Content deleted Content added
Tags: Reverted Visual edit |
Reverted 1 edit by Stevenawasthi (talk): Spam |
||
| (38 intermediate revisions by 25 users not shown) | |||
Line 4:
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
[[File:HPHTdiamonds2.JPG|thumb|300px|alt=Six non-faceted diamond crystals of {{cvt|2–3|mm}} size; they are yellow, green-yellow, green-blue, light-blue, light-blue and dark blue.|Lab-grown diamonds of various colors grown by the high-pressure-and-temperature technique]]
'''
Numerous claims of diamond synthesis were reported between 1879 and 1928; most of these attempts were carefully analyzed but none was confirmed. In the 1940s, systematic research of diamond creation began in the United States, Sweden and the [[Science and technology in the Soviet Union|Soviet Union]], which culminated in the first reproducible synthesis in 1953. Further research activity yielded the discoveries of '''high pressure high temperature diamond''' ('''HPHT
▲'''Lab-grown diamond''' ('''LGD''';<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2022/oct/01/lab-grown-diamonds-girls-best-friend-or-cut-price-sparklers |title=Lab-grown diamonds: girl's best friend or cut-price sparklers? |first=Alice |last=Fisher |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=October 1, 2022 |access-date=October 1, 2022 |archive-date=October 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001150243/https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2022/oct/01/lab-grown-diamonds-girls-best-friend-or-cut-price-sparklers |url-status=live }}</ref> also called '''laboratory-grown''', '''laboratory-created''', '''man-made''', '''artisan-created''', '''artificial''', '''synthetic''', or '''cultured diamond''') is [[diamond]] that is produced in a controlled technological process (in contrast to naturally formed diamond, which is created through geological processes and [[Diamond#Mining|obtained by mining]]). Unlike [[diamond simulant]]s (imitations of diamond made of superficially similar non-diamond materials), synthetic diamonds are composed of the same material as naturally formed diamonds – pure [[carbon]] [[crystallized]] in an [[isotropic]] 3D form – and share identical [[Material properties of diamond|chemical and physical properties]].
[[File:Diamonds7.jpg|thumb|Synthetic diamonds, which have a different shade due to the different content of nitrogen impurities. Yellow diamonds are obtained with a higher nitrogen content in the carbon lattice, and transparent diamonds come only from pure carbon. The smallest yellow diamond size is around 0.3 mm]]
▲Numerous claims of diamond synthesis were reported between 1879 and 1928; most of these attempts were carefully analyzed but none was confirmed. In the 1940s, systematic research of diamond creation began in the United States, Sweden and the [[Science and technology in the Soviet Union|Soviet Union]], which culminated in the first reproducible synthesis in 1953. Further research activity yielded the discoveries of '''high pressure high temperature diamond (HPHT)''' and '''CVD diamond''', named for their production method (high-pressure high-temperature and [[chemical vapor deposition]], respectively). These two processes still dominate synthetic diamond production. A third method in which [[nanometer]]-sized diamond grains are created in a detonation of carbon-containing explosives, known as [[detonation nanodiamond|detonation]] synthesis, entered the market in the late 1990s. A fourth method, treating graphite with high-power [[ultrasound]], has been demonstrated in the laboratory, but currently has no commercial application.
