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{{Short description|Berry and plant}}
{{Redirect|Common blackberry||Blackberry}}
{{Speciesbox
{{taxobox
| image = Rubus allegheniensis (Allegheny blackberry).png
| image_caption = Allegheny blackberry<br>1913 illustration<ref>Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. 3 vols. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Vol. 2: 280. - http://plants.usda.gov/java/largeImage?imageID=rual_001_avd.tif</ref>
| status = G5
| status_system = TNC
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.961897/Rubus_allegheniensis | title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 }}</ref>
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| genus = ''[[Rubus]]''▼
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
| parent = Rubus subg. Rubus
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
| species = '''''R. allegheniensis'''''▼
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|binomial_authority authority = ([[Thomas Conrad Porter|Porter]]) [[Thomas Conrad Porter|Porter]] 1896▼
|ordo = [[Rosales]]
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true▼
|familia = [[Rosaceae]]
▲|genus = ''[[Rubus]]''
▲|species = '''''R. allegheniensis'''''
|binomial = ''Rubus allegheniensis''▼
▲|binomial_authority = ([[Thomas Conrad Porter|Porter]]) [[Thomas Conrad Porter|Porter]] 1896
▲|synonyms ={{collapsible list|bullets = true
|title=<small>Synonymy</small>
|''Rubus villosus'' var. ''montanus'' <small>Porter 1890 not ''Rubus montanus'' Lib. ex Lej. 1813</small>
Line 31 ⟶ 26:
|''Rubus fissidens'' <small>L.H.Bailey</small>
|''Rubus floricomus'' <small>Blanch.</small>
|''Rubus fryei'' <small>H.A.Davis & T.Davis</small>
|''Rubus latens'' <small>L.H.Bailey</small>
|''Rubus longissimus'' <small>L.H.Bailey</small>
Line 54 ⟶ 50:
|''Rubus virginianus'' <small>L.H.Bailey</small>
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=GRIN>{{cite web|title=Rubus allegheniensis information from NPGS/GRIN|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?32254|work=GRIN Taxonomy for Plants|publisher=USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)|accessdate=26 September 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/27801178 Tropicos, ''Rubus allegheniensis'' Porter ]</ref><ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/rjp-519 The Plant List, ''Rubus allegheniensis'' Porter ]</ref>|
|}}
 
'''''Rubus allegheniensis''''' is a species of [[bramble]], known as '''Allegheny blackberry''' and simply as '''common blackberry'''.<ref name=MO>{{cite web|title=Common Blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis)|url=http://mdc.mo.gov/node/4589|work=Missouri Department of Conservation Field Guide|publisher=Missouri Department of Conservation|accessdate=26 September 2012}}</ref> Like other [[blackberry|blackberries]], it is a species of flowering plant in the [[Rosaceae|rose family]]. It is very common in eastern and central [[North America]]. It is also naturalized in a few locations in [[California]] and [[British Columbia]].<ref name=USDA>{{cite web|title=PLANTS Profile for Rubus allegheniensis (Allegheny blackberry)|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=rual|work=|publisher=USDA|accessdate=26 September 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Rubus%20allegheniensis.png Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map]</ref>▼
'''''Rubus allegheniensis''''' is a North American species of [[Bramble|highbush blackberry]] in Section ''Alleghenienses'' of the genus [[Blackberry|''Rubus'']], a member of the [[Rosaceae|rose family]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bailey |first=L.H. |date=1944b |title=Species batorum. The genus Rubus in North America. VIII. Alleghenienses. |journal=Gentes Herbarum |volume=3 |pages=504–588}}</ref> It is the most common and widespread highbush blackberry in eastern and central [[North America]]. It is commonly known as '''Allegheny blackberry'''.<ref>{{PLANTS|id=RUAL|taxon=Rubus allegheniensis|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref>
 
==Description==
CharacteristicsThe characteristics of ''Rubus allegheniensis'' can be highly variable.<ref name=MO>{{cite web|title=Common Blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis)|url=http://nature.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/common-blackberry|work=Missouri Department of Conservation Field Guide|publisher=Missouri Department of Conservation|access-date=2 June 2018}}</ref> It is an erect bramble, typically {{Convert|1.5 feet (150 cm)|m|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}} but occasionally rarely over 8 feet (240 cm){{Convert|2.4|m|ft|abbr=on|frac=2}} high, with single shrubs approaching 8 feet2.4&nbsp;m or more in breadth, although it usually forms dense thickets of many plants. LeavesThe [[leaves]] are [[alternate leaf|alternate]], [[Leaf#Divisions of the blade|compound]], [[ovoid]], and have toothed edges.<ref name=MO /><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242417156 Flora of North America, ''Rubus allegheniensis'' Porter, 1896. Allegheny or common blackberry, sow-teat berry, ronce des Alléghanys ]</ref> The canes have many prickles, with white, 5-petal, {{Convert|19|mm|abbr=off|adj=on|frac=4}} flowers in late spring and glossy, deep-violet to black, [[aggregate fruit]] in late summer.<ref name="MO" /> It is [[Shade tolerance|shade intolerant]].<ref name="eco1">Peterson, Chris J., and Steward T.A. Pickett. "Forest reorganization: a case study in an old-growth forest catastrophic blowdown." ''Ecology.'' 76 (1995): 763+. Retrieved 14 Oct. 2012.</ref>
 
