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The '''University of Michigan''' ('''U-M''', '''UMich''', or simply '''Michigan''') is a [[public university|public]] [[research university]] in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]. Founded in 1817, it is the oldest institution of higher education in the state. The University of Michigan is one of the earliest American [[research universities]] and is a founding member of the [[Association of American Universities]]. In the fall of 2023, the university enrolled over 52,000 students.<ref name="Snapshot 2023" /><ref name="Enroll 2023">{{Cite book |url = https://www.masu.org/sites/default/files/documents/2023-11/MASU%202023%20Enrollment%20Report.pdf |title = ENROLLMENT REPORT FALL 2023 |publisher = Michigan Association of State Universities |year = 2023 |pages = 3 |language = en }}</ref>
The university is [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very High Research Activity". It consists of nineteen
The University of Michigan's athletic teams are collectively known as the [[Michigan Wolverines|Wolverines]]. They compete in [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[NCAA Division I|Division I]] [[NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision|FBS]] as members of the [[Big Ten Conference]]. The university currently fields varsity teams across 29 NCAA-sanctioned sports. As of 2022, athletes from the university have won 188 medals at the [[List of American universities with Olympic medals|Olympic Games]].
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=== The Catholepistemiad (1817–1821) ===
The University of Michigan traces its origins to August 26, 1817,<ref name="Founding" /> when it was established in the [[Territory of Michigan]] as the [[History of the University of Michigan#The Catholepistemiad (1817–1821)|''Catholepistemiad'']], or ''University of Michigania'', through a legislative act of the territory.<ref name=":11">{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Wilfred B. |date=1942 |title=The University of Michigan, an encyclopedic survey |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015042059132 |location=University of Michigan |publisher=Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press |page=117 |isbn=}}</ref>{{rp|117}} The territorial act was signed into law by acting governor and secretary [[William Woodbridge]], chief justice [[Augustus B. Woodward]], and judge [[John Griffin (judge)|John Griffin]]. In 1821, by a new enactment, the university itself was created as a "body politic and corporate."<ref name=":11"/>{{rp|117}} The university's corporate existence has persisted through all subsequent modifications to its foundational charter, as codified in the Michigan Territorial Act of 1817, which served as the primordial basis for its organic law.<ref name="Hinsdale 1906">{{harvnb|Hinsdale|1906}}</ref>{{rp|11}} ''Catholepistemiad'', a neologism, derived from a blend of Greek and Latin roots, can be loosely translated as "School of Universal Knowledge".<ref>{{Cite web |title = SNAPSHOTS OF U-M HISTORY: Rising from the Ashes |url = https://bentley.umich.edu/features/rising-from-the-ashes/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210630032947/https://bentley.umich.edu/features/rising-from-the-ashes/ |archive-date = June 30, 2021 |access-date = May 8, 2022 |website = www.bentley.umich.edu }}</ref>
The ''Catholepistemiad'', an antecedent to the contemporary university paradigm, did not constitute a unitary establishment but rather a consolidated schema of scholastic and cultural institutions, borrowing its model from the [[University of France|Imperial University of France]], an entity established by [[Napoleon I]] a mere decade prior.<ref name="um2017.org">{{Cite web |title = The University of Michigan's Heritage – Two Centuries of Leadership |url = http://um2017.org/U_of_M_History_files/Brief%20Michigan%20History.pdf |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211010020717/http://um2017.org/U_of_M_History_files/Brief%20Michigan%20History.pdf |archive-date = October 10, 2021 |access-date = October 9, 2021 |publisher = um2017.org }}</ref><ref name="Hinsdale 1906" />{{rp|10}} This centralized system encompassed an array of schools, libraries, and institutions, all under the auspices of a single administrative body.<ref>{{harvnb|Hinsdale|1906|pp=8–9}}</ref> The president and ''didactorium'' of the ''Catholepistemiad'' were empowered not only to maintain the central organization but also to establish schools throughout the Michigan Territory.<ref name="Hinsdale 1906" />{{rp|10}} It was not until the [[State of Michigan]] attained statehood in the year 1837 that a revised plan was adopted, refocusing the corporation's efforts on the provision of higher education exclusively.<ref name="um2017.org" />
