |date=25 January 2013 |location=London}}</ref>
== See also ==
Line 273 ⟶ 270:
{{Reflist|20em| refs =
<ref name="Lycett (DNB)">{{cite ODNB |last=Lycett |first=Andrew |title=Fleming, Ian Lancaster (1908–1964) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33168 |access-date=3 December 2011 |authorlink=Andrew Lycett |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/33168 |year=2004}}</ref>
<ref name="KKBB: PFO">{{cite journal |last=Duns |first=Jeremy |title=Gold Dust |journal=Kiss Kiss Bang Bang |date=Winter 2005 |issue=2 |pages=39–47 |author-link=Jeremy Duns |publisher=James Bond International Fan Club}}</ref>
<ref name="Churchill Obit">{{cite news |last=Churchill |first=Winston |title=Valentine Fleming. An appreciation |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=25 May 1917 |author-link=Winston Churchill |location=London |page=9}}</ref>
<ref name="PF Obit (1971)">{{cite news |title=Obituary: Colonel Peter Fleming, Author and explorer |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=20 August 1971 |location=London |page=14}}</ref>
<ref name="Lycett (Ann DNB)">{{cite ODNB |last=Lycett |first=Andrew |title=Fleming, Ann Geraldine Mary {{bracket|other married names Ann Geraldine Mary O'Neill, Lady O'Neill; Ann Geraldine Mary Harmsworth, Viscountess Rothermere}} (1913–1981) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/40227 |access-date=15 December 2011 |authorlink=Andrew Lycett |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/40227 |year=2004}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref>
<ref name="Bond obit">{{cite news |title=James Bond, Ornithologist, 89; Fleming Adopted Name for 007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/17/obituaries/james-bond-ornithologist-89-fleming-adopted-name-for-007.html |access-date=24 February 2013 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=17 February 1989 |location=New York}}</ref>
<ref name="Correspondence">{{Cite AV media |title=The Bond Correspondence |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/pip/j9eoh/ |access-date=29 July 2012 |publisher=[[BBC Radio 4]] |date=24 May 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="Guardian covers (2008)">{{cite news |title=The great Bond cover up |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/gallery/2008/may/07/1 |access-date=8 September 2011 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=8 May 2008 |location=London}}</ref>
<ref name="Hellman (1962)">{{cite magazine |last=Hellman |first=Geoffrey T. |title=Bond's Creator |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1962/04/21/1962_04_21_032_TNY_CARDS_000268062#ixzz1XRLtznvp |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |authorlink=Geoffrey T. Hellman |page=32 |date=21 April 1962}}<!-- {{subscription required}} – not. -->
</ref>
<ref name=" Macintyre (2008)">{{cite news |last=Macintyre |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Macintyre |title=Bond – the real Bond |newspaper=[[The Times]] |page=36 |location=London |date=5 April 2008 |ref=none}}</ref>
<ref name="Cook (2004)">{{cite news |last=Cook |first=William |title=Novel man |newspaper=[[New Statesman]] |date=28 June 2004 |page=40}}</ref>
<ref name="Bergonzi (1958)">{{cite journal |last=Bergonzi |first=Bernard |title=The Case of Mr Fleming |journal=Twentieth Century |date=March 1958 |author-link=Bernard Bergonzi |page=221}}</ref>
<ref name="Johnson (1958)">{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Johnson (writer) |title=Sex, Snobbery and Sadism |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/society/2007/02/1958-bond-fleming-girl-sex |journal=[[New Statesman]] |date=5 April 1958 |page=430}}</ref>
<ref name="Lilly Library">{{cite web |title=The Ian Fleming Collection of 19th–20th Century Source Material Concerning Western Civilization together with the Originals of the James Bond-007 Tales: a machine-readable transcription |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/etexts/fleming/ |work=Lilly Library Publications Online |date=7 May 2003 |publisher=[[Lilly Library]] |access-date=14 December 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="Sellers (2007)">{{cite news |last=Sellers |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Sellers |title=The battle for the soul of Thunderball |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]] |location=London |page=32 |date=30 December 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="documentary">{{cite video |year=1999 |contribution=Inside Dr. No Documentary |title=Dr. No (Ultimate Edition, 2006) |medium=DVD |publisher=[[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Times obit (1965)">{{cite news |title=Obituary: Mr. Ian Fleming |newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London |date=13 August 1964 |page=12}}</ref>
<ref name="Hitchens (2006)">{{cite news |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |title=Bottoms Up |newspaper=[[The Atlantic|The Atlantic Monthly]] |date=April 2006 |author-link=Christopher Hitchens |page=101}}</ref>
<ref name="Cork Bookseller">{{cite journal |last=Cork |first=John |author-link=John Cork |title=The man with the golden pen |journal=[[The Bookseller]] |date=20 September 2002 |issue=5044 |page=20 |issn=0006-7539}}</ref>
}}
Line 369 ⟶ 313:
== Sources ==
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* {{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=Tony |author-link=Tony Bennett (sociologist) |last2=Woollacott |first2=Janet |contribution=The Moments of Bond |editor-last=Lindner |editor-first=Christoph |title=The James Bond Phenomenon: A Critical Reader |year=2003 |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |location=Manchester |isbn=978-0-7190-6541-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Benson |first=Raymond |author-link=Raymond Benson |title=The James Bond Bedside Companion |year=1988 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Boxtree Ltd]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-85283-233-9 |title-link=The James Bond Bedside Companion}}
* {{cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Black (historian) |title=The Politics of James Bond: From Fleming's Novel to the Big Screen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4-sFrU8Xw0C&q=Clarence%20Leiter&pg=PP1 |year=2005 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |location=Lincoln, Nebraska |isbn=978-0-8032-6240-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Britton |first=Wesley Alan |title=Spy Television |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rl9nk8abyWcC&q=%22casino%20royale%22%20%22barry%20nelson%22&pg=PR4 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |year=2004 |edition=2 |location
