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{{Short description|Method of forming fabric
{{Redirect|Knit||Knitting (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}
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'''Knitting''' is a method for production of [[textile]] [[Knitted fabric|fabrics]] by interlacing yarn loops with loops of the same or other yarns. It is used to create many types of [[garments]]. Knitting may be done [[Hand knitting|by hand]] or [[Knitting machine|by machine]].
Knitting creates [[Stitch (textile arts)|stitches]]: loops of yarn in a row
Differences in yarn (varying in [[fibre]] type, [[Yarn weight|''weight'']], uniformity and ''twist''), needle size, and [[Basic knitted fabrics|stitch type]] allow for a variety of knitted fabrics with different properties, including color, texture, thickness, heat retention, water resistance, and integrity.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gibson-Roberts |first1=Priscilla |title=Knitting the Old Way: Designs & Techniques from Ethnic Sweaters |last2=Robson |first2=Deborah |publisher=[[Nomad Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=9780966828962 |location=Fort Collins |pages=26–38 |chapter=Chapter 2: Traditional Yarns}}</ref> A small sample of knitwork is known as a ''swatch''.
==Structure==
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Like [[weaving]], knitting is a technique for producing a [[two-dimensional]] fabric made from a one-dimensional [[yarn]] or thread. In weaving, threads are always straight, running parallel either lengthwise (warp threads) or crosswise (weft threads). By contrast, the yarn in knitted fabrics follows a meandering path (a ''course''), forming symmetric loops (also called bights) symmetrically above and below the mean path of the yarn. These meandering loops can be easily stretched in different directions giving knit fabrics much more elasticity than woven fabrics. Depending on the yarn and [[knitting pattern]], knitted garments can stretch as much as 500%. For this reason, knitting was initially developed for garments that must be elastic or stretch in response to the wearer's motions, such as socks and hosiery. For comparison, woven garments stretch mainly along one or other of a related pair of directions that lie roughly diagonally between the warp and the weft, while contracting in the other direction of the pair (stretching and contracting with the ''[[Grain (textile)#Bias|bias]]''), and are not very elastic, unless they are woven from stretchable material such as [[spandex]]. Knitted garments are often more form-fitting than woven garments, since their elasticity allows them to contour to the body's outline more closely; by contrast, curvature is introduced into most woven garments only with sewn darts, flares, gussets and gores, the seams of which lower the elasticity of the woven fabric still further. Extra curvature can be introduced into knitted garments without seams, as in the heel of a sock; the effect of darts, flares, etc. can be obtained with [[short row (knitting)|short rows]] or by [[increase (knitting)|increasing]] or [[decrease (knitting)|decreasing]] the number of stitches. Thread used in weaving is usually much finer than the yarn used in knitting, which can give the knitted fabric more bulk and less drape than a woven fabric.
If they are not secured, the loops of a knitted course will come undone when their yarn is pulled; this is known as ''ripping out'', ''unravelling'' knitting, or humorously, ''frogging'' (because you 'rip it', this sounds like a frog croaking: 'rib-bit').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://knitty.com/ISSUEwinter03/FEATwin03TT.html|title=Techniques with Theresa, Frog pond edition|access-date=6 November 2008|archive-date=14 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014082347/http://www.knitty.com/issuewinter03/FEATwin03TT.html|url-status=live}}</ref> To secure a stitch, at least one new loop is passed through it. Although the new stitch is itself unsecured ("active" or "live"), it secures the stitch(es) suspended from it. A sequence of stitches in which each stitch is suspended from the next is called a ''wale''.<ref name=":0">A wale, according to ''Knitting Technology: a Comprehensive Handbook and Practical Guide'', is "a predominantly vertical column of needle loops generally produced by the same needles at successive (not necessarily all) knitting cycles. A wale starts as soon as an empty needle starts to knit" (Spencer 1989:17).</ref> To secure the initial stitches of a knitted fabric, a method for [[casting on (knitting)|casting on]] is used; to secure the final stitches in a wale, one uses a method of [[binding off (knitting)|binding/casting off]]. During knitting, the active stitches are secured mechanically, either from individual hooks (in knitting machines) or from a knitting needle or frame in hand-knitting.
[[Image:Trikot.jpg|thumb|Basic pattern of warp knitting. Parallel yarns zigzag lengthwise along the fabric, each loop securing a loop of an adjacent strand from the previous row.]]