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The years 1837–1850 revealed weakness in the organization and working of the university. Regents of the university discovered that the organic act from which they derived their powers made them too dependent upon the legislature. The subject was brought to the attention of the legislature more than once but without securing the desired action in order to achieve increased independence. By the late 1840s, the Regents achieved a strong position relative to [[collective bargaining]] with the legislature as the opinion was becoming common among [[capitalists]], [[clergymen]] and [[intellectual|intellectual elites]], since by then the state derived significant [[tax revenue]] through them. Such a situation ultimately led to a change in the organic act of the university. Remodeled, the act, which was approved April 8, 1851, emancipated the university from legislative control that would have been injudicious and harmful. The office of Regent was changed from an appointed one to an elected one, and the office of President was created, with the Regents directed to select one. As Hinsdale argued, "the independent position of the university has had much to do with its growth and prosperity. In fact, its larger growth may be dated from the time when the new sections began to take effect."<ref name="Hinsdale 1906" />{{rp|40}}
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The University of Michigan conferred the degree of [[Bachelor of Science]] in 1855, four years after the [[Lawrence Scientific School]] at [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] conferred the degree in 1851, for the first time in the United States, making Michigan the second institution in the country to confer the degree.<ref name="Hinsdale 1906" />{{rp|48}} The degree of [[Bachelor of Philosophy]] was conferred for the first time in the university's history upon six students in 1870.<ref name="Hinsdale 1906" />{{rp|79}} The degrees of [[Master of Philosophy]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy]] was first offered in 1875.<ref name="Hinsdale 1906" />{{rp|88}}
Michigan established its [[Michigan Medicine|medical school]] in 1850, engineering courses in 1854, and a [[Michigan Law|law school]] in 1859.<ref name="um2017.org" /> In 1875, the University of Michigan established the [[University of Michigan School of Dentistry|College of Dental Surgery]], becoming the second university in the United States to offer dental education after [[Harvard School of Dental Medicine|Harvard Dental College]], which was founded in 1867. The university was also the first to provide graduate-level dentistry education.
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▲Michigan established its [[Michigan Medicine|medical school]] in 1850, engineering courses in 1854, and a [[Michigan Law|law school]] in 1859.<ref name="um2017.org" /> In 1875, the University of Michigan established the [[University of Michigan School of Dentistry|College of Dental Surgery]], becoming the second university in the United States to offer dental education after [[Harvard School of Dental Medicine|Harvard Dental College]], which was founded in 1867. The university was also the first to provide graduate-level dentistry education. In 1876, [[Albert B. Prescott]] established the university's [[University of Michigan College of Pharmacy|College of Pharmacy]], which was the nation's first school of pharmacy at a state university.
The university was among the first to introduce instruction in fields as diverse as zoology and botany, [[modern languages]], [[modern history]], [[American literature]], [[speech]], [[journalism]], [[teacher education]], [[forestry]], [[bacteriology]], [[naval architecture]], [[aeronautical engineering]], [[computer engineering]], and [[nuclear engineering]].<ref name="um2017.org" /> In 1856, Michigan built the nation's first [[chemical laboratory]].<ref name="Chem Lab">{{Cite web |title = Chemical Laboratory |url = http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/mort/original/1875/chemical_laboratory/index.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211021222339/http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/mort/original/1875/chemical_laboratory/index.html |archive-date = October 21, 2021 |access-date = October 21, 2021 |publisher = UMHistory }}</ref> That laboratory was the first structure on the North American continent that was designed and equipped solely for instruction in chemistry.<ref name="Chem Lab" /> In 1869, the University of Michigan opened the first hospital in the country owned and operated by a university.
