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'''Knitting''' is a method for production of [[textile]] [[Knitted fabric|fabrics]] by interlacing yarn loops with loops of the same or other yarns. It is used to create many types of [[garments]]. Knitting may be done [[Hand knitting|by hand]] or [[Knitting machine|by machine]].
Knitting creates [[Stitch (textile arts)|stitches]]: loops of yarn in a row
Differences in yarn (varying in [[fibre]] type, [[Yarn weight|''weight'']], uniformity and ''twist''), needle size, and [[Basic knitted fabrics|stitch type]] allow for a variety of knitted fabrics with different properties, including color, texture, thickness, heat retention, water resistance, and integrity.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gibson-Roberts |first1=Priscilla |title=Knitting the Old Way: Designs & Techniques from Ethnic Sweaters |last2=Robson |first2=Deborah |publisher=[[Nomad Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=9780966828962 |location=Fort Collins |pages=26–38 |chapter=Chapter 2: Traditional Yarns}}</ref> A small sample of knitwork is known as a ''swatch''.
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[[Image:Trikot.jpg|thumb|Basic pattern of warp knitting. Parallel yarns zigzag lengthwise along the fabric, each loop securing a loop of an adjacent strand from the previous row.]]
===Weft and warp knitting===
{{See also|Warp knitting}}
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227135129/http://www.alamacknits.com/knitting.htm
|archive-date=2007-02-27
}}</ref> In the more common ''weft knitting'', the wales are perpendicular to the course of the yarn. In [[warp knitting]], the wales and courses run roughly parallel. In weft knitting, the entire fabric may be produced from a single yarn, by adding stitches to each wale in turn, moving across the fabric as in a [[raster scan]]. By contrast, in warp knitting, one yarn is required for every wale.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kyosev |first=Yordan |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1111501128 |title=Warp Knitted Fabrics Construction |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-4987-8017-9 |location=Boca Raton, FL |oclc=1111501128}}</ref> Since a typical piece of knitted fabric may have hundreds of wales, warp knitting is typically done by machine, whereas weft knitting is done by both hand and machine.<ref>(Spencer 1989:11–12)</ref> Warp-knitted fabrics such as [[Basic knitted fabrics#Tricot knitting|tricot]] and milanese are resistant to runs, and are commonly used in [[lingerie]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paling |first=D. F. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/500343804 |title=Warp-knitting technology. |orig-date=1965 |date=1972 |publisher=Columbine Pr |isbn=0-900298-02-2 |edition=2nd |location=[Place of publication not identified] |oclc=500343804}}</ref>
[[Image:Rundstrickmaschine Zungennadeln.jpg|thumb|left|A modern [[knitting machine]] in the process of [[weft knitting]]]]
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===Differences between knitting and crocheting===
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===Right- and left-plaited stitches===
{{See also|Plaited stitch (knitting)}}
[[Image:Knitting plaited stitches fabric.png|thumb|The stitches on the right are right-plaited, whereas the stitches on the left are left-plaited.]]
Both knit and purl stitches may be twisted: usually once if at all, but sometimes twice and (very rarely) thrice. When seen from above, the twist can be clockwise (right yarn over left) or counterclockwise (left yarn over right); these are denoted as right- and left-plaited stitches, respectively. Hand-knitters generally produce right-plaited stitches by knitting or purling through the back loops, i.e., passing the needle through the initial stitch in an unusual way, but wrapping the yarn as usual. By contrast, the left-plaited stitch is generally formed by hand-knitters by wrapping the yarn in the opposite way, rather than by any change in the needle. Although they are mirror images in form, right- and left-plaited stitches are functionally equivalent. Both types of plaited stitches give a subtle but interesting visual texture, and tend to draw the fabric inwards, making it stiffer. Plaited stitches are a common method for knitting jewelry from fine metal wire.