[[Thorn (botany)|Thorny]] canes, with white, 5-petal, ¾ inch (19 mm) flowers in late spring and glossy, deep-violet to black, [[aggregate fruit]] in late summer.<ref name=MO /> Shade intolerant.<ref name=eco1>Peterson, Chris J., and Steward T.A. Pickett. "Forest reorganization: a case study in an old-growth forest catastrophic blowdown." ''Ecology.'' 76 (1995): 763+. Retrieved 14 Oct. 2012.</ref>
 
==Distribution and habitat==
▲'''''RubusR. allegheniensis''''' is avery species of [[bramble]], known as '''Allegheny blackberry''' and simply as '''common blackberry'''.<refthroughout name=MO>{{cite web|title=Common Blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis)|url=http://mdc.mo.gov/node/4589|work=Missouri Department of Conservation Field Guide|publisher=Missouri Department of Conservation|accessdate=26 September 2012}}</ref> Like other [[blackberry|blackberries]], it is a species of flowering plant in the [[Rosaceae|rose family]]. It is very commonforests in eastern and central [[North America]]. It is also naturalized in a few locations in [[California]] and [[British Columbia]].<ref name="USDA">{{cite web |title=PLANTS Profile for Rubus allegheniensis (Allegheny blackberry) |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=rual |work=|publisher=USDA|accessdateaccess-date=26 September 2012 |publisher=USDA}}</ref><ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Rubus%20allegheniensis.png Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map]</ref>
The presence of ''Rubus allegheniensis'' influences the dynamics of the [[understory]] vegetation of many forests in the eastern United States. An abundance of ''Rubus allegheniensis'' encourages new tree seedlings. Where the effects of herbivorous animals (such as [[deer]]) reduce the abundance of Allegheny blackberry, a competitor, ''[[Dennstaedtia punctilobula]]'' (hay-scented fern), takes over. Where ''Dennstaedtia punctilobula'' becomes common, the growth of tree seedlings is restricted.<ref name=PGE>"Wildlife Management." ''The Princeton Guide to Ecology''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2012.</ref>▼
 
==Uses==
Concentrations of ''Rubus allegheniensis'' increase greatly after events that destroy taller shrubs and trees and thus permit more light into the understory, such as fires or widespread [[Derecho|blowdown]].<ref name=eco1 /><ref>"Vegetation of Hooper Branch Nature Preserve, Iroquois County, Illinois." ''Northeastern Naturalist.'' 17 (2): pp 261-272. 2010</ref> These populations often decline in later years as the tree seedlings sheltered by the blackberry canes grow and reduce the amount of light reaching the lower levels.<ref name=eco1 />▼
The berries are edible and nutritious. They can be eaten raw or cooked into various treats, including pies, cobblers, muffins, jellies, and jams.<ref name=MO/>
 
==Ecology==
Many mammals eat the fruit, including [[elk]], [[Fox|foxes]], [[American black bear|American black bears]], rabbits, [[Raccoon|raccoons]], [[Virginia opossum|opossums]], squirrels, mice, and chipmunks, and deer will browse the young canes. Blackberries are also an important food source for many species of birds. The mammals and birds that eat the fruit then disperse the seed in their droppings, enabling the plant to spread to new locations. A wide variety of native bees, butterflies, beetles, flies, ants, wasps, and other insects are attracted to the nectar and pollen of the flowers, and caterpillars, grasshoppers, beetles eat the leaves. Birds and small mammals use the thickets formed by the canes for shelter.<ref name=MO/>
 
▲The presence of ''Rubusthe allegheniensis''species influences the dynamics of the [[understory]] vegetation of many forests in the eastern United States. An abundance of ''Rubus R.&nbsp;allegheniensis'' encourages new tree seedlings. Where the effects of herbivorous animals (such as [[White-tailed deer|whitetail deer]]) reduce the abundance of Allegheny blackberry, a competitor, ''[[DennstaedtiaSitobolium punctilobulapunctilobulum]]'' (hay-scented fern), takes over.; Wherewhere ''Dennstaedtia punctilobulaS.&nbsp;punctilobulum'' becomes common, the growth of tree seedlings is restricted.<ref name="PGE">"Wildlife Management." ''The Princeton Guide to Ecology''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2012.</ref>
 
▲Concentrations of ''RubusR. allegheniensis'' increase greatly after events that destroy taller shrubs and trees and thus permit more light into the understory, such as fires or widespread [[Derecho|blowdown]].<ref name="eco1" /><ref>"Vegetation of Hooper Branch Nature Preserve, Iroquois County, Illinois." ''Northeastern Naturalist.'' 17 (2): pp 261-272. 2010</ref> These populations often decline in later years as the tree seedlings sheltered by the blackberry canes grow and reduce the amount of light reaching the lower levels.<ref name="eco1" />
 
==References==
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==External links==
* [httphttps://plants.usda.gov/javahome/charProfileplantProfile?symbol=RUAL United States Department of Agriculture plants profile for ''Rubus allegheniensis'']
* [http://www.tropicos.org/ImageFullView.aspx?imageid=100122833 photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Missouri in 1992]
* {{Calflora|Rubus allegheniensis}}
▲* {{PFAF|binomial = ''Rubus allegheniensis''}}
* {{PFAF|Rubus villosus}}
* {{PFAF|Rubus avipes}}
 
{{Taxonbar|from=Q276439}}
 
[[Category:Rubus|allegheniensis]]
[[Category:Berries]]
[[Category:Flora of NorthNorthern America]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1890]]
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