Methods of instruction had also undergone important changes. The ''[[seminar]]'' method of study was first introduced into the university by [[Charles Kendall Adams]] in 1871–1872, making the university the first American institution to naturalize this product of the German soil.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Brubacher |first = John Seiler |title = Higher Education in Transition |date = July 1, 1997 |publisher = Transaction Publishers |isbn = 1-56000-917-9 |page = 187 }}</ref><ref name="Hinsdale 1906" />{{rp|71}}
[[File:Literary Class of 1880.jpg|thumb|Literary Class of 1880 (includes [[Mary Henrietta Graham]], the first African American woman graduate of the University of Michigan)]]▼
By 1866, enrollment had increased to 1,205 students. Women were first admitted in 1870,<ref>{{Cite web |date = September 26, 2008 |title = Suggested Research Topics – Gender and Social Space on the University Campus, 1870–1970 |url = https://bentley.umich.edu/research/topics/gendersp.php |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090313030542/http://bentley.umich.edu/research/topics/gendersp.php |archive-date = March 13, 2009 |access-date = December 25, 2008 |publisher = Bentley Historical Library }}</ref> although [[Alice Robinson Boise Wood]] was the first woman to attend classes (without matriculating) in 1866–67.<ref>{{Cite web |last = Brennan |first = T. Corey |date = n.d. |title = WOOD, Alice Robinson Boise |url = https://dbcs.rutgers.edu/all-scholars/9307-wood-alice-robinson-boise |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010141/https://dbcs.rutgers.edu/all-scholars/9307-wood-alice-robinson-boise |archive-date = January 23, 2019 |access-date = March 13, 2020 |website = Database of Classical Scholars |publisher = Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey |quote = When the question first came up in 1854 of admitting women to the University of Michigan, [[James Robinson Boise]] is the only professor on record to vote in its favor. A dozen years later, when his daughter Alice had graduated Ann Arbor High School, he is said to have been enraged that she could not continue at Michigan, and in September 1866 informally invited his daughter to join his Greek recitations at the university. Some of his colleagues followed suit. }}</ref> In 1870, Gabriel Franklin Hargo graduated from Michigan Law as the second African American to graduate from a law school in the United States. In 1871, [[Sarah Killgore]] became the first woman to graduate from law school and be admitted to the bar of any state in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.law.umich.edu/historyandtraditions/students/Documents/Sarah_Killgore_Bio.pdf |title = Michigan's First Woman Lawyer |publisher = University of Michigan Law School |access-date = September 14, 2013 }}</ref> Among the early students in the School of Medicine was [[Jose Celso Barbosa]], who graduated as valedictorian in 1880, becoming the first [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] to earn a university degree in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last = Guzmán |first = W. |date = May 22, 2020 |title = José Barbosa (1857–1921) |url = https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/jose-barbosa-1857-1921/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210923010739/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/jose-barbosa-1857-1921/ |archive-date = September 23, 2021 |access-date = August 27, 2021 |website = BlackPast.org }}</ref> [[Ida Gray]] graduated from the [[University of Michigan School of Dentistry|School of Dentistry]] in June 1890, becoming the first African-American woman dentist in the United States.{{sfn|Dykes|1996|p=496}}
▲[[File:Literary Class of 1880.jpg|thumb|Literary Class of 1880 (includes [[Mary Henrietta Graham]], the first African American woman graduate of the University of Michigan)]]
By the 1870s, the university had built an international reputation. During this period, over 80 subjects of the [[Emperor of Japan]] were sent to Ann Arbor to study law as part of the opening of that empire to external influence.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://michigan.law.umich.edu/about-michigan-law/michigan-law-history |title = Michigan Law History |publisher = University of Michigan Law School |access-date = February 17, 2024 }}</ref> The University of Michigan was also involved with the building of the [[Philippine]] education, legal, and public health systems during the era of the American colonization of the Philippines through the efforts of Michigan alumni that included [[Dean Conant Worcester]] and [[George A. Malcolm]].<ref>{{Cite book |last = Calata |first = Alexander A. |title = Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines |date = 2002 |publisher = Greenwood Press |isbn = 9780313307911 |editor-last = McFerson |editor-first = Hazel M. |location = Westport, CT |pages = 90–91 |chapter = The Role of Education in Americanizing Filipinos |oclc = 756515246 }}</ref>