* {{cite book |last=Burgess |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Burgess |title=99 Novels. The Best in English Since 1939: A Personal Choice |year=1984 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster|Summit Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-671-52407-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/99novelsbestine00burg}}
* {{cite book |last=Chancellor |first=Henry |title=James Bond: The Man and His World |year=2005 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7195-6815-2}}
* {{cite book |last=DelFattore |first=Joan |author-link=Joan DelFattore |contribution=Ian Fleming |editor1-first=Bernard |editor1-last=Benstock |editor1-link=Bernard Benstock |editor2-first=Thomas |editor2-last=Staley |title=British Mystery and Thriller Writers Since 1940 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflite00bern |url-access=registration |year=1989 |publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale Research]] |location=Detroit |isbn=978-0-7876-3072-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Eco |first=Umberto |author-link=Umberto Eco |contribution=Narrative Structures in Fleming |editor-last=Lindner |editor-first=Christoph |title=The James Bond Phenomenon: A Critical Reader |year=2003 |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |location=Manchester |isbn=978-0-7190-6541-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Faulks |first1=Sebastian |last2=Fleming |first2=Ian |authorlink1=Sebastian Faulks |year=2009 |title=Devil May Care |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-14-103545-1 |title-link=Devil May Care (Faulks novel)}}
* {{cite book |last=Fleming |first=Ian |title=Thrilling Cities |year=1963 |publisher=[[Jonathan Cape]] |location=London |title-link=Thrilling Cities}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Fleming |first1=Ian |last2=Welsh |first2=Louise |authorlink2=Louise Welsh |title=Live and Let Die |year=2006 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-14-102832-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fleming |first1=Ian |last2=Higson |first2=Charlie |authorlink2=Charlie Higson |title=From Russia, with Love |year=2006 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-14-102829-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Gant |first=Richard |author-link=Brian Freemantle |title=Ian Fleming: Man with the Golden Pen |publisher=Mayflower-Dell |year=1966 |location=London |oclc=487676374}}
* {{cite book |last=Griswold |first=John |title=Ian Fleming's James Bond: Annotations And Chronologies for Ian Fleming's Bond Stories |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uariyzldrJwC&q=Ian%20Fleming's%20James%20Bond%3A%20Annotations%20And%20Chronologies%20For%20Ian%20Fleming's%20Bond%20Stories&pg=PP1 |publisher=[[AuthorHouse]] |location=Bloomington, Indiana |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4259-3100-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lane |first1=Andy |last2=Simpson |authorlink1=Andy Lane |first2=Paul |year=2000 |title=The Bond Files: The Unofficial Guide to the World's Greatest Secret Agent |publisher=[[Virgin Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7535-0490-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Lindner |first=Christoph |title=The James Bond Phenomenon: A Critical Reader |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9-1QY5boUsC&pg=PP1 |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |location=Manchester |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7190-6541-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Longden |first=Sean |author-link=Sean Longden |title=T-Force: The Race for Nazi War Secrets, 1945 |year=2010 |publisher=[[Constable & Robinson]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-84901-297-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Lycett |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Lycett |title=Ian Fleming |year=1996 |publisher=Phoenix |location=London |isbn=978-1-85799-783-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Macintyre |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Macintyre |title=For Your Eyes Only |year=2008 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7475-9527-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Macintyre |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Macintyre
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* {{cite book |last=Pearson |first=John |author-link=John Pearson (author) |title=The Life of Ian Fleming: Creator of James Bond |publisher=[[Pan Books]] |location=London |year=1967}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pfeiffer |first1=Lee |last2=Worrall |first2=Dave |title=The Essential Bond |year=1998 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Boxtree Ltd]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7522-2477-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Rankin |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Rankin |title=Ian Fleming's Commandos: The Story of 30 Assault Unit in WWII |year=2011 |publisher=[[Faber and Faber]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-571-25062-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ianflemingscomma0000rank}}
* {{cite book |last=Winn |first=Christopher |title=I Never Knew That About England |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_q5B1szl1KcC&pg=PP1 |year=2012 |publisher=[[Random House]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-4481-4606-2}}
{{Refend}}
Line 401 ⟶ 345:
* J.C. "The Agent's Secret." ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]]'' no. 5946 (2017): 36.
*Gilbert, Jon. (2023). "A Bibliography of Biographies of Ian Fleming." ''[[The Book Collector]]'' 72 no.4 (winter): 704-709.
* Lycett, Andrew (2020). ''Ian Fleming: The Man Who Created James Bond''. Orion Publishing Group. {{ISBN|
* {{cite journal |author-last1=Moran |author-first1=Christopher R. |author-last2=McCrisken |author-first2=Trevor |title=The secret life of Ian Fleming: spies, lies and social ties |journal=[[Contemporary British History]] |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13619462.2018.1545579 |year=2019 |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=336–356 |doi=10.1080/13619462.2018.1519431 |s2cid=150004633 |ref=none}}
* Muir, P. H.(1965). "Ian Fleming: A Personal Memoir." ''[[The Book Collector]]'' 14 no. 1 (Spring): 24–33.
* {{cite book |last=Shakespeare |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Shakespeare |title=Ian Fleming: The Complete Man |year=2023 |publisher=Harvill Secker |isbn=978-
== External links ==
Line 442 ⟶ 386:
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:James Bond]]
[[Category:Military personnel from
[[Category:People educated at Durnford School]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
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