===Weft and warp knitting===
{{See also|Warp knitting}}
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227135129/http://www.alamacknits.com/knitting.htm
|archive-date=2007-02-27
}}</ref> In the more common ''weft knitting'', the wales are perpendicular to the course of the yarn. In [[warp knitting]], the wales and courses run roughly parallel. In weft knitting, the entire fabric may be produced from a single yarn, by adding stitches to each wale in turn, moving across the fabric as in a [[raster scan]]. By contrast, in warp knitting, one yarn is required for every wale.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kyosev |first=Yordan |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1111501128 |title=Warp Knitted Fabrics Construction |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-4987-8017-9 |location=Boca Raton, FL |oclc=1111501128}}</ref> Since a typical piece of knitted fabric may have hundreds of wales, warp knitting is typically done by machine, whereas weft knitting is done by both hand and machine.<ref>(Spencer 1989:11–12)</ref> Warp-knitted fabrics such as [[Basic knitted fabrics#Tricot knitting|tricot]] and milanese are resistant to runs, and are commonly used in [[lingerie]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paling |first=D. F. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/500343804 |title=Warp-knitting technology. |orig-date=1965 |date=1972 |publisher=Columbine Pr |isbn=0-900298-02-2 |edition=2nd |location=[Place of publication not identified] |oclc=500343804}}</ref>
[[Image:Rundstrickmaschine Zungennadeln.jpg|thumb|left|A modern [[knitting machine]] in the process of [[weft knitting]]]]
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The two types of stitches have a different visual effect; the knit stitches look like 'V's stacked vertically, whereas the purl stitches look like a wavy horizontal line across the fabric. Patterns and pictures can be created in knitted fabrics by using knit and purl stitches as "[[pixel]]s"; however, such pixels are usually rectangular, rather than square, depending on the [[gauge (knitting)|gauge/tension of the knitting]]. Individual stitches, or rows of stitches, may be made taller by drawing more yarn into the new loop (an [[elongated stitch (knitting)|elongated stitch]]), which is the basis for [[uneven knitting]]: a row of tall stitches may alternate with one or more rows of short stitches for an interesting visual effect. Short and tall stitches may also alternate within a row, forming a fish-like oval pattern.
In the simplest of hand-knitted fabrics, every row of stitches are all knit (or all purl); this creates a
Fabrics in which each knitted row is followed by a purled row, such as in stockinette/stocking stitch, have a tendency to curl—top and bottom curl toward the front (or knitted side) while the sides curl toward the back (or purled side); by contrast, those in which knit and purl stitches are arranged symmetrically (such as ribbing, garter stitch or seed/moss stitch) have more texture and tend to lie flat. Wales of purl stitches have a tendency to recede, whereas those of knit stitches tend to come forward, giving the fabric more stretchability. Thus, the purl wales in ribbing tend to be invisible, since the neighboring knit wales come forward. Conversely, rows of purl stitches tend to form an embossed ridge relative to a row of knit stitches. This is the basis of [[shadow knitting]], in which the appearance of a knitted fabric changes when viewed from different directions.<ref>{{cite book | last = Høxbro | first = Vivian | year = 2004 | title = Shadow Knitting | publisher = Interweave Press | location = Loveland, CO | isbn = 978-1-931499-41-5}}</ref>
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===Differences between knitting and crocheting===
{{unsourced section|date=April 2023}}
===Right- and left-plaited stitches===
{{See also|Plaited stitch (knitting)}}
[[Image:Knitting plaited stitches fabric.png|thumb|The stitches on the right are right-plaited, whereas the stitches on the left are left-plaited.]]
Both knit and purl stitches may be twisted: usually once if at all, but sometimes twice and (very rarely) thrice. When seen from above, the twist can be clockwise (right yarn over left) or counterclockwise (left yarn over right); these are denoted as right- and left-plaited stitches, respectively. Hand-knitters generally produce right-plaited stitches by knitting or purling through the back loops, i.e., passing the needle through the initial stitch in an unusual way, but wrapping the yarn as usual. By contrast, the left-plaited stitch is generally formed by hand-knitters by wrapping the yarn in the opposite way, rather than by any change in the needle. Although they are mirror images in form, right- and left-plaited stitches are functionally equivalent. Both types of plaited stitches give a subtle but interesting visual texture, and tend to draw the fabric inwards, making it stiffer. Plaited stitches are a common method for knitting jewelry from fine metal wire.
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}}</ref>
The exact origins of knitting are unknown, the earliest known examples being cotton socks dating from the 11th century, found in the remains of the city of Fustat, now part of Cairo.<ref>''Tissus d'Égypte: témoins du monde arabe, VIIIe. - XVe. siècles''. Collection Bouvier, Exposition 1993-1994, Musée d'art et d'histoire à Genève. 1994, Institut du monde arabe à Paris. {{ISBN|9782908528527}}.</ref>
[[Nålebinding]] (Danish: literally "binding with a needle" or "needle-binding") is a fabric creation technique predating both knitting and crochet.
