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{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
[[File:HPHTdiamonds2.JPG|thumb|300px|alt=Six non-faceted diamond crystals of {{cvt|2–3|mm}} size; they are yellow, green-yellow, green-blue, light-blue, light-blue and dark blue.|Lab-grown diamonds of various colors grown by the high-pressure-and-temperature technique]]
'''
▲'''Lab-grown diamond''' ('''LGD''';<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2022/oct/01/lab-grown-diamonds-girls-best-friend-or-cut-price-sparklers |title=Lab-grown diamonds: girl's best friend or cut-price sparklers? |first=Alice |last=Fisher |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=October 1, 2022 |access-date=October 1, 2022 |archive-date=October 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001150243/https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2022/oct/01/lab-grown-diamonds-girls-best-friend-or-cut-price-sparklers |url-status=live }}</ref> also called '''laboratory-grown''', '''laboratory-created''', '''man-made''', '''artisan-created''', '''artificial''', '''synthetic''', or '''cultured diamond''') is [[diamond]] that is produced in a controlled technological process (in contrast to naturally formed diamond, which is created through geological processes and [[Diamond#Mining|obtained by mining]]). Unlike [[diamond simulant]]s (imitations of diamond made of superficially similar non-diamond materials), synthetic diamonds are composed of the same material as naturally formed diamonds—pure [[carbon]] [[crystallized]] in an [[isotropic]] 3D form—and share identical [[Material properties of diamond|chemical and physical properties]].
Numerous claims of diamond synthesis were reported between 1879 and 1928; most of these attempts were carefully analyzed but none was confirmed. In the 1940s, systematic research of diamond creation began in the United States, Sweden and the [[Science and technology in the Soviet Union|Soviet Union]], which culminated in the first reproducible synthesis in 1953. Further research activity yielded the discoveries of '''high pressure high temperature diamond''' ('''HPHT''') and '''CVD diamond''', named for their production method (high-pressure high-temperature and [[chemical vapor deposition]], respectively). These two processes still dominate synthetic diamond production. A third method in which [[nanometer]]-sized diamond grains are created in a detonation of carbon-containing explosives, known as [[detonation nanodiamond|detonation]] synthesis, entered the market in the late 1990s. A fourth method, treating graphite with high-power [[ultrasound]], has been demonstrated in the laboratory, but as of 2008 had no commercial application.
[[File:Diamonds7.jpg|thumb|Synthetic diamonds, which have a different shade due to the different content of nitrogen impurities. Yellow diamonds are obtained with a higher nitrogen content in the carbon lattice, and transparent diamonds come only from pure carbon. The smallest yellow diamond size is around 0
The properties of synthetic diamonds depend on the manufacturing process. Some have properties such as [[hardness]], [[thermal conductivity]] and [[electron mobility]] that are superior to those of most naturally formed diamonds. Synthetic diamond is [[Diamond#Industrial-grade diamonds|widely used]] in [[abrasive]]s, in cutting and polishing tools and in [[heat sink]]s. Electronic applications of synthetic diamond are being developed, including high-power [[switch]]es at [[power station]]s, high-frequency [[field-effect transistor]]s and [[light-emitting diode]]s. Synthetic diamond detectors of [[ultraviolet]] (UV) light or [[Particle Physics|high-energy particles]] are used at high-energy research facilities and are available commercially. Due to its unique combination of thermal and chemical stability, low [[thermal expansion]] and high optical transparency in a wide [[electromagnetic spectrum|spectral range]], synthetic diamond is becoming the most popular material for optical windows in high-power [[Carbon dioxide laser|{{chem|C|O|2}} lasers]] and [[gyrotron]]s. It is estimated that 98% of industrial-grade diamond demand is supplied with synthetic diamonds.