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Stitches can be worked from either side, and various patterns are created by mixing regular knit stitches with the "wrong side" stitches, known as purl stitches, either in columns (ribbing), rows ([[basic knitted fabrics|garter]], [[welting (knitting)|welting]]), or more complex patterns. Each fabric has different properties: a [[basic knitted fabrics|garter stitch]] has much more vertical stretch, while ribbing stretches much more horizontally. Because of their front-back [[symmetry]], these two fabrics have little curl, making them popular as edging, even when their stretch properties are not desired.
The basic knitted fabrics are referred to by different names in the setting of industrial manufacture. The fabric known by hand knitters as stockinette is called plain knit or [[Jersey (fabric)|jersey]], and the fabric known by hand knitters as garter is called purl knitting or links-and-links.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" />
Different combinations of knit and purl stitches, along with more advanced techniques, generate fabrics of considerably variable consistency, from gauzy to very dense, from highly stretchy to relatively stiff, from flat to tightly curled, and so on.
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In hand knitting certain articles of clothing, especially larger ones like [[sweaters]], the final knitted garment will be made of several knitted pieces, with individual sections of the garment hand knitted separately and then [[grafting (knitting)|sewn together]]. Seamless knitting, where a whole garment is hand knit as a single piece, is also possible. [[Elizabeth Zimmermann]] is probably the best-known proponent of seamless or circular hand knitting techniques. Smaller items, such as socks and hats, are usually knit in one piece on double-pointed needles or circular needles. Hats in particular can be started "top down" on double pointed needles with the increases added until the preferred size is achieved, switching to an appropriate circular needle when enough stitches have been added. Care must be taken to bind off at a tension that will allow the "give" needed to comfortably fit on the head. (See ''[[Circular knitting]]''.)
== Machine knitting ==
{{Main|Knitting machine}}
Knitting can also be performed by machines. The first knitting machine, known as the stocking frame, was invented in England in 1589.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedman |first=Michael |date=2023-02-17 |title=Leibniz and the Stocking Frame: Computation, Weaving and Knitting in the 17th Century |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11023-023-09623-3 |journal=Minds and Machines |language=en |volume=34 |issue=S1 |pages=11–28 |doi=10.1007/s11023-023-09623-3 |issn=1572-8641}}</ref> Modern knitting machines, both domestic and industrial, are either flat-bed or circular.<ref name=":4" /> Flat-bed knitting machines knit back and forth, producing a flat piece of fabric. Flat-bed machines can produce uniform-width fabric which can be cut and sewn into garments, or they can produce shaped pieces which can be seamed to make garments without cutting. The latter is known as full-fashioned knitting.<ref name=":3" /> Circular knitting machines knit in a continuous circle, producing a tubular piece of fabric. Similarly to knitted fabrics manufactured on flat-bed machines, a tube of uniform-width fabric may be cut along one side to produce flat fabric which can be cut and sewn into garments. Fabric produced in this way can be cheaper than fabric produced on a flat-bed machine, as circular machines can operate at higher speed. Circular knitting machines can also be used to create shaped, finished articles, such as socks.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Spencer |first=David J. |title=Knitting technology: a comprehensive handbook and practical guide |date=2001 |publisher=Woodhead Publ. Lim |isbn=978-1-85573-333-6 |edition=3 |location=Cambridge}}</ref>
==Materials==
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==Commercial applications==
[[Industry (manufacturing)|Industrially]], metal [[wire]] is also knitted into a metal fabric for a wide range of uses including the filter material in [[cafetiere]]s, [[catalytic converters]] for [[Automobile|cars]] and many other uses. These fabrics are usually manufactured on circular [[knitting machine]]s that would be recognized by conventional knitters as [[sock]] machines.