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Descendants of [[History of Massachusetts|Massachusetts founding families]] made up a large portion of the university population in the 19th century; among them was Regent Charles Hebard, a lineal descendant of [[William Bradford (governor)|William Bradford]], a founding father of [[Plymouth Colony]].<ref name="Hinsdale 1906" />{{rp|204}} In the early 20th century, the university became a favored choice for high-achieving Jewish students seeking a quality education free of religious discrimination when the private colleges with Protestant affiliation often imposed quotas on Jewish admissions. Since then, the university has served as a haven for the community of Jewish-American scholars.<ref>{{Cite press release |date = December 28, 2023 |title = University to launch institute to address antisemitism |url = https://record.umich.edu/articles/university-to-launch-institute-to-address-antisemitism/ |access-date = January 7, 2024 |publisher = U-M Office of the Vice President for Communications }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date = November 29, 2023 |title = Buss: Once a haven, Jews now fearful on UM campus |url = https://www.detroitnews.com/story/opinion/columnists/kaitlyn-buss/2023/11/27/buss-once-a-haven-jews-now-fearful-on-um-campus/71717662007/ |access-date = January 7, 2024 |newspaper = The Detroit News }}</ref>
=== 20th century ===▼
{{quote box
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| quote = "Stand up for America; devote your life to its cause; love your homes, and prove as worthy of our cherished free institutions as they are worthy of your allegiance and service. Let not the high standard of National Honor, raised by the fathers, be lowered by their sons. Let learning, liberty and law be exalted and enthroned."
| author = [[William McKinley]]
| source = speaking to the first National Convention of the College Republicans in [[Newberry Hall]] in 1892<ref>{{cite web |first=Scott |last=Stewart |title=The College Republicans – A Brief History |publisher = College Republican National Committee | date=2002-06-24 |url=http://www.crnc.org/admin/editpage/downloads/CRNChistory.pdf |access-date=2008-09-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050702072121/http://www.crnc.org/admin/editpage/downloads/CRNChistory.pdf |archive-date = 2005-07-02}}</ref>
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Throughout its history, Michigan has been one of the nation's largest universities, vying with the largest private universities such as [[Harvard University]] and [[Columbia University]] (then known as Columbia College) during the 19th and early 20th centuries, and then holding this position of national leadership until the emergence of the statewide public university systems in the post-WWII years.<ref name="um2017.org" /> By the turn of the 19th century, the university was the second largest in the United States after Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |title = The First 150 Years |url = https://www.northwestern.edu/magazine/northwestern/spring2001/first150_long_feature.htm |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211010020717/https://www.northwestern.edu/magazine/northwestern/spring2001/first150_long_feature.htm |archive-date = October 10, 2021 |access-date = October 9, 2021 |website = northwestern.edu }}</ref>
▲=== 20th century ===
[[File:Photo of courtyard Law Quadrangle.jpg|thumb|Law Quadrangle, ca. 1930s]]
From 1900 to 1920, the growth of [[higher education]] led the university to build numerous new facilities. The [[Martha Cook Building]] was constructed as an all-female residence in 1915 as the result of a gift from [[William W. Cook|William Wilson Cook]] in honor of his mother, Martha Walford Cook.<ref>{{Cite web |title = Martha Cook Residence Hall |url = http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/mort/central/south%20of%20south%20U/Martha%20Cook/index.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211019033108/http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/mort/central/south%20of%20south%20U/Martha%20Cook/index.html |archive-date = October 19, 2021 |access-date = October 18, 2021 }}</ref>