The properties of
▲The properties of man-made diamond depend on the manufacturing process. Some synthetic diamonds have properties such as [[hardness]], [[thermal conductivity]] and [[electron mobility]] that are superior to those of most naturally formed diamonds. Synthetic diamond is [[Diamond#Industrial-grade diamonds|widely used]] in [[abrasive]]s, in cutting and polishing tools and in [[heat sink]]s. Electronic applications of synthetic diamond are being developed, including high-power [[switch]]es at [[power station]]s, high-frequency [[field-effect transistor]]s and [[light-emitting diode]]s. Synthetic diamond detectors of [[ultraviolet]] (UV) light or high-energy particles are used at high-energy research facilities and are available commercially. Due to its unique combination of thermal and chemical stability, low [[thermal expansion]] and high optical transparency in a wide [[electromagnetic spectrum|spectral range]], synthetic diamond is becoming the most popular material for optical windows in high-power [[Carbon dioxide laser|{{chem|C|O|2}} lasers]] and [[gyrotron]]s. It is estimated that 98% of industrial-grade diamond demand is supplied with synthetic diamonds.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Zimnisky|first1=Paul|access-date=February 4, 2013|url=http://www.resourceinvestor.com/2013/01/22/the-state-of-2013-global-rough-diamond-supply|title=The state of 2013 global rough diamond supply|publisher=Resource Investor|date=January 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128044054/http://www.resourceinvestor.com/2013/01/22/the-state-of-2013-global-rough-diamond-supply|archive-date=January 28, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Both CVD and HPHT diamonds can be cut into [[gemstone|gems]] and various colors can be produced: clear white, yellow, brown, blue, green and orange. The advent of synthetic gems on the market created major concerns in the diamond trading business, as a result of which special [[optical spectroscopy|spectroscopic]] devices and techniques have been developed to distinguish synthetic and natural diamonds.
Line 15:
== History ==
[[File:Henri Moissan making diamonds.jpg|thumb|Moissan trying to create synthetic diamonds using an electric arc furnace]]
In the early stages of diamond synthesis, the founding figure of modern chemistry, [[Antoine Lavoisier]], played a significant role. His groundbreaking discovery that a diamond's crystal lattice is similar to carbon's crystal structure paved the way for initial attempts to produce diamonds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.klenota.com/Blog/Gems-and-pearls/Lab-Grown-Diamonds-A-Miracle-of-Modern-Technology|title= Lab Grown Diamonds: A Miracle of Modern Technology | date=April 13, 2023 |website=klenota.com|access-date=April 13, 2023}}</ref>
After it was discovered that diamond was pure carbon in 1797,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Tennant, Smithson|year=1797|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vlBFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA123|title=On the nature of the diamond|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London|volume=87|pages=123–127|doi=10.1098/rstl.1797.0005|doi-access=free|access-date=February 23, 2016|archive-date=April 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425035728/https://books.google.com/books?id=vlBFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA123|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[#Spear|Spear and Dismukes]], p. 309</ref> many attempts were made to convert various cheap forms of carbon into diamond.<ref name=s23>[[#Spear|Spear and Dismukes]], pp. 23, 512–513</ref>{{efn|As early as 1828, investigators claimed to have synthesized diamonds:
*{{lang|fr|Procès-verbaux des séances de l'Académie (Académie des sciences)}}, November 3, 1828:<ref>[Minutes of the meetings of the [French] [[French Academy of Sciences|Academy of Sciences]]], November 3, 1828, volume 9,[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3302x/f143.image.langEN page 137:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911205532/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3302x/f143.image.langEN |date=September 11, 2017 }}</ref> "There was given a reading of a letter from [[Jean-Nicolas Gannal|Mr. Gannal]], who communicated some investigations into the action of [[phosphorus]] placed in contact with pure [[carbon disulfide]], and into the product of his experiments, which have presented properties similar to those of particles of diamond."