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The [[topology]] of a knitted fabric is relatively complex. Unlike [[weaving|woven]] fabrics, where strands usually run straight horizontally and vertically, yarn that has been knitted follows a looped path along its row, as with the red strand in the diagram at left, in which the loops of one row have all been pulled through the loops of the row below it.
Because there is no single straight line of yarn anywhere in the pattern, a knitted piece of fabric can stretch in all directions.<ref name="coding">{{cite news |last1=Roberts |first1=Siobhan |title=Knitting is Coding |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/17/science/math-physics-knitting-matsumoto.html |access-date=9 February 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 17, 2019 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128135310/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/17/science/math-physics-knitting-matsumoto.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This elasticity is all but unavailable in woven fabrics which only stretch along the [[bias (textile)|bias]]. Many modern stretchy garments, even as they rely on elastic synthetic materials for some stretch, also achieve at least some of their stretch through knitted patterns.
[[File:Stockinette example front.JPG|thumb|Close-up of front of [[stockinette stitch]]]]
[[File:Stockinette example back.JPG|thumb|Close-up of back of [[stockinette stitch]], also same appearance as [[reverse stockinette stitch]]]]
The basic knitted fabric (as in the diagram, and usually called a ''stocking'' or ''stockinette'' pattern) has a definite [[flat knitting|"right side" and "wrong side"]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-22 |title=30 Different Types of Knitting Stitches Explained (With Videos) |url=https://knittingknowledge.com/knitting-guides/knitting-stitches/ |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=knittingknowledge.com |language=en-US |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026164636/https://knittingknowledge.com/knitting-guides/knitting-stitches/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-12 |title=Right Side vs Wrong Side In Knitting: What's the Difference? |url=https://knittingknowledge.com/knitting-guides/right-side-vs-wrong-side/ |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=knittingknowledge.com |language=en-US |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026164636/https://knittingknowledge.com/knitting-guides/right-side-vs-wrong-side/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On the right side, the visible portions of the loops are the verticals connecting two rows which are arranged in a grid of ''V'' shapes. On the wrong side, the ends of the loops are visible, both the tops and bottoms, creating a much more bumpy texture sometimes called ''[[basic knitted fabrics|reverse stockinette]]''.<ref name=":2" /> (Despite being the "wrong side", reverse stockinette is frequently used as a pattern in its own right.) Because the yarn holding rows together is all on the front, and the yarn holding side-by-side stitches together is all on the back, stockinette fabric has a strong tendency to curl toward the front on the top and bottom, and toward the back on the left and right side.
Stitches can be worked from either side, and various patterns are created by mixing regular knit stitches with the "wrong side" stitches, known as purl stitches, either in columns (ribbing), rows ([[basic knitted fabrics|garter]], [[welting (knitting)|welting]]), or more complex patterns. Each fabric has different properties: a [[basic knitted fabrics|garter stitch]] has much more vertical stretch, while ribbing stretches much more horizontally. Because of their front-back [[symmetry]], these two fabrics have little curl, making them popular as edging, even when their stretch properties are not desired.
The basic knitted fabrics are referred to by different names in the setting of industrial manufacture. The fabric known by hand knitters as stockinette is called plain knit or [[Jersey (fabric)|jersey]], and the fabric known by hand knitters as garter is called purl knitting or links-and-links.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" />
Different combinations of knit and purl stitches, along with more advanced techniques, generate fabrics of considerably variable consistency, from gauzy to very dense, from highly stretchy to relatively stiff, from flat to tightly curled, and so on.
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===Texture===
The most common texture for a knitted garment is that generated by the [[basic knitted fabrics|flat stockinette stitch]]—as seen, though very small, in machine-made stockings and [[T-shirt]]s—which is worked in the round as nothing but knit stitches, and worked flat as alternating rows of knit and purl. Other simple textures can be made with nothing but knit and purl stitches, including garter stitch, ribbing, and [[basic knitted fabrics|moss and seed stitches]]. Adding a "slip stitch" (where a loop is passed from one needle to the other) allows for a wide range of textures, including heel and linen stitches as well as a number of more complicated patterns.<ref name=":2" />
[[Image:Multicoloured stiteches.jpg|thumb|Close-up of [[ribbing (knitting)|ribbing]]]]
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In hand knitting certain articles of clothing, especially larger ones like [[sweaters]], the final knitted garment will be made of several knitted pieces, with individual sections of the garment hand knitted separately and then [[grafting (knitting)|sewn together]]. Seamless knitting, where a whole garment is hand knit as a single piece, is also possible. [[Elizabeth Zimmermann]] is probably the best-known proponent of seamless or circular hand knitting techniques. Smaller items, such as socks and hats, are usually knit in one piece on double-pointed needles or circular needles. Hats in particular can be started "top down" on double pointed needles with the increases added until the preferred size is achieved, switching to an appropriate circular needle when enough stitches have been added. Care must be taken to bind off at a tension that will allow the "give" needed to comfortably fit on the head. (See ''[[Circular knitting]]''.)