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Zimnisky|first1=Paul|access-date=February 4, 2013|url=http://www.resourceinvestor.com/2013/01/22/the-state-of-2013-global-rough-diamond-supply|title=The state of 2013 global rough diamond supply|publisher=Resource Investor|date=January 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128044054/http://www.resourceinvestor.com/2013/01/22/the-state-of-2013-global-rough-diamond-supply|archive-date=January 28, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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The Schenectady group improved on the [[diamond anvil cell|anvils]] designed by [[Percy Bridgman]], who received a [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his work in 1946. Bundy and Strong made the first improvements, then more were made by Hall. The GE team used [[tungsten carbide]] anvils within a hydraulic press to squeeze the carbonaceous sample held in a [[catlinite]] container, the finished grit being squeezed out of the container into a gasket. The team recorded diamond synthesis on one occasion, but the experiment could not be reproduced because of uncertain synthesis conditions,<ref>[[#Donoghue|O'Donoghue]], p. 474</ref> and the diamond was later shown to have been a natural diamond used as a seed.<ref name="er">{{cite journal|last1=Bovenkerk|first1=H. P.|last2=Bundy|first2=F. P.|last3=Chrenko|first3=R. M.|last4=Codella|first4=P. J.|last5=Strong|first5=H. M.|last6=Wentorf|first6=R. H.|year=1993|title=Errors in diamond synthesis|journal=Nature|volume=365|issue=6441|page=19|bibcode=1993Natur.365...19B|doi=10.1038/365019a0|s2cid=4348180|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Hall achieved the first commercially successful synthesis of diamond on December 16, 1954, and this was announced on February 15, 1955. His breakthrough
=== Further development ===
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The first gem-quality stones were always yellow to brown in color because of contamination with [[nitrogen]]. [[Inclusion (mineral)|Inclusions]] were common, especially "plate-like" ones from the nickel. Removing all nitrogen from the process by adding aluminum or [[titanium]] produced colorless "white" stones, and removing the nitrogen and adding [[boron]] produced blue ones.<ref name=burns>{{cite journal|last1=Burns|first1=R. C.|last2=Cvetkovic|first2=V.|last3=Dodge|first3=C. N.|title =Growth-sector dependence of optical features in large synthetic diamonds| doi = 10.1016/0022-0248(90)90126-6 |journal =Journal of Crystal Growth |volume= 104 |year =1990 |pages = 257–279| issue= 2|bibcode = 1990JCrGr.104..257B | last4= Evans | first4=D. J. F. | last5= Rooney | first5= Marie-Line T. | last6= Spear | first6=P. M. | last7=Welbourn | first7=C. M. }}</ref> Removing nitrogen also slowed the growth process and reduced the crystalline quality, so the process was normally run with nitrogen present.
Although the GE stones and natural diamonds were chemically identical, their physical properties were not the same. The colorless stones produced strong [[fluorescence]] and [[phosphorescence]] under short-wavelength ultraviolet light, but were inert under long-wave UV. Among natural diamonds, only the rarer blue gems exhibit these properties. Unlike natural diamonds, all the GE stones showed strong yellow fluorescence under [[X-ray]]s.<ref>[[#Barnard|Barnard]], p. 166</ref> The [[De Beers]]
In the 1950s, research started in the Soviet Union and the US on the growth of diamond by [[pyrolysis]] of hydrocarbon gases at the relatively low temperature of {{cvt|800|C}}. This low-pressure process is known as [[chemical vapor deposition]] (CVD). William G. Eversole reportedly achieved vapor deposition of diamond over diamond substrate in 1953, but it was not reported until 1962.<ref>[[#Spear|Spear and Dismukes]], pp. 25–26</ref><ref>Eversole, W. G. (April 17, 1962) "Synthesis of diamond" {{US patent|3030188}}</ref> Diamond film deposition was independently reproduced by Angus and coworkers in 1968<ref>{{cite journal| title = Growth of Diamond Seed Crystals by Vapor Deposition| doi = 10.1063/1.1656693 |journal= J. Appl. Phys. |volume= 39 |year =1968|page = 2915| issue = 6| last1 = Angus| first1 = John C.|bibcode = 1968JAP....39.2915A | last2 = Will| first2 = Herbert A.| last3 = Stanko| first3 = Wayne S.}}</ref> and by Deryagin and Fedoseev in 1970.<ref>[[#Spear|Spear and Dismukes]], p. 42</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Deryagin | first1 = B. V. | last2 = Fedoseev | first2 = D. V. |title = Epitaxial Synthesis of Diamond in the Metastable Region| journal = Russian Chemical Reviews|year =1970|pages = 783–788| doi = 10.1070/RC1970v039n09ABEH002022| volume = 39| issue = 9|bibcode = 1970RuCRv..39..783D | s2cid = 250819894 }}</ref> Whereas Eversole and Angus used large, expensive, single-crystal diamonds as substrates, Deryagin and Fedoseev succeeded in making diamond films on non-diamond materials ([[silicon]] and metals), which led to massive research on inexpensive diamond coatings in the 1980s.<ref>[[#Spear|Spear and Dismukes]], pp. 265–266</ref>