Line 39:
The Schenectady group improved on the [[diamond anvil cell|anvils]] designed by [[Percy Bridgman]], who received a [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his work in 1946. Bundy and Strong made the first improvements, then more were made by Hall. The GE team used [[tungsten carbide]] anvils within a hydraulic press to squeeze the carbonaceous sample held in a [[catlinite]] container, the finished grit being squeezed out of the container into a gasket. The team recorded diamond synthesis on one occasion, but the experiment could not be reproduced because of uncertain synthesis conditions,<ref>[[#Donoghue|O'Donoghue]], p. 474</ref> and the diamond was later shown to have been a natural diamond used as a seed.<ref name="er">{{cite journal|last1=Bovenkerk|first1=H. P.|last2=Bundy|first2=F. P.|last3=Chrenko|first3=R. M.|last4=Codella|first4=P. J.|last5=Strong|first5=H. M.|last6=Wentorf|first6=R. H.|year=1993|title=Errors in diamond synthesis|journal=Nature|volume=365|issue=6441|page=19|bibcode=1993Natur.365...19B|doi=10.1038/365019a0|s2cid=4348180|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Hall achieved the first commercially successful synthesis of diamond on December 16, 1954, and this was announced on February 15, 1955. His breakthrough
=== Further development ===
Line 51:
In the 1950s, research started in the Soviet Union and the US on the growth of diamond by [[pyrolysis]] of hydrocarbon gases at the relatively low temperature of {{cvt|800|C}}. This low-pressure process is known as [[chemical vapor deposition]] (CVD). William G. Eversole reportedly achieved vapor deposition of diamond over diamond substrate in 1953, but it was not reported until 1962.<ref>[[#Spear|Spear and Dismukes]], pp. 25–26</ref><ref>Eversole, W. G. (April 17, 1962) "Synthesis of diamond" {{US patent|3030188}}</ref> Diamond film deposition was independently reproduced by Angus and coworkers in 1968<ref>{{cite journal| title = Growth of Diamond Seed Crystals by Vapor Deposition| doi = 10.1063/1.1656693 |journal= J. Appl. Phys. |volume= 39 |year =1968|page = 2915| issue = 6| last1 = Angus| first1 = John C.|bibcode = 1968JAP....39.2915A | last2 = Will| first2 = Herbert A.| last3 = Stanko| first3 = Wayne S.}}</ref> and by Deryagin and Fedoseev in 1970.<ref>[[#Spear|Spear and Dismukes]], p. 42</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Deryagin | first1 = B. V. | last2 = Fedoseev | first2 = D. V. |title = Epitaxial Synthesis of Diamond in the Metastable Region| journal = Russian Chemical Reviews|year =1970|pages = 783–788| doi = 10.1070/RC1970v039n09ABEH002022| volume = 39| issue = 9|bibcode = 1970RuCRv..39..783D | s2cid = 250819894 }}</ref> Whereas Eversole and Angus used large, expensive, single-crystal diamonds as substrates, Deryagin and Fedoseev succeeded in making diamond films on non-diamond materials ([[silicon]] and metals), which led to massive research on inexpensive diamond coatings in the 1980s.<ref>[[#Spear|Spear and Dismukes]], pp. 265–266</ref>
From 2013, reports emerged of a rise in undisclosed synthetic melee diamonds (small round diamonds typically used to frame a central diamond or embellish a band)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://4cs.gia.edu/en-us/blog/melee-diamonds-tiny-diamonds-big-impact/|title=Melee Diamonds: Tiny Diamonds, Big Impact|date=April 11, 2017|access-date=June 9, 2018|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162111/http://4cs.gia.edu/en-us/blog/melee-diamonds-tiny-diamonds-big-impact/|url-status=live}}</ref> being found in set jewelry and within diamond parcels sold in the trade.<ref>{{cite web|title=Industry worries about undisclosed synthetic melee|url=http://www.jckonline.com/2014/01/02/industry-worries-about-undisclosed-synthetic-melee|website=JCKOnline|date=January 2, 2014 |publisher=jckonline.com|access-date=May 10, 2015|archive-date=May 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518093641/http://www.jckonline.com/2014/01/02/industry-worries-about-undisclosed-synthetic-melee|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the relatively low cost of diamond melee, as well as relative lack of universal knowledge for identifying large quantities of melee efficiently,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Diamond Melee definition|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/373870/melee|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=May 10, 2015|archive-date=May 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518071102/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/373870/melee|url-status=live}}</ref> not all dealers have made an effort to test diamond melee to correctly identify whether it is of natural or