== Machine knitting ==
{{Main|Knitting machine}}
Knitting can also be performed by machines. The first knitting machine, known as the stocking frame, was invented in England in 1589.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedman |first=Michael |date=2023-02-17 |title=Leibniz and the Stocking Frame: Computation, Weaving and Knitting in the 17th Century |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11023-023-09623-3 |journal=Minds and Machines |language=en |volume=34 |issue=S1 |pages=11–28 |doi=10.1007/s11023-023-09623-3 |issn=1572-8641}}</ref> Modern knitting machines, both domestic and industrial, are either flat-bed or circular.<ref name=":4" /> Flat-bed knitting machines knit back and forth, producing a flat piece of fabric. Flat-bed machines can produce uniform-width fabric which can be cut and sewn into garments, or they can produce shaped pieces which can be seamed to make garments without cutting. The latter is known as full-fashioned knitting.<ref name=":3" /> Circular knitting machines knit in a continuous circle, producing a tubular piece of fabric. Similarly to knitted fabrics manufactured on flat-bed machines, a tube of uniform-width fabric may be cut along one side to produce flat fabric which can be cut and sewn into garments. Fabric produced in this way can be cheaper than fabric produced on a flat-bed machine, as circular machines can operate at higher speed. Circular knitting machines can also be used to create shaped, finished articles, such as socks.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Spencer |first=David J. |title=Knitting technology: a comprehensive handbook and practical guide |date=2001 |publisher=Woodhead Publ. Lim |isbn=978-1-85573-333-6 |edition=3 |location=Cambridge}}</ref>
==Materials==
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[[File:Knitted Glass Jitterbug close-up.jpg|thumb|Close-up of "Jitterbug"{{snd}} knitted glass by [[Carol Milne]] ]]
[[Glass art#Knitted and felted glass|Knitted glass]] combines knitting with wax strands,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://enermazing.wordpress.com/2011/10/05/knitting-with-glass-impossible/|title=Knitting With Glass – Impossible!?|date=5 October 2011|access-date=7 November 2016|archive-date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727180502/https://enermazing.wordpress.com/2011/10/05/knitting-with-glass-impossible/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[lost-wax casting]], [[Molding (process)|mold-making]], and [[Glass casting#Kiln casting|kiln-casting]].<ref name=KWG_1>{{cite web| title=Knitting with Glass - Fiberarts Magazine Summer Issue 2011| author=Milne, C.| url=https://cdn.makezine.com/uploads/2011/09/knitting_glass_lo.pdf| publisher=Interweave Press| date=2011| access-date=5 February 2024}}</ref>
==Tools==
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#new bights of [[yarn]] must be passed through the fabric, usually through active stitches, thus securing them.
In very simple cases, knitting can be done without tools, using only the [[Finger knitting|fingers]] to do these tasks; however, knitting is usually carried out using tools such as [[knitting needle]]s, [[knitting machine]]s or rigid frames. Depending on their size and shape, the rigid frames are called [[stocking frame]]s, knitting boards, knitting rings (also called knitting looms) or [[Spool knitting|knitting spools]] (also known as knitting knobbies, [[Knitting Nancy|knitting nancies]], or corkers). There is also a technique called knooking<ref>{{cite web |url=http://knooking.blogspot.com/ |title=I'd Rather Be Knooking |access-date=2011-07-09 |archive-date=18 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518054100/http://knooking.blogspot.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> of knitting with a [[crochet]] hook that has a cord attached to the end, to hold the stitches while they're being worked. Other tools are used to prepare yarn for knitting, to measure and design knitted garments, or to make knitting easier or more comfortable.
===Needles===
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[[File:Circular knitting needles.JPG|thumb|left|Circular knitting needles in different lengths, materials and sizes, including plastic, aluminum, steel and nickel-plated brass]]The ability to work from either end of one needle is convenient in several types of knitting, such as [[slip-stitch knitting|slip-stitch]] versions of [[double knitting]]. Circular needles may be used for [[flat knitting|flat]] or circular knitting.
[[File:Cable Needles.JPG|thumb|Cable needles]]
Cable needles are a specific design, and are used to create the twisting motif of a knitted cable. They are made in different sizes, which produces cables of different widths.