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===Crystallization inside liquid metal===
In 2024, scientists announced a method that utilizes injecting methane and hydrogen gases onto a liquid metal alloy of gallium, iron, nickel and silicon (77.25/11.00/11.00/0.25 ratio) at approximately 1,025 °C to crystallize diamond at 1 atmosphere of pressure. The crystallization is a ‘seedless’ process, which further separates it from conventional high-pressure and high-temperature or [[chemical vapor deposition]] methods. Injection of methane and hydrogen results in a diamond nucleus after around 15 minutes and eventually a continuous diamond film after around 150 minutes.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.sciencealert.com/forget-billions-of-years-scientists-have-grown-diamonds-in-just-150-minutes |title= Forget Billions of Years: Scientists Have Grown Diamonds in Just 150 Minutes |author= David Nield |date= 25 April 2024 |website= [[ScienceAlert]] |publisher= |access-date= 25 April 2024 |quote= |language= }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gong|first1=Yan |last2= Luo|first2=Da |last3=Choe |first3=Myeonggi |last4=Kim |first4=Yongchul |last5=Ram |first5=Babu |last6=Zafari |first6=Mohammad |last7=Seong |first7=Won Kyung |last8=Bakharev |first8=Pavel |last9=Wang |first9=Meihui |last10= Park|first10=In Kee |last11=Lee |first11=Seulyi |last12=Shin |first12=Tae Joo |last13=Lee |first13= Zonghoon |last14= Lee |first14= Geunsik |last15= Ruoff |first15= Rodney S. |author-link15= Rodney S. Ruoff |date= 24 April 2024 |title=Growth of diamond in liquid metal at 1 atm pressure |journal= Nature |volume= 629|issue= 8011|pages= 348–354|doi= 10.1038/s41586-024-07339-7|pmid=38658760 |bibcode=2024Natur.629..348G }}</ref>
== Properties ==
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=== Electronics ===
Synthetic diamond has potential uses as a [[semiconductor]],<ref name="semi">{{cite journal| author1 =Denisenko, A. |author2=Kohn, E. |title =Diamond power devices. Concepts and limits| doi =10.1016/j.diamond.2004.12.043|journal=Diamond and Related Materials|volume=14 |year=2005|pages=491–498| issue =3–7|bibcode = 2005DRM....14..491D }}</ref> because it can be [[doping (semiconductors)|doped]] with impurities like boron and [[phosphorus]]. Since these elements contain one more or one fewer [[valence electron]] than carbon, they turn synthetic diamond into [[p-type semiconductor|p-type]] or [[n-type semiconductor]]. Making a p–n junction by sequential doping of synthetic diamond with boron and phosphorus produces light-emitting diodes ([[LED]]s) producing UV light of 235 nm.<ref name="koizumi">{{cite journal| title =Ultraviolet Emission from a Diamond pn Junction| doi =10.1126/science.1060258| journal =Science| pmid =11397942| volume =292| issue =5523| year =2001| pages =1899–1901| last1 =Koizumi| first1 =S.| last2 =Watanabe| first2 =K| last3 =Hasegawa| first3 =M| last4 =Kanda| first4 =H| bibcode =2001Sci...292.1899K| s2cid =10675358}}</ref> Another useful property of synthetic diamond for electronics is high [[electron mobility|carrier mobility]], which reaches 4500 cm<sup>2</sup>/(V·s) for electrons in single-crystal CVD diamond.<ref name=isberg>{{cite journal |title =High Carrier Mobility in Single-Crystal Plasma-Deposited Diamond |doi = 10.1126/science.1074374 |journal =Science |pmid =12215638|volume=297 |issue =5587|year=2002|pages =1670–1672 |last1 =Isberg |first1 =J. |last2 =Hammersberg |first2 =J |last3 =Johansson |first3 =E |last4 =Wikström |first4 =T |last5 =Twitchen |first5 =DJ |last6 =Whitehead |first6 =AJ |last7 =Coe |first7 =SE |last8 =Scarsbrook |first8 =GA|bibcode = 2002Sci...297.1670I |s2cid = 27736134 }}</ref> High mobility is favorable for high-frequency operation and [[field-effect transistor]]s made from diamond have already demonstrated promising high-frequency performance above 50 GHz.