== Manufacturing technologies ==
Line 72:
Chemical vapor deposition is a method by which diamond can be grown from a hydrocarbon gas mixture. Since the early 1980s, this method has been the subject of intensive worldwide research. Whereas the mass production of high-quality diamond crystals make the HPHT process the more suitable choice for industrial applications, the flexibility and simplicity of CVD setups explain the popularity of CVD growth in laboratory research. The advantages of CVD diamond growth include the ability to grow diamond over large areas and on various substrates, and the fine control over the chemical impurities and thus properties of the diamond produced. Unlike HPHT, CVD process does not require high pressures, as the growth typically occurs at pressures under {{cvt|27|kPa}}.<ref name=CVD /><ref name=milos>{{cite book |title=Physics and Applications of CVD Diamond |pages=50, 200–240 |author1=Koizumi, S. |author2=Nebel, C. E. |author3=Nesladek, M. |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Wiley VCH |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-527-40801-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRFUZdHb688C&pg=RA1-PA50 |access-date=May 3, 2021 |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320084859/https://books.google.com/books?id=pRFUZdHb688C&pg=RA1-PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The CVD growth involves substrate preparation, feeding varying amounts of gases into a chamber and energizing them. The substrate preparation includes choosing an appropriate material and its crystallographic orientation; cleaning it, often with a diamond powder to abrade a non-diamond substrate; and optimizing the substrate temperature (about {{cvt|800|C}}) during the growth through a series of test runs. Moreover, optimizing the gas mixture composition and flow rates is paramount to ensure uniform and high-quality diamond growth. The gases always include a carbon source, typically [[methane]], and hydrogen with a typical ratio of 1:99. Hydrogen is essential because it selectively etches off non-diamond carbon. The gases are ionized into chemically active [[Radical (chemistry)|radicals]] in the growth chamber using [[microwave]] power, a [[hot filament]], an [[electric arc|arc discharge]], a [[welding torch]], a [[laser]], an [[electron beam]], or other means.
During the growth, the chamber materials are etched off by the plasma and can incorporate into the growing diamond. In particular, CVD diamond is often contaminated by silicon originating from the [[silica]] windows of the growth chamber or from the silicon substrate.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/pssa.200561920|title=Silicon incorporation in CVD diamond layers|year=2005|author=Barjon, J. |journal=Physica Status Solidi A|volume=202|pages=2177–2181|last2=Rzepka|first2=E.|last3=Jomard|first3=F.|last4=Laroche|first4=J.-M.|last5=Ballutaud|first5=D.|last6=Kociniewski|first6=T.|last7=Chevallier|first7=J.|issue=11|bibcode = 2005PSSAR.202.2177B |s2cid=93807288 }}</ref> Therefore, silica windows are either avoided or moved away from the substrate. Boron-containing species in the chamber, even at very low trace levels, also make it unsuitable for the growth of pure diamond.<ref name=CVD>{{cite journal| title =Growth and application of undoped and doped diamond films |doi =10.1088/0034-4885/61/12/002|journal =Rep. Prog. Phys. |volume =61 |year =1998 |pages =1665–1710| issue =12| last1 =Werner| first1 =M| last2 =Locher| first2 =R|bibcode = 1998RPPh...61.1665W |s2cid =250878100}}</ref><ref name=milos /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AICuflDe6LcC&pg=PA363|page=363|title=State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors XXXIX and Nitride and Wide Bandgap Semiconductors for Sensors, Photonics and Electronics IV: proceedings of the Electrochemical Society|editor=Kopf, R. F.|publisher=The Electrochemical Society|year=2003|isbn=978-1-56677-391-1|access-date=May 3, 2021|archive-date=March 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320084900/https://books.google.com/books?id=AICuflDe6LcC&pg=PA363|url-status=live}}</ref>