===Ancillary tools===
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==== Norwegian style ====
{{Main|Norwegian knitting}}
While knit stitches are worked as in the classic Continental style, the purl is worked by leaving the yarn at back and moving the needle.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-17|title=The 5 Knitting Styles (And How to Knit Them)|url=https://www.allfreeknitting.com/Knitting-Tutorials/Knitting-Styles|access-date=2021-09-23|website=AllFreeKnitting.com|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001162907/https://www.allfreeknitting.com/Knitting-Tutorials/Knitting-Styles|url-status=live}}</ref>
==== Russian style ====
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It was the development of the knitting machine that introduced hooked needles and enabled faultless, automated knitting. The hook catches the loop of yarn as each stitch is knitted, meaning that wrists and fingers do not have to work so hard and there is less chance of stitches slipping off the needle. The position of the hook is most important. Turn the left (non-working) hook to face away at all times; turn the right (working) hook toward you up whilst knitting (plain stitch) and away whilst purling.
Mega knitting produces a chunky, bulky fabric or an open lacy weave, depending on the weight and type of yarn used.<ref>{{cite web|date=13 December 2015|title=House of Fiber|url=http://fabinbc.com/|access-date=26 April 2012|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513085429/https://fabinbc.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Micro knitting===
Micro knitting or miniature knitting uses extremely fine threads and needles. Anthea Crome created 14 tiny sweaters used in the [[stop motion]] [[animation|animated]] film ''[[Coraline (film)|Coraline]]'' and has made objects at 60 or 80 stitches per inch, making her own needles from fine surgical steel wire.<ref name="hollywood">{{cite news|last1=McNichol|first1=Tom|date=24 July 2012|title=Hollywood Knights|work=Portland Monthly|url=https://www.pdxmonthly.com/news-and-city-life/2012/07/0209-knights|access-date=31 May 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803094304/https://www.pdxmonthly.com/news-and-city-life/2012/07/0209-knights|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nargi-crome">{{cite book|last1=Nargi|first1=Lela|title=Astounding Knits!: 101 Spectacular Knitted Creations and Daring Feats|date=2011|publisher=Voyageur Press|isbn=978-0-7603-3845-2|pages=9–12|language=en|chapter=Anthea Crome: World's smallest knitwear|access-date=31 May 2020|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPdSaU07wRoC&q=%22althea+crome%22&pg=PA9}}</ref><ref name="partlow">{{cite news|last1=Partlow|first1=Mia|title=Seventy Stitches To The Inch: Althea Crome's Tiny Knits|work=Arts & Culture - Indiana Public Media|url=https://indianapublicmedia.org/arts/tiny-knits.php|access-date=31 May 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803020656/https://indianapublicmedia.org/arts/tiny-knits.php|url-status=live}}</ref> She has published ''Bugknits: Extreme knitting for hobbyists, artists and knitters'' (2009, Blurb: {{ISBN|978-1320025546}}). Annelies de Kort has knitted on an even smaller scale and has used needles of 0.4mm.<ref name="nargi-dekort">{{cite book|last1=Nargi|first1=Lela|title=Astounding Knits!: 101 Spectacular Knitted Creations and Daring Feats|date=2011|publisher=Voyageur Press|isbn=978-0-7603-3845-2|pages=13–14|language=en|chapter=Annelies de Kort|access-date=31 May 2020|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPdSaU07wRoC&q=%22althea+crome%22&pg=PA13}}</ref><ref name="dekort">{{cite web|title=Site Annelies de Kort|url=https://www.anneliesdekort.nl/index-engels.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206140831/http://www.anneliesdekort.nl/index-engels.html|archive-date=6 February 2006|access-date=31 May 2020|website=www.anneliesdekort.nl}}</ref>
=== Short row ===
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==Commercial applications==
[[Industry (manufacturing)|Industrially]], metal [[wire]] is also knitted into a metal fabric for a wide range of uses including the filter material in [[cafetiere]]s, [[catalytic converters]] for [[Automobile|cars]] and many other uses. These fabrics are usually manufactured on circular [[knitting machine]]s that would be recognized by conventional knitters as [[sock]] machines.