Knitting mills are factories that produce knitted fabrics or knitted apparel. Knitted fabrics are used in the manufacture of highly-fitted garments such as athleticwear and [[athleisure]]. The stretch properties of knitted fabrics may be enhanced by the inclusion of fibers such as [[spandex]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Ajoy K. |url=https://www.bloomsburyfashioncentral.com/encyclopedia?docid=b-9781501367816 |title=J.J. Pizzuto’s Fabric Science: 12th Edition |last2=Johnson |first2=Ingrid |last3=Cohen |first3=Allen C. |date=2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Inc |isbn=978-1-5013-6781-6 |edition=12 |doi=10.5040/9781501367816.ch-006}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Elsasser |first=Virginia Hencken |url=https://www.bloomsburyfashioncentral.com/encyclopedia?docid=b-9781501366499 |title=Textiles: Concepts and Principles |last2=Sharp |first2=Julia Ridgway |date=2022 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Inc |isbn=978-1-5013-6649-9 |edition=4 |doi=10.5040/9781501366499.ch-009}}</ref> In addition to athletic-type garments, knitted fabric may be used in fashion garments.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/915446568 |title=The Mood guide to fabric and fashion: the essential guide from the world's most famous fabric store |date=2015 |publisher=STC Craft / A Melanie Falick Book |isbn=978-1-61769-088-4 |editor-last=Falick |editor-first=Melanie |location=New York |oclc=915446568}}</ref>
Many fashion designers make heavy use of [[knitted fabric]] in their fashion collections. [[Gordana Gelhausen]], who appeared in season six of the television show ''[[Project Runway]]'', is primarily a knit designer. Other designers and labels that make heavy use of knitting include [[Michael Kors]], [[Fendi]], and [[Marc Jacobs]].
Knitting mills can also produce completed knitted apparel, such as [[Sweater|sweaters]], [[Sock|socks]], [[T-shirt|T-shirts]], and [[underwear]].<ref name=":3" /> Beginning in the 1990s, seamless 3-dimensional whole-garment knitting machines have increased the options of finished garments that can be produced in knitting mills.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Udale |first=Jenny |title=Fashion knitwear |date=2014 |publisher=Laurence King Publishing |isbn=978-1-78067-343-1 |location=London}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> These machines have also enabled the production of knitted [[shoe]] uppers.<ref name=":5" />
For individual hobbyists, websites such as [[Etsy]], Big Cartel and [[Ravelry]] have made it easy to sell [[knitting patterns]] on a small scale, in a way similar to [[eBay]].
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Knitting can improve dexterity in the hands and fingers. This keeps the fingers limber and can be especially helpful for those with arthritis. Knitting can reduce the pain of arthritis if people make it a daily habit.<ref name=":0" />
Hand knitting, along with other leisure activities, has been linked to reducing the risk of developing
Knitting also helps in the area of social interaction; knitting provides people with opportunities to socialize with others and build community.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harkison |first=Tracy |date=2023-06-26 |title=Knit and natter — the hospitableness of knitting |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22243534.2023.2239571 |journal=Research in Hospitality Management |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1080/22243534.2023.2239571 |issn=2224-3534|doi-access=free }}</ref> One way to increase social interaction with knitting is inviting friends over to knit and chat with each other.<ref name=":0" /> Many public libraries and yarn stores host knitting groups where knitters can meet locally to engage with others interested in hand crafts.
Knitting has been shown to be an effective form of art therapy for coping with trauma or grief . Whether the knitting is done individually or in a knitting group, the creativity and creation process along with the repetitive physical motion has been shown to be effective.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kargól |first=Marta |date=2022-09-03 |title=Knitting as a remedy: women’s everyday creativity in response to hopelessness and despair |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09502386.2021.2011933 |journal=Cultural Studies |language=en |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=821–839 |doi=10.1080/09502386.2021.2011933 |issn=0950-2386}}</ref>
A repository of research into the effect on health of [[hand knitting]] can be found at [http://www.stitchlinks.com/clinicians.html Stitch links],<ref>{{cite web |title=Stitchlinks.com |url=http://www.stitchlinks.com/clinicians.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161444/http://www.stitchlinks.com/clinicians.html |archive-date=26 August 2014 |access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> an organization founded in Bath, England.
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