Cook planned to endow a professorship of law of corporations, but eventually made possible the development of the Law Quadrangle.<ref name="Law Quadrangle">{{Cite web |title = The Law Quadrangle |url = http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/mort/central/south%20of%20south%20U/Law%20Quadrangle/index.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200218134450/http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/mort/central/south%20of%20south%20U/Law%20Quadrangle/index.html |archive-date = February 18, 2020 |access-date = October 18, 2021 }}</ref> The five buildings comprising the Law Quadrangle were constructed during the decade of 1923–33 on two city blocks purchased by the university: Lawyers Club, Dormitory Wing, John P. Cook Dormitory, William W Cook Legal Research Library, and Hutchins Hall.<ref name="Law Quadrangle" /> The buildings, in the [[Tudor architecture|Tudor Gothic style]], recalled the quadrangles of the two [[Oxbridge|English ancient universities]] Oxford and Cambridge.<ref name="Law Quadrangle" />
[[File:UhlenbeckKramersGoudsmit.jpg|thumb|left|Physicists [[George Uhlenbeck|G.E. Uhlenbeck]], [[Hendrik Kramers|H.A. Kramers]], and [[Samuel Goudsmit|S.A. Goudsmit]] circa 1928 at Michigan]]▼
From 1915 to 1941, the physics department was led by [[Harrison M. Randall|H.M. Randall]], who established the importance of theoretical colleagues. [[Oskar Klein|O.B. Klein]], [[Samuel Goudsmit|S.A. Goudsmit]], [[George Uhlenbeck|G.E. Uhlenbeck]], [[Otto Laporte|O. Laporte]] and [[David M. Dennison|D.M. Dennison]] joined the physics faculty during this time. Theoretical physicist [[Wolfgang Pauli|W. Pauli]], who became known as one of the pioneers of [[quantum physics]], held a visiting professorship at the university in 1931.<ref name="Burton">{{Cite web |last = Burton |first = Marion Le Roy |title = Department of Physics (University of Michigan) records, 1873–[ongoing]. |url = https://search.lib.umich.edu/catalog/record/990027429270106381?filter.author=Oppenheimer%2C+J.+Robert%2C+1904-1967.&library=Bentley+Historical+Library |access-date = November 1, 2023 |website = search.lib.umich.edu |publisher = UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LIBRARY }}</ref> Other physicists with ties to the university include the inventor of the [[Synchrotron|Race Track Synchrotron]] [[H. Richard Crane|H.R. Crane]], [[Gordon Sutherland|G.B.B.M. Sutherland]] and [[Hendrik Kramers|H.A. Kramers]]. [[Stephen Timoshenko|S. Timoshenko]], who is considered to be the father of modern [[engineering mechanics]], created the first U.S. bachelor's and doctoral programs in engineering mechanics when he was a faculty professor at the university.
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The University of Michigan Summer Symposium in Theoretical Physics was held annually from 1928 to 1941.<ref>{{cite web |last = Levine |first = Alaina G. |title = Historic Sites Initiative – University of Michigan |url = https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/history/historicsites/summer.cfm |access-date = February 4, 2024 |website = American Physical Society }}</ref> During this period, virtually every world-renowned physicist lectured at the symposium, including [[Niels Bohr|N. Bohr]], [[Paul Dirac|P.A.M. Dirac]], [[Enrico Fermi|E. Fermi]], [[Werner Heisenberg|W. Heisenberg]], [[Paul Ehrenfest|P. Ehrenfest]], [[Erwin Schrödinger|E. Schrödinger]], and others.<ref name="Burton" /> No fewer than fifteen of the visiting physicists were either Nobel laureates or would later receive the [[Nobel Prize in physics]]. [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], who was a professor at the [[California Institute of Technology]] and would later be known as the "father of the atomic bomb", visited in 1931 and 1934.<ref name="Burton" />
▲[[File:UhlenbeckKramersGoudsmit.jpg|thumb|left|Physicists [[George Uhlenbeck|G.E. Uhlenbeck]], [[Hendrik Kramers|H.A. Kramers]], and [[Samuel Goudsmit|S.A. Goudsmit]] circa 1928 at Michigan]]