Knitting mills are factories that produce knitted fabrics or knitted apparel. Knitted fabrics are used in the manufacture of highly-fitted garments such as athleticwear and [[athleisure]]. The stretch properties of knitted fabrics may be enhanced by the inclusion of fibers such as [[spandex]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Ajoy K. |url=https://www.bloomsburyfashioncentral.com/encyclopedia?docid=b-9781501367816 |title=J.J. Pizzuto’s Fabric Science: 12th Edition |last2=Johnson |first2=Ingrid |last3=Cohen |first3=Allen C. |date=2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Inc |isbn=978-1-5013-6781-6 |edition=12 |doi=10.5040/9781501367816.ch-006}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Elsasser |first=Virginia Hencken |url=https://www.bloomsburyfashioncentral.com/encyclopedia?docid=b-9781501366499 |title=Textiles: Concepts and Principles |last2=Sharp |first2=Julia Ridgway |date=2022 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Inc |isbn=978-1-5013-6649-9 |edition=4 |doi=10.5040/9781501366499.ch-009}}</ref> In addition to athletic-type garments, knitted fabric may be used in fashion garments.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/915446568 |title=The Mood guide to fabric and fashion: the essential guide from the world's most famous fabric store |date=2015 |publisher=STC Craft / A Melanie Falick Book |isbn=978-1-61769-088-4 |editor-last=Falick |editor-first=Melanie |location=New York |oclc=915446568}}</ref>
Many fashion designers make heavy use of [[knitted fabric]] in their fashion collections. [[Gordana Gelhausen]], who appeared in season six of the television show ''[[Project Runway]]'', is primarily a knit designer. Other designers and labels that make heavy use of knitting include [[Michael Kors]], [[Fendi]], and [[Marc Jacobs]].
Knitting mills can also produce completed knitted apparel, such as [[Sweater|sweaters]], [[Sock|socks]], [[T-shirt|T-shirts]], and [[underwear]].<ref name=":3" /> Beginning in the 1990s, seamless 3-dimensional whole-garment knitting machines have increased the options of finished garments that can be produced in knitting mills.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Udale |first=Jenny |title=Fashion knitwear |date=2014 |publisher=Laurence King Publishing |isbn=978-1-78067-343-1 |location=London}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> These machines have also enabled the production of knitted [[shoe]] uppers.<ref name=":5" />
For individual hobbyists, websites such as [[Etsy]], Big Cartel and [[Ravelry]] have made it easy to sell [[knitting patterns]] on a small scale, in a way similar to [[eBay]].
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==Graffiti==
{{main|Yarn bombing}}
In the 2000s, a practice called knitting graffiti, guerilla knitting, or [[yarn bombing]]—the use of knitted or crocheted cloth to modify and beautify one's (usually outdoor) surroundings—emerged in the U.S. and spread worldwide.<ref name=yarnbombing>{{cite news | last = Anonymous | title = Knitters turn to graffiti artists with 'yarnbombing' | newspaper = The Telegraph | date = 2009-01-21 | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/4305406/Knitters-turn-to-graffiti-artists-with-yarnbombing.html | access-date = 2009-05-25 | location = London | archive-date = 15 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180615080713/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/4305406/Knitters-turn-to-graffiti-artists-with-yarnbombing.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Magda Sayeg is credited with starting the movement in the US and Knit the City are a prominent group of graffiti knitters in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/oct/10/graffiti-knitting | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Maddy | last=Costa | title=The graffiti knitting epidemic | date=2010-10-10 | access-date=12 December 2016 | archive-date=22 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622072046/http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2010/oct/10/graffiti-knitting | url-status=live }}</ref> Yarn bombers sometimes target existing pieces of graffiti for beautification. For instance, [[Dave Cole (artist)|Dave Cole]] is a contemporary sculpture artist who practiced knitting as graffiti for a large-scale public art installation in Melbourne, Australia for the Big West Arts Festival in 2009. The work was vandalized the night of its completion.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/artists-in-pink-fit-as-big-knit-vandal-unravels-artwork-20091128-jy53.html | location=Melbourne | work=The Age | title=Artists in pink fit as Big Knit vandal unravels artwork | first=Mark | last=Russell | date=2009-11-29 | access-date=18 January 2010 | archive-date=22 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122221523/http://www.theage.com.au/national/artists-in-pink-fit-as-big-knit-vandal-unravels-artwork-20091128-jy53.html | url-status=live }}</ref> A new movie, shot by a Tasmanian filmmaker on a set made almost entirely out of yarn, was partially inspired by "knitted graffiti".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-11-04/a-tight-knite-film/4351930 | location=Tasmania | work=ABC | title=A new movie, shot by a Tasmanian filmmaker on a set made almost entirely out of yarn, was partially inspired by "knitted graffiti" | first=Fiona | last=Breen | date=2012-11-04 | access-date=4 November 2012 | archive-date=22 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122221524/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-11-04/a-tight-knite-film/4351930 | url-status=live }}</ref>
== Yarn crawl ==
