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{{Short description|River in Europe}}
{{other uses}}
{{distinguish|Northern Dvina}}
{{other uses|Daugava (disambiguation)||Dvina (disambiguation){{!}}Dvina}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Daugava
| name_other = Western Dvina
|name_other = Western Dvina, {{lang-ru|Западная Двина (Západnaya Dviná)}}, {{lang-be|Заходняя Дзвіна}} ({{IPA-be|zaˈxodnʲaja dzʲvʲiˈna|}}), {{lang-liv|Vēna}}, {{lang-et|Väina}}, {{lang-de|Düna}}
| native_name = {{native name list|tag1=ru|name1=Западная Двина|tag2=be|name2=Дзвіна|tag3=lv|name3=Daugava|tag4=liv|name4=Vēna|tag5=lt|name5=Dauguva|tag6=et|name6=Väina|tag7=de|name7=Düna|tag8=pl|name8=Dźwina}}
|image = Fluss-lv-Düna.png
| image = Fluss-lv-Düna.png
|image_caption = The drainage basin of the Daugava
| image_caption = The drainage basin of the Daugava
|source1_location = [[Valdai Hills]], [[Russia]]
| source1 = [[Valdai Hills]]
|mouth_location = [[Gulf of Riga]], [[Baltic Sea]]
| source1_location = [[Penovsky District]], [[Tver Oblast]], Russia
|mouth_coordinates = {{coord|57|3|42|N|24|1|50|E|display=it}}
| source1_coordinates = {{Coord|56.871|32.529|format=dms|display=i}}
|subdivision_type1 = Country
| source1_elevation = {{convert|221|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|subdivision_name1 = [[Belarus]], [[Latvia]], [[Russia]]
| mouth = [[Gulf of Riga]]
|length = {{convert|1020|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name=statistics>{{cite web |url = http://landofancestors.com/travel/statistics/geography/237-main-characteristics-of-the-largest-rivers.html |title = Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus. Main characteristics of the largest rivers of Belarus |publisher = Data of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus. |year = 2011 |website = Land of Ancestors |access-date= 27 September 2013 }}</ref>
| mouth_location = [[Riga]], Latvia
|source1_elevation = {{convert|221|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|57|3|42|N|24|1|50|E|display=it}}
|mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|discharge1_avg mouth_elevation = {{convert|6780|m3/sm|cuft/sft|abbr=on}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country
|basin_size = {{convert|87900|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name=statistics />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Belarus]], [[Latvia]], [[Russia]]
|pushpin_map =
| subdivision_type2 = Cities
|pushpin_map_size =
| subdivision_name2 = {{hlist|[[Vitebsk]]|[[Polotsk]]|[[Daugavpils]]|[[Riga]]}}
|pushpin_map_caption =
| length = {{convert|1020|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name=statistics>{{cite web |url = http://landofancestors.com/travel/statistics/geography/237-main-characteristics-of-the-largest-rivers.html |title = Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus. Main characteristics of the largest rivers of Belarus |publisher = Data of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus. |year = 2011 |website = Land of Ancestors |access-date= 27 September 2013 |archive-date=Jan 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115190617/http://landofancestors.com/travel/statistics/geography/237-main-characteristics-of-the-largest-rivers.html}}</ref>
|pushpin_map_alt =
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|678|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| basin_size = {{convert|87900|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name=statistics />
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| extra = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=5 |height=250 | stroke-width=1.5 |coord {{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
}}
 