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Russell|first1=S. A. O.|last2=Sharabi|first2=S.|last3=Tallaire|first3=A.|last4=Moran|first4=D. A. J.|date=October 1, 2012|title=Hydrogen-Terminated Diamond Field-Effect Transistors With Cutoff Frequency of 53 GHz|journal=[[IEEE Electron Device Letters]]|volume=33|issue=10|pages=1471–1473|doi=10.1109/LED.2012.2210020|bibcode=2012IEDL...33.1471R|s2cid=15626986}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ueda|first1=K.|last2=Kasu|first2=M.|last3=Yamauchi|first3=Y.|last4=Makimoto|first4=T.|last5=Schwitters|first5=M.|last6=Twitchen|first6=D. J.|last7=Scarsbrook|first7=G. A.|last8=Coe|first8=S. E.|date=July 1, 2006|title=Diamond FET using high-quality polycrystalline diamond with fT of 45 GHz and fmax of 120 GHz|journal=[[IEEE Electron Device Letters]]|volume=27|issue=7|pages=570–572|doi=10.1109/LED.2006.876325|bibcode=2006IEDL...27..570U|s2cid=27756719}}</ref> The wide [[band gap]] of diamond (5.5 eV) gives it excellent dielectric properties. Combined with the high mechanical stability of diamond, those properties are being used in prototype high-power switches for power stations.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Isberg, J. |author2=Gabrysch, M. |author3=Tajani, A. |author4=Twitchen, D.J. |name-list-style=amp |title = High-field Electrical Transport in Single Crystal CVD Diamond Diodes|journal= Advances in Science and Technology|series=Diamond and Other New Carbon Materials IV |volume=48|year=2006|pages=73–76|doi=10.4028/www.scientific.net/AST.48.73|isbn=978-3-03813-096-3 |s2cid=137379434 }}</ref>
Synthetic diamond transistors have been produced in the laboratory. They remain functional at much higher temperatures than silicon devices, and are resistant to chemical and radiation damage. While no diamond transistors have yet been successfully integrated into commercial electronics, they are promising for use in exceptionally high-power situations and hostile non-oxidizing environments.<ref>{{cite journal|title =A critical review of chemical vapor-deposited (CVD) diamond for electronic applications|doi =10.1080/10408430008951119 |journal =Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences |volume= 25 |year =2000|pages = 163–277| issue= 3|last1 =Railkar|first1 =T. A.|last2 =Kang|first2 =W. P.|last3 =Windischmann|first3 =Henry|last4 =Malshe|first4 =A. P.|last5 =Naseem|first5 =H. A.|last6 =Davidson|first6 =J. L.|last7 =Brown|first7 =W. D.|bibcode = 2000CRSSM..25..163R |s2cid =96368363 }}</ref><ref>Salisbury, David (August 4, 2011) [http://news.vanderbilt.edu/2011/08/nanodiamond/ "Designing diamond circuits for extreme environments"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118095940/http://news.vanderbilt.edu/2011/08/nanodiamond/ |date=November 18, 2011 }}, Vanderbilt University Research News. Retrieved May 27, 2015.</ref>
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{{Main|Diamond (gemstone)}}
[[File:Apollo synthetic diamond.jpg|thumb|alt=A colorless faceted gem|Colorless gem cut from diamond grown by chemical vapor deposition]]
Synthetic diamonds for use as [[gemstone]]s are grown by HPHT<ref name=bars>{{cite journal|title =High pressure-high temperature growth of diamond crystals using split sphere apparatus|doi =10.1016/j.diamond.2005.09.007 |journal = Diam. Relat. Mater. |volume = 14 |year =2005|pages = 1916–1919| issue= 11–12|last1 =Abbaschian|first1 =Reza|last2 =Zhu|first2 =Henry|last3 =Clarke|first3 =Carter|bibcode = 2005DRM....14.1916A }}</ref> or CVD<ref name=yarnell /> methods, and represented approximately 2% of the gem-quality diamond market as of 2013.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=August 1, 2013|url=http://www.kitco.com/ind/Zimnisky/2013-06-19-How-High-Quality-Synthetic-Diamonds-Will-Impact-the-Market.html|title=How High Quality Synthetic Diamonds Will Impact the Market|publisher=Kitco|date=July 12, 2013|archive-date=November 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103100124/http://www.kitco.com/ind/Zimnisky/2013-06-19-How-High-Quality-Synthetic-Diamonds-Will-Impact-the-Market.