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Chicken sweaters were also hand knitted to aid battery hens that had lost their feathers. The organization is not currently accepting donations, but maintains a list of volunteers.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jo |last=Eglen |url=http://littlehenrescue.co.uk/Hensandtheirjumpers.aspx |title=Hens and their jumpers |website=Little Hen Rescue |year=2008 |access-date=9 February 2011 |archive-date= 9 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709092841/http://littlehenrescue.co.uk/Hensandtheirjumpers.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Originally started after the 2004 Indonesian tsunami, Knitters Without Borders<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yarnharlot.ca/blog/tsffaq.html|title=Yarn Harlot: TSF FAQ|access-date=10 September 2011|archive-date=11 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011174156/http://www.yarnharlot.ca/blog/tsffaq.html|url-status=live}}</ref> is a charity challenge issued by knitting personality [[Stephanie Pearl-McPhee]] that encourages [[hand knitting|hand knitters]] to donate to [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] (Doctors Without Borders). Instead of hand knitting for charity, knitters are encouraged to donate a week's worth of disposable income, including money that otherwise might have been spent on yarn. Knitted items are occasional offered as prizes to donors. As of September 2011, Knitters Without Borders donors have contributed CAD$1,062,217.<ref>{{cite web |url=
Security blankets can also be made through the Project Linus organization which helps needy children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.projectlinus.org/|title=Project Linus-Home|access-date=28 October 2012|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710212625/https://www.projectlinus.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
There are organizations that help reach other countries in need such as afghans for Afghans. This outreach is described as, "[[Afghan (blanket)|afghans]] for Afghans is a humanitarian and educational people-to-people project that sends hand-knit and crocheted blankets and sweaters, vests, hats, mittens, and socks to the beleaguered people of Afghanistan."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afghansforafghans.org/|title=afghans for Afghans --|access-date=28 October 2012|archive-date=16 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216034301/http://www.afghansforafghans.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The knitters of the [[Little Yellow Duck Project]] craft small yellow [[duck]]s which are left for others to find, as a [[random act of kindness]] and to raise awareness of [[blood donation]] and [[organ donation]]. The project was started in memory of a young woman who had collected plastic toy ducks and who died from [[cystic fibrosis]] while waiting for a [[lung transplantation|lung transplant]]. Finders of the ducks are encouraged to log them on a website, which {{as of|May 2020|lc=yes}} shows that 12,265 ducks have been found in 106 countries.<ref name="lyd">{{cite web |title=World Map |url=https://thelittleyellowduckproject.org/world-map/ |website=The Little Yellow Duck Project |access-date=31 May 2020 |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321122727/https://thelittleyellowduckproject.org/world-map/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Health benefits==
[[File:KnittingMadonna.jpg|thumb|The earliest image of [[circular knitting]], from the 15th century AD [[Buxtehude]] altarpiece]]
Studies have shown that hand knitting, along with other forms of needlework, provide several significant health benefits. These studies have found the rhythmic and repetitive action of [[hand knitting]] can help prevent and manage stress, pain and depression, which in turn strengthens the body's immune system,<ref name="Walsh">{{cite web|url=http://www.prlog.org/10179509-knitting-and-crochet-offer-long-term-health-benefits.html|title=Knitting And Crochet Offer Long-term Health Benefits|first=Prime|last=Publishing|access-date=17 November 2012|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003072432/https://www.prlog.org/10179509-knitting-and-crochet-offer-long-term-health-benefits.html|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as create a relaxation response in the body which can decrease blood pressure, heart rate, help prevent illness, and have a calming effect. Pain specialists have also found that hand knitting changes brain chemistry, resulting in an increase in "feel good" hormones (i.e. [[serotonin]] and [[dopamine]]) and a decrease in stress hormones.<ref name="Walsh"/>
Knitting can improve dexterity in the hands and fingers. This keeps the fingers limber and can be especially helpful for those with arthritis. Knitting can reduce the pain of arthritis if people make it a daily habit.<ref name=":0" />▼