The '''Daugava''' ({{lang-ltg|Daugova}},; {{lang-pl|Dźwina}}; {{lang-de|Düna}}) or '''Western Dvina''' ({{lang-ru|Западная Двина}} (Západnaya Dviná), {{lang-en|Westerntranslit=Zapadnaya Dvina}}; {{lang-be|Заходняя Дзвіна}}; {{lang-et|Väina}}; {{lang-fi|Väinäjoki}}) is a large river rising in the [[Valdai Hills]] of [[Russia]] that flows through [[Belarus]] thenand [[Latvia]] into the [[Gulf of Riga]] of the [[Baltic Sea]]. ItThe Daugava rises close to the source of the [[Volga]]. Its lengthIt is 1,020 km (630 mi),<!-- {{Subst:convert|1020|km|mi|abbr=on}} -->in length,<ref name=statistics /> of which 325 {{convert|352|km|mi|abbr=on}} (202are mi)in Latvia<!ref>{{cite web |title=Gruberts D. "Daugava". Nacionālā enciklopēdija. |url=https://enciklopedija.lv/skirklis/131859-Daugava |publisher=Nacionālā enciklopēdija |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref> and {{Subst:convert|325|km|mi|abbr=on}} --> are in Russia. It is a westward-flowing river, tracing out a great curve towards its south-bending whichcurve meansas it passes through northern Belarus.
 
Latvia's capital, [[Riga]], bridges the river's [[estuary]] four times,. lyingBuilt on both banksriverbanks, the city centre beingis {{convert|15|km}} from the river's mouth and beingis a significant port.
 
== Etymology ==
[[File:Riga Dom Bruecke Daugava.jpg|thumb|The Daugava flows through [[Riga]] in [[Latvia]]]]
According to [[Max Vasmer]]'s ''Etymological Dictionary'', the [[toponym]] Dvina cannot stem from a [[Uralic language]]; instead, it possibly comes from an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] word which used to mean ''river'' or ''stream''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Фасмер|first=Макс|script-title=ru:Этимологический словарь Фасмера|url=http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&morpho=1&basename=morpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&first=1&off=&text_word=%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&method_word=substring&ic_word=on&text_general=&method_general=substring&ic_general=on&text_origin=&method_origin=substring&ic_origin=on&text_trubachev=&method_trubachev=substring&ic_trubachev=on&text_editorial=&method_editorial=substring&ic_editorial=on&text_pages=&method_pages=substring&ic_pages=on&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=word&ic_any=on|language=ru|page=161}}</ref> The name ''Dvina'' resembles strongly ''[[Danube|Danuvius]]'' which itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European ''*dānu'', meaning "large river".
 
The Finno-Ugric names {{Lang|liv|Vēna}} ([[Livonian language|Livonian]]), {{Lang|et|Väinajogi}} ([[Estonian language|Estonian]]), and {{Lang|fi|Väinäjoki}} ([[Finnish language|Finnish]]) all stem from Proto-Finnic ''*väin'', meaning "a large, peacefully rolling river".
 
==Geography==
The total [[Catchment area (hydrology)|catchment area]] of the river is {{convert|87900|km²km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, of which {{convert|33150|km²km2|mi2|abbr=on}} of which are withinin [[Belarus]].<ref name=statistics />
 
===Tributaries ===
Line 34 ⟶ 46:
The following rivers are tributaries to the river Daugava (from source to mouth):
 
*Left: [[Mezha (Daugava)|Mezha]], [[Kasplya]], [[Dysna]], [[Laucesa]], [[Berezauka]], [[Eglona]], [[Pikstere]], [[Ņega]]
*Right: [[Usvyacha]], [[Palata (river)|Palata]], Drysa, [[Dubna (Daugava)|Dubna]], [[Aiviekste]], [[Pērse]], [[Dīvaja]], [[Ogre (river)|Ogre]]
 
== Etymology ==
[[File:Riga Dom Bruecke Daugava.jpg|thumb|Daugava flowing through [[Riga]] in [[Latvia]]]]
According to [[Max Vasmer]]'s ''Etymological Dictionary'', the [[toponym]] Dvina clearly cannot stem from a [[Uralic language]], and it possibly comes from an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] word which used to mean ''river'' or ''stream''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Фасмер|first=Макс|script-title=ru:Этимологический словарь Фасмера|url=http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&morpho=1&basename=morpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&first=1&off=&text_word=%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&method_word=substring&ic_word=on&text_general=&method_general=substring&ic_general=on&text_origin=&method_origin=substring&ic_origin=on&text_trubachev=&method_trubachev=substring&ic_trubachev=on&text_editorial=&method_editorial=substring&ic_editorial=on&text_pages=&method_pages=substring&ic_pages=on&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=word&ic_any=on|language=ru|page=161}}</ref> The name ''Dvina'' resembles strongly ''[[Danube|Danuvius]]'' which itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European ''*dānu'', "large river".
 