Line 79:
{{Main|Detonation nanodiamond}}
[[File:Detonationdiamond.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=An image resembling a cluster of grape where the cluster consists of nearly spherical particles of {{cvt|5|nm}} diameter|Electron micrograph ([[transmission electron microscopy|TEM]]) of detonation nanodiamond]]
Diamond nanocrystals ({{cvt|5|nm}} in diameter) can be formed by detonating certain carbon-containing explosives in a metal chamber. These are called "detonation nanodiamonds". During the explosion, the pressure and temperature in the chamber become high enough to convert the carbon of the explosives into diamond. Being immersed in water, the chamber cools rapidly after the explosion, suppressing conversion of newly produced diamond into more stable graphite.<ref name=
=== Ultrasound cavitation ===
[[Micron]]-sized diamond crystals can be synthesized from a suspension of graphite in organic liquid at [[Standard
===Crystallization inside liquid metal===
In 2024, scientists announced a method that utilizes injecting methane and hydrogen gases onto a liquid metal alloy of gallium, iron, nickel and silicon (77.25/11.00/11.00/0.25 ratio) at approximately 1,025 °C to crystallize diamond at 1 atmosphere of pressure. The crystallization is a ‘seedless’ process, which further separates it from conventional high-pressure and high-temperature or [[chemical vapor deposition]] methods. Injection of methane and hydrogen results in a diamond nucleus after around 15 minutes and eventually a continuous diamond film after around 150 minutes.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.sciencealert.com/forget-billions-of-years-scientists-have-grown-diamonds-in-just-150-minutes |title= Forget Billions of Years: Scientists Have Grown Diamonds in Just 150 Minutes |author= David Nield |date= 25 April 2024 |website= [[ScienceAlert]] |publisher= |access-date= 25 April 2024 |quote= |language= }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gong|first1=Yan |last2= Luo|first2=Da |last3=Choe |first3=Myeonggi |last4=Kim |first4=Yongchul |last5=Ram |first5=Babu |last6=Zafari |first6=Mohammad |last7=Seong |first7=Won Kyung |last8=Bakharev |first8=Pavel |last9=Wang |first9=Meihui |last10= Park|first10=In Kee |last11=Lee |first11=Seulyi |last12=Shin |first12=Tae Joo |last13=Lee |first13= Zonghoon |last14= Lee |first14= Geunsik |last15= Ruoff |first15= Rodney S. |author-link15= Rodney S. Ruoff |date= 24 April 2024 |title=Growth of diamond in liquid metal at 1 atm pressure |journal= Nature |volume= 629|issue= 8011|pages= 348–354|doi= 10.1038/s41586-024-07339-7|pmid=38658760 |bibcode=2024Natur.629..348G }}</ref>
== Properties ==
Line 91 ⟶ 94:
=== Hardness ===
The hardness of diamond is 10 on the [[Mohs scale of mineral hardness]], the hardest known material on this scale. Diamond is also the hardest known natural material for its resistance to indentation.<ref name=blank /> The hardness of synthetic diamond depends on its purity, crystalline perfection and orientation: hardness is higher for flawless, pure crystals oriented to the [[Miller index#Case of cubic structures|<nowiki>[</nowiki>111<nowiki>]</nowiki>]] direction (along the longest diagonal of the cubic diamond lattice).<ref>{{cite book|pages=142–147|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtC1mUFZfQcC&pg=PA143|title=Properties, Growth and Applications of Diamond|author1=Neves, A. J.|author2=Nazaré, M. H.|name-list-style=amp|publisher=IET|year=2001|isbn=978-0-85296-785-0|access-date=May 3, 2021|archive-date=March 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320084900/https://books.google.com/books?id=jtC1mUFZfQcC&pg=PA143|url-status=live}}</ref> Nanocrystalline diamond produced through CVD diamond growth can have a hardness ranging from 30% to 75% of that of single crystal diamond, and the hardness can be controlled for specific applications. Some synthetic single-crystal diamonds and HPHT nanocrystalline diamonds (see [[hyperdiamond]]) are harder than any known natural diamond.