Hand knitting, along with other leisure activities, has been linked to reducing the risk of developing [[Alzheimer's]]<ref>{{cite web|title= Knitting Can Keep Alzheimer's at Bay |url= https://mindful.knitterspride.com/blog/knitting-can-keep-alzheimers-at-bay |website=The Mindful Collection | access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref> and [[dementia]] by preventing memory loss.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Geda|first1=Yonas E.|last2=Topazian|first2=Hillary M.|last3=Roberts|first3=Lewis A.|last4=Lewis|first4=Robert A.|last5=Roberts|first5=Rosebud O.|last6=Knopman|first6=David S.|last7=Pankratz|first7=V. Shane|last8=Christianson|first8=Teresa J. H.|last9=Boeve|first9=Bradley F.|last10=Tangalos|first10=Eric G.|last11=Ivnik|first11=Robert J.|date=2011|title=Engaging in cognitive activities, aging, and mild cognitive impairment: a population-based study|journal=The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences|volume=23|issue=2|pages=149–154|doi=10.1176/jnp.23.2.jnp149|issn=1545-7222|pmc=3204924|pmid=21677242}}</ref> Much like physical activity strengthens the body, mental exercise makes the human brain more resilient. Knitting can be done anywhere and requires that minimal materials and props be carried around with you, making it a very pleasurable and simple hobby that gives wonderful benefits.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Scarmeas|first=N. |author2=Manly, Stern |author3=Tang, Levy|title=Influence of leisure activity on the incidence of Alzheimer's Disease|journal=Neurology|date=26 December 2001|volume=57|issue=12|doi=10.1212/wnl.57.12.2236 |pmc=3025284 |pmid=11756603 |pages=2236–2242}}</ref>▼
▲Hand knitting, along with other leisure activities, has been linked to reducing the risk of developing
A repository of research into the effect on health of [[hand knitting]] can be found at [http://www.stitchlinks.com/clinicians.html Stitch links],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stitchlinks.com/clinicians.html|title=Stitchlinks.com}}</ref> an organization founded in Bath, England.▼
Knitting also helps in the area of social interaction; knitting provides people with opportunities to socialize with others and build community.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harkison |first=Tracy |date=2023-06-26 |title=Knit and natter — the hospitableness of knitting |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22243534.2023.2239571 |journal=Research in Hospitality Management |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1080/22243534.2023.2239571 |issn=2224-3534|doi-access=free }}</ref> One way to increase social interaction with knitting is inviting friends over to knit and chat with each other.<ref name=":0" /> Many public libraries and yarn stores host knitting groups where knitters can meet locally to engage with others interested in hand crafts.
Knitting has been shown to be an effective form of art therapy for coping with trauma or grief . Whether the knitting is done individually or in a knitting group, the creativity and creation process along with the repetitive physical motion has been shown to be effective.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kargól |first=Marta |date=2022-09-03 |title=Knitting as a remedy: women’s everyday creativity in response to hopelessness and despair |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09502386.2021.2011933 |journal=Cultural Studies |language=en |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=821–839 |doi=10.1080/09502386.2021.2011933 |issn=0950-2386}}</ref>
▲Knitting can improve dexterity in the hands and fingers. This keeps the fingers limber and can be especially helpful for those with arthritis. Knitting can reduce the pain of arthritis if people make it a daily habit.<ref name=":0" />
▲A repository of research into the effect on health of [[hand knitting]] can be found at [http://www.stitchlinks.com/clinicians.html Stitch links],<ref>{{cite web |title=Stitchlinks.com |url=http://www.stitchlinks.com/clinicians.html |
==Notable knitters==
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*[[Stephen West (designer)|Stephen West]] - American knitter, fashion designer, educator, and author known for his knitting patterns and strong use of color
*[[Elizabeth Zimmermann]] - British-born hand knitting teacher and designer
*[[Tom Daley]] - British Olympic gold medallist and knitting and crochet designer. Founder of Made With Love by Tom Daley.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Made With Love By Tom Daley |url=https://bytomdaley.com/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=Made With Love By Tom Daley |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923095649/https://bytomdaley.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Elisabetta Matsumoto]] - American physicist whose scientific interests include the study of knitted fabrics' special mathematical and mechanical properties.
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* {{Cite book |last=Rutt |first=Richard |title=A History of Hand Knitting |date=1989 |publisher=Interweave Press |isbn=978-0-934026-35-2 |location=Loveland, CO}}
* {{Cite book |last=Spencer |first=David J. |title=Knitting Technology: a Comprehensive Handbook and Practical Guide |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |year=1989 |isbn=1-85573-333-1 |location=Lancaster}}
* {{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Mary |url=https://books.google.com/books
* {{Cite book |last=Zimmermann |first=Elizabeth |title=Knitting Without Tears |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster, Inc.|Simon & Schuster]] |year=1971 |isbn=0-684-13505-1 |edition=1995 Fireside paperback |location=New York |oclc=475746806 |author-link=Elizabeth Zimmermann}}
* {{Cite book |
* {{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Aneeta |url=https://books.google.com/books
* {{Cite book |last=Zimmermann |first=Elizabeth |url=https://archive.org/details/elizabethzimmerm0000zimm |title=Knitter's Almanac |publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |year=1974 |isbn=0-486-24178-5 |edition=1981 Dover paperback |location=New York |oclc=851977417 |author-link=Elizabeth Zimmermann |url-access=registration}}
* Isaacson, Steve. (2013). ''Carol Milne Knitted Glass - How Does She Do that?'' {{ISBN|9781482748048}}
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