The Finno-Ugric names ''Vēna'' (Livonian), ''Väinajogi'' (Estonian) and ''Väinäjoki'' (Finnish) all stem from Proto-Finnic ''*väin'', "a large, peacefully rolling river".
 
[[File:Port of Riga on the Daugava river.jpg|thumb|alt=Port of Riga on the Daugava river by findseajobs.com|Port of Riga on the Daugava river]]
 
==Environment==
The river began experiencing environmental deterioration in the era of Soviet collective agriculture (producing considerable adverse water pollution runoff) and a wave of hydroelectric power projects.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| last=C.Michael Hogan|year=2012|url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Daugava_River?topic=78166|title=Daugava River|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Earth|publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment}}</ref>
 
== Cities, towns and settlements ==
 
=== Russia ===
[[Andreapol]], [[Zapadnaya Dvina]] and [[Velizh]].
 
=== Belarus ===
[[Ruba, Belarus|Ruba]], [[Vitebsk]], [[Beshankovichy]], [[Polotsk]] with [[Boris stones]] strewn in the vicinity, [[Navapolatsk]], [[Dzisna]], [[Verkhnedvinsk]], and [[Druya]].
 
=== Latvia ===
[[Krāslava]], [[Daugavpils]], [[Līvāni]], [[Jēkabpils]], [[Pļaviņas]], [[Aizkraukle]], [[Jaunjelgava]], [[Lielvārde]], [[Kegums]], [[Ogre, Latvia|Ogre]], [[Ikšķile]], [[Salaspils]] and [[Riga]].
 
== History ==
[[File:Riga, Daugava RiverUstdvinsk.JPGjpg|thumb|300px|The Swedish army bombarding the fortress of [[Dünamünde]] at the Daugava's sunsetestuary in [[RigaLatvia]].]]
Humans have settled at the mouth of the Daugava and along the shores of the Gulf of Riga for millennia, initially participating in a hunter-gatherer economy and utilizing the waters of the Daugava estuary for fishing and gathering. Beginning around the sixth century CE, [[Viking]] explorers crossed the Baltic Sea and entered the Daugava River, navigating upriver into the Baltic interior.<ref>
[[File:Ustdvinsk.jpg|thumb|300px|The Swedish army bombarding the fortress of [[Dünamünde]] at the Daugava's estuary in [[Latvia]].]]
Humans have settled at the mouth of the Daugava and around the other shores of the Gulf of Riga for millennia, initially participating in a hunter-gatherer economy and utilizing the waters of the Daugava estuary as fishing and gathering areas for aquatic biota. Beginning around the sixth century AD, [[Viking]] explorers crossed the Baltic Sea and entered the Daugava River, navigating upriver into the Baltic interior.<ref>
Compare:
{{Cite book
Line 74 ⟶ 63:
</ref>
 
In medieval times, the Daugava was an important area of trading and navigation - part of the [[trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks]], -an important route for the transport of furs from the north and of [[Eastern Roman Empire | Byzantine]] silver from the south. The Riga area, inhabited by the [[Finnic languages|Finnic]]-speaking [[Livs]], became a key elementlocation of settlement and defence of the mouth of the Daugava at least as early as the Middle Ages, as evidenced by the now destroyed fort at [[Torņakalns]] on the west bank of the Daugava atin present -day Riga. Since the Late Middle Ages, the western part of the Daugava basin has come under the rule of various peoples and states; for example, the Latvian town of [[Daugavpils]], located on the western Daugava, variously came under [[papal rule as well as]], Slavonic, Polish, German, and Russian swayrule until the [[On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia | restoration of the Latvian independence]] in 1990 at the end of the Cold War.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}
 