<ref name=blank>{{cite journal|title =Ultrahard and superhard phases of fullerite C60: comparison with diamond on hardness and wear| doi= 10.1016/S0925-9635(97)00232-X |journal = Diamond and Related Materials |volume =7 |year =1998| pages= 427–431 |url =http://nanoscan.info/wp-content/publications/article_03.pdf|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110721225258/http://nanoscan.info/wp-content/publications/article_03.pdf|archive-date =July 21, 2011| issue =2–5|last1 =Blank|first1 =V.|last2 =Popov|first2 =M.|last3 =Pivovarov|first3 =G.|last4 =Lvova|first4 =N.|last5 =Gogolinsky|first5 =K.|last6 =Reshetov|first6 =V.|bibcode = 1998DRM.....7..427B | citeseerx= 10.1.1.520.7265 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author= Sumiya, H. |title =Super-hard diamond indenter prepared from high-purity synthetic diamond crystal |doi = 10.1063/1.1850654 |journal =Rev. Sci. Instrum. |volume =76 |year= 2005| issue= 2|pages =026112–026112–3 |bibcode = 2005RScI...76b6112S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title =Ultrahard diamond single crystals from chemical vapor deposition| doi=10.1002/pssa.200409033 |journal= Physica Status Solidi A |volume= 201 |year =2005 |page=R25| issue =4|last1 =Yan|first1 =Chih-Shiue|last2 =Mao|first2 =Ho-Kwang|last3 =Li|first3 =Wei|last4 =Qian|first4 =Jiang|last5 =Zhao|first5 =Yusheng|last6 =Hemley|first6 =Russell J.|bibcode =2004PSSAR.201R..25Y}}</ref>
=== Impurities and inclusions ===
Line 121 ⟶ 124:
=== Electronics ===
Synthetic diamond has potential uses as a [[semiconductor]],<ref name="semi">{{cite journal| author1 =Denisenko, A. |author2=Kohn, E. |title =Diamond power devices. Concepts and limits| doi =10.1016/j.diamond.2004.12.043|journal=Diamond and Related Materials|volume=14 |year=2005|pages=491–498| issue =3–7|bibcode = 2005DRM....14..491D }}</ref> because it can be [[doping (semiconductors)|doped]] with impurities like boron and [[phosphorus]]. Since these elements contain one more or one fewer [[valence electron]] than carbon, they turn synthetic diamond into [[p-type semiconductor|p-type]] or [[n-type semiconductor]]. Making a p–n junction by sequential doping of synthetic diamond with boron and phosphorus produces light-emitting diodes ([[LED]]s) producing UV light of 235 nm.<ref name="koizumi">{{cite journal| title =Ultraviolet Emission from a Diamond pn Junction| doi =10.1126/science.1060258| journal =Science| pmid =11397942| volume =292| issue =5523| year =2001| pages =1899–1901| last1 =Koizumi| first1 =S.| last2 =Watanabe| first2 =K| last3 =Hasegawa| first3 =M| last4 =Kanda| first4 =H| bibcode =2001Sci...292.1899K| s2cid =10675358
Synthetic diamond transistors have been produced in the laboratory. They remain functional at much higher temperatures than silicon devices, and are resistant to chemical and radiation damage. While no diamond transistors have yet been successfully integrated into commercial electronics, they are promising for use in exceptionally high-power situations and hostile non-oxidizing environments.<ref>{{cite journal|title =A critical review of chemical vapor-deposited (CVD) diamond for electronic applications|doi =10.1080/10408430008951119 |journal =Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences |volume= 25 |year =2000|pages = 163–277| issue= 3|last1 =Railkar|first1 =T. A.|last2 =Kang|first2 =W. P.|last3 =Windischmann|first3 =Henry|last4 =Malshe|first4 =A. P.|last5 =Naseem|first5 =H. A.|last6 =Davidson|first6 =J. L.|last7 =Brown|first7 =W. D.|bibcode = 2000CRSSM..25..163R |s2cid =96368363 }}</ref><ref>Salisbury, David (August 4, 2011) [http://news.vanderbilt.edu/2011/08/nanodiamond/ "Designing diamond circuits for extreme environments"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118095940/http://news.vanderbilt.edu/2011/08/nanodiamond/ |date=November 18, 2011 }}, Vanderbilt University Research News. Retrieved May 27, 2015.</ref>
Line 132 ⟶ 135:
{{Main|Diamond (gemstone)}}
[[File:Apollo synthetic diamond.jpg|thumb|alt=A colorless faceted gem|Colorless gem cut from diamond grown by chemical vapor deposition]]