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, there are indications that the market share of synthetic jewelry-quality diamonds may grow as advances in technology allow for larger higher-quality synthetic production on a more economic scale.<ref name="Kitco">{{cite web | url=http://www.kitco.com/ind/Zimnisky/2015-02-10-Global-Rough-Diamond-Production-Estimated-to-Hit-Over-135M-Carats-in-2015.html | title=Global Rough Diamond Production Estimated to Hit Over 135M Carats in 2015 | website=Kitco Commentary | publisher=Kitco | date=February 10, 2015 | author=Zimnisky, Paul | access-date=March 7, 2015 | archive-date=March 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322081804/http://www.kitco.com/ind/Zimnisky/2015-02-10-Global-Rough-Diamond-Production-Estimated-to-Hit-Over-135M-Carats-in-2015.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Indeed, by 2023, synthetic diamonds' share had increased to 17% of the overall diamond market.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnn.com/style/lab-grown-diamonds-popularity-2023-bof/index.html | title=How 2023 became the year of the lab-grown diamond | website=CNN | date=October 26, 2023 | author=Pearl, Diana | access-date=May 23, 2024 }}</ref> They are available in yellow, pink, green, orange, blue and, to a lesser extent, colorless (or white). The yellow color comes from nitrogen impurities in the manufacturing process, while the blue color comes from boron.<ref name=burns /> Other colors, such as pink or green, are achievable after synthesis using irradiation.<ref name=walker>{{cite journal| author= Walker, J. |title =Optical absorption and luminescence in diamond| doi= 10.1088/0034-4885/42/10/001 |journal = Rep. Prog. Phys. |volume = 42 |year =1979|pages = 1605–1659| issue= 10 | bibcode=1979RPPh...42.1605W|citeseerx =10.1.1.467.443|s2cid =250857323}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1063/1.1866501|title=High-temperature annealing of optical centers in type-I diamond|year=2005|last1=Collins|first1=A.T.|last2=Connor|first2=A.|last3=Ly|first3=C-H.|last4=Shareef|first4=A. |last5=Spear|first5=P.M.|journal=Journal of Applied Physics|volume=97|issue=8|pages=083517–083517–10|bibcode=2005JAP....97h3517C}}</ref> Several companies also offer [[memorial diamond]]s grown using cremated remains.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=August 8, 2009 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/06/23/idUS213741+23-Jun-2009+PRN20090623 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017015709/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/06/23/idUS213741%2B23-Jun-2009%2BPRN20090623 |archive-date=October 17, 2012 |title=Memorial Diamonds Deliver Eternal Life |work=Reuters |date=June 23, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Gem-quality diamonds grown in a lab can be chemically, physically and optically identical to naturally occurring ones. The mined diamond industry has undertaken legal, marketing and distribution countermeasures to try to protect its market from the emerging presence of synthetic diamonds.<ref>{{cite news|url=
At least [[Pure Grown Diamonds|one maker]] of laboratory-grown diamonds has made public statements about being "committed to disclosure" of the nature of its diamonds, and [[laser]]-inscribed serial numbers on all of its gemstones.<ref name=yarnell>{{cite journal|last1= Yarnell|first1= Amanda|date= February 2, 2004|title= The Many Facets of Man-Made Diamonds|journal= Chemical & Engineering News|volume= 82|issue= 5|pages= 26–31|url= http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8205/8205diamonds.html|doi= 10.1021/cen-v082n005.p026|access-date= March 2, 2004|archive-date= October 28, 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081028181945/http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8205//8205diamonds.html|url-status= live}}</ref> The company web site shows an example of the lettering of one of its laser inscriptions, which includes both the words "[[Gemesis]] created" and the serial number prefix "LG" (laboratory grown).<ref>[http://gemesis.com/media/wysiwyg/ExDiamondCert.pdf Laboratory Grown Diamond Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021071758/http://gemesis.com/media/wysiwyg/ExDiamondCert.pdf |date=October 21, 2012 }} for Gemesis diamond, International Gemological Institute, 2007. Retrieved May 27, 2015.</ref>
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