== Water qualitySettlements ==
[[File:Riga, Daugava River.JPG|thumb|Daugava sunset in [[Riga]]]]
The following are some of the cities and towns built along the Daugava:
 
=== Russia ===
Upstream of the Latvian town of [[Jekabpils]] the [[pH]] has a characteristic value of about 7.8 (slight [[alkaline]]); in this reach the calcium ion has a typical concentration of around 43 milligrams per liter; nitrate has a concentration of about 0.82 milligrams per liter (as nitrogen); phosphate ion is measured at 0.038 milligrams per liter; and oxygen saturation was measured at eighty percent. The high nitrate and phosphate load of the Daugava is instrumental to the buildup of extensive phytoplankton biomass in the Baltic Sea; other European rivers contributing to such high nutrient loading of the Baltic are the Oder and Vistula Rivers.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Andreapol]]
* [[Zapadnaya Dvina]]
* [[Velizh]]
}}
 
=== Belarus ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Ruba, Belarus|Ruba]]
* [[Vitebsk]]
* [[Beshankovichy]]
* [[Polotsk]] (home to the [[Boris stones]])
* [[Navapolatsk]]
* [[Dzisna]]
* [[Verkhnedvinsk]]
* [[Druya]]
}}
 
=== Latvia ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Krāslava]]
* [[Daugavpils]]
* [[Līvāni]]
* [[Jēkabpils]]
* [[Pļaviņas]]
* [[Aizkraukle]]
* [[Jaunjelgava]]
* [[Lielvārde]]
* [[Kegums]]
* [[Ogre, Latvia|Ogre]]
* [[Ikšķile]]
* [[Salaspils]]
* [[Riga]]
}}
 
== Environment ==
 
[[File:Port of Riga on the Daugava river.jpg|thumb|alt=Port of Riga on the Daugava river by findseajobs.com|Port of Riga on the Daugava]]The river began experiencing environmental deterioration in the Soviet era due to collective agriculture (producing considerable adverse water pollution runoff) and hydroelectric power projects.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Daugava River |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Earth |publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment |url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Daugava_River?topic=78166 |last=C.Michael Hogan}}</ref> This is the river that the [[Vuła (river)|Vula river]] flows into.
 
=== Water quality ===
Upstream of the Latvian town of [[Jekabpils]], the river's [[pH]] has a characteristic value of about 7.8 (slight [[alkaline]]). In this area, the concentration of ionic calcium is around 43 milligrams per liter, [[nitrate]] is about 0.82 milligrams per liter, ionic [[phosphate]] is 0.038 milligrams per liter, and oxygen saturation is 80%. The high nitrate and phosphate load of the Daugava has contributed to the extensive buildup of phytoplankton biomass in the Baltic Sea; the [[Oder]] and [[Vistula]] rivers also contribute to the high nutrient loading of the Baltic.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}
 
In Belarus, water pollution of the Daugava is considered moderately severe, with the chief sources being treated wastewater, fish-farming, and agricultural chemical runoff (e.g.such as herbicides, pesticides, nitratenitrates, and phosphatephosphates).<ref>{{cite webbook |title=Towards water security in Belarus: a synthesis report |url=https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/towards-water-security-in-belarus_488183c4-en#page19 |website=OECDiLibrary |series=OECD Studies on Water |date=2020 |access-date=27 June 2021 |pages=19-2019–20 |doi=10.1787/488183c4-en|isbn=9789264583962 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Water Report 15 |url=http://www.fao.org/3/w6240e/w6240e13.htm |website=fao.org |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref>
 
== References ==
Line 92 ⟶ 124:
==External links==
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/liveriga/galleries/72157626453522628/ Daugava River photos] at [[flickr]]
 
 
{{Commons category|Daugava}}
 
{{Riga Cityscape}}
 
{{Rivers of Russia}}
 
{{Authority control}}
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