Synthetic diamonds for use as [[gemstone]]s are grown by HPHT<ref name=bars>{{cite journal|title =High pressure-high temperature growth of diamond crystals using split sphere apparatus|doi =10.1016/j.diamond.2005.09.007 |journal = Diam. Relat. Mater. |volume = 14 |year =2005|pages = 1916–1919| issue= 11–12|last1 =Abbaschian|first1 =Reza|last2 =Zhu|first2 =Henry|last3 =Clarke|first3 =Carter|bibcode = 2005DRM....14.1916A }}</ref> or CVD<ref name=yarnell /> methods, and represented approximately 2% of the gem-quality diamond market as of 2013.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=August 1, 2013|url=http://www.kitco.com/ind/Zimnisky/2013-06-19-How-High-Quality-Synthetic-Diamonds-Will-Impact-the-Market.html|title=How High Quality Synthetic Diamonds Will Impact the Market|publisher=Kitco|date=July 12, 2013|archive-date=November 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103100124/http://www.kitco.com/ind/Zimnisky/2013-06-19-How-High-Quality-Synthetic-Diamonds-Will-Impact-the-Market.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, there are indications that the market share of synthetic jewelry-quality diamonds may grow as advances in technology allow for larger higher-quality synthetic production on a more economic scale.<ref name="Kitco">{{cite web | url=http://www.kitco.com/ind/Zimnisky/2015-02-10-Global-Rough-Diamond-Production-Estimated-to-Hit-Over-135M-Carats-in-2015.html | title=Global Rough Diamond Production Estimated to Hit Over 135M Carats in 2015 | website=Kitco Commentary | publisher=Kitco | date=February 10, 2015 | author=Zimnisky, Paul | access-date=March 7, 2015 | archive-date=March 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322081804/http://www.kitco.com/ind/Zimnisky/2015-02-10-Global-Rough-Diamond-Production-Estimated-to-Hit-Over-135M-Carats-in-2015.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Indeed, by 2023, synthetic diamonds' share had increased to 17% of the overall diamond market.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnn.com/style/lab-grown-diamonds-popularity-2023-bof/index.html | title=How 2023 became the year of the lab-grown diamond | website=CNN | date=October 26, 2023 | author=Pearl, Diana | access-date=May 23, 2024 }}</ref> They are available in yellow, pink, green, orange, blue and, to a lesser extent, colorless (or white). The yellow color comes from nitrogen impurities in the manufacturing process, while the blue color comes from boron.<ref name=burns /> Other colors, such as pink or green, are achievable after synthesis using irradiation.<ref name=walker>{{cite journal| author= Walker, J. |title =Optical absorption and luminescence in diamond| doi= 10.1088/0034-4885/42/10/001 |journal = Rep. Prog. Phys. |volume = 42 |year =1979|pages = 1605–1659| issue= 10 | bibcode=1979RPPh...42.1605W|citeseerx =10.1.1.467.443|s2cid =250857323}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1063/1.1866501|title=High-temperature annealing of optical centers in type-I diamond|year=2005|last1=Collins|first1=A.T.|last2=Connor|first2=A.|last3=Ly|first3=C-H.|last4=Shareef|first4=A. |last5=Spear|first5=P.M.|journal=Journal of Applied Physics|volume=97|issue=8|pages=083517–083517–10|bibcode=2005JAP....97h3517C}}</ref> Several companies also offer [[memorial diamond]]s grown using cremated remains.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=August 8, 2009 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/06/23/idUS213741+23-Jun-2009+PRN20090623 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017015709/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/06/23/idUS213741%2B23-Jun-2009%2BPRN20090623 |archive-date=October 17, 2012 |title=Memorial Diamonds Deliver Eternal Life |work=Reuters |date=June 23, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Gem-quality diamonds grown in a lab can be chemically, physically and optically identical to naturally occurring ones. The mined diamond industry has undertaken legal, marketing and distribution countermeasures to try to protect its market from the emerging presence of synthetic diamonds.<ref>{{cite news|url=
At least [[Pure Grown Diamonds|one maker]] of laboratory-grown diamonds has made public statements about being "committed to disclosure" of the nature of its diamonds, and [[laser]]-inscribed serial numbers on all of its gemstones.<ref name=yarnell>{{cite journal|last1= Yarnell|first1= Amanda|date= February 2, 2004|title= The Many Facets of Man-Made Diamonds|journal= Chemical & Engineering News|volume= 82|issue= 5|pages= 26–31|url= http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8205/8205diamonds.html|doi= 10.1021/cen-v082n005.p026|access-date= March 2, 2004|archive-date= October 28, 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081028181945/http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8205//8205diamonds.html|url-status= live}}</ref> The company web site shows an example of the lettering of one of its laser inscriptions, which includes both the words "[[Gemesis]] created" and the serial number prefix "LG" (laboratory grown).<ref>[http://gemesis.com/media/wysiwyg/ExDiamondCert.pdf Laboratory Grown Diamond Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021071758/http://gemesis.com/media/wysiwyg/ExDiamondCert.pdf |date=October 21, 2012 }} for Gemesis diamond, International Gemological Institute, 2007. Retrieved May 27, 2015.</ref>
Line 140 ⟶ 143:
In May 2015, a record was set for an HPHT colorless diamond at 10.02 carats. The faceted jewel was cut from a 32.2-carat stone that was grown in about 300 hours.<ref>[http://www.jckonline.com/2015/05/27/company-grows-10-carat-synthetic-diamond Company Grows 10 Carat Synthetic Diamond] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601011447/http://www.jckonline.com/2015/05/27/company-grows-10-carat-synthetic-diamond |date=June 1, 2015 }}. Jckonline.com (May 27, 2015). Retrieved September 1, 2015.</ref> By 2022, gem-quality diamonds of 16–20 carats were being produced.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Wuyi |last1=Wang |first2=Stephanie |last2=Persaud |first3=Elina |last3=Myagkaya |title=New Record Size for CVD Laboratory-Grown Diamond |journal=Gems and Gemology |volume=58 |issue=1 |year=2022 |url=https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2022-lab-notes-new-record-size-cvd |access-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208223246/https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2022-lab-notes-new-record-size-cvd |url-status=live }}</ref>
Traditional [[diamond mining]] has led to human rights abuses in Africa and other diamond mining countries. The 2006 Hollywood movie ''[[Blood Diamond (film)|Blood Diamond]]'' helped to publicize the problem. [[Consumer demand]] for synthetic diamonds has been increasing, albeit from a small base, as customers look for stones that are ethically sound and cheaper.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Murphy |first1=Hannah |last2=Biesheuvel |first2=Thomas |last3=Elmquist |first3=Sonja |date=August 27, 2015 |title=Want to Make a Diamond in Just 10 Weeks? Use a Microwave |work=Bloomberg Businessweek |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-27/want-to-make-a-diamond-in-just-10-weeks-use-a-microwave |access-date=July 19, 2022 |archive-date=September 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930033745/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-27/want-to-make-a-diamond-in-just-10-weeks-use-a-microwave |url-status=live }}</ref>
According to a report from the Gem & Jewellery Export Promotional Council, synthetic diamonds accounted for 0.28% of diamond produced for use as gemstones in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Synthetic Diamonds – Promoting Fair Trade|url=http://www.gjepc.org/admin/PressRelease/8826_Press%20Release%20-%20Synthetics%20-%206Jun14.pdf|website=gjepc.org|publisher=The Gem & Jewellery Export Promotion Council|access-date=February 12, 2016|archive-date=July 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713012100/http://www.gjepc.org/admin/PressRelease/8826_Press%20Release%20-%20Synthetics%20-%206Jun14.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2022, CNN Business<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavilanz |first=Parija |date=April 27, 2022 |title=CNN Business |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/04/27/business/diamonds-manmade-demand/index.html |access-date=May 5, 2022 |website=CNN Business |archive-date=May 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505144543/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/04/27/business/diamonds-manmade-demand/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> reported that engagement rings featuring a synthetic or a lab grown diamond jumped 63% compared to previous year, while the number of engagement rings sold with a natural diamond declined 25% in the same period.
| |||