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The University of Michigan has been the birthplace of some important academic movements, establishing the Michigan schools of thought and developing the Michigan Models in various fields. [[John Dewey]], [[Charles Horton Cooley]], [[George Herbert Mead]], and [[Robert Ezra Park]] first met at Michigan. There, they would influence each other greatly.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Miller |first = David |title = George Herbert Mead: Self, Language, and the World |publisher = University of Texas Press |year = 2009 |isbn = 978-0-292-72700-7 |pages = xii-xix }}</ref> In political science, [[Angus Campbell (psychologist)|Angus Campbell]], [[Philip Converse]], [[Warren Miller (political scientist)|Warren Miller]] and [[Donald E. Stokes|Donald Stokes]], proposed the [[Michigan Model|Michigan model of voting]].<ref>{{Cite news |last = Pace |first = Eric |date = February 3, 1999 |title = Warren E. Miller, 74, Expert On American Voting Patterns |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/03/us/warren-e-miller-74-expert-on-american-voting-patterns.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022153/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/03/us/warren-e-miller-74-expert-on-american-voting-patterns.html |archive-date = September 12, 2018 |access-date = September 11, 2018 |work = [[The New York Times]] }}</ref>
Shortly after the war, in 1947, the Regents appointed a War Memorial Committee to consider establishing a war memorial in honor of students and alumni who fell in [[World War II]], and in 1948, approved a resolution to "create a war memorial center to explore the ways and means by which the potentialities of atomic energy may become a beneficent influence in the life of man, to be known as the Phoenix Project of the University of Michigan," leading to the world's first academic program in nuclear science and engineering.<ref>{{Cite web |title = MMPEI–History |url = http://www.energy.umich.edu/about/#history |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081229015555/http://www.energy.umich.edu/about |archive-date = December 29, 2008 |access-date = August 28, 2010 |publisher = Michigan Memorial Phoenix Energy Institute }}</ref><ref name="um2017.org" /> The Memorial Phoenix Project was funded by over 25,000 private contributors by individuals and corporations, such as the [[Ford Motor Company]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Martin |first = Joseph D. |date = February 2016 |title = The Peaceful Atom Comes to Campus |journal = Physics Today |volume = 69 |issue = 2 |pages = 40–46 |bibcode = 2016PhT....69b..40M |doi = 10.1063/pt.3.3081 |doi-access = free |issn=0031-9228}}</ref>
During the 1960s, the university campus was the site of numerous protests against the Vietnam War and university administration. On March 24, 1965, a group of U-M faculty members and 3,000 students held the nation's first-ever faculty-led "[[teach-in]]" to protest against American policy in [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Newman |first = Matthew |date = October 1995 |title = U-M faculty's historic teach-in of 30 years ago: 'A Vital Service To Their Country' |url = http://www.ns.umich.edu/MT/95/Oct95/mt11o95.html |url-status = dead |journal = Michigan Today |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100602090041/http://www.ns.umich.edu/MT/95/Oct95/mt11o95.html |archive-date = June 2, 2010 |access-date = August 28, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date = December 22, 2008 |title = A Decade of Dissent: Teach-Ins |url = https://bentley.umich.edu/exhibits/dissent/teachins.php |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100727123100/http://bentley.umich.edu/exhibits/dissent/teachins.php |archive-date = July 27, 2010 |access-date = August 28, 2010 |publisher = Bentley Historical Library }}</ref> The university's [[Spectrum Center (community center)|Spectrum Center]] is the oldest collegiate [[LGBT student center]] in the U.S., pre-dating [[University of Pennsylvania|Penn]]'s.<ref>{{Cite web |date = November 11, 2011 |title = AADL Talks To Jim Toy and Jackie Simpson |url = https://aadl.org/node/164719 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210116141342/https://aadl.org/node/164719 |archive-date = January 16, 2021 |access-date = August 27, 2021 |publisher = Ann Arbor District Library }}</ref>
Due to concerns over the university's financial situation there have been suggestions for the complete separation of the university and state through [[privatization]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last = Sullivan |first = Amy |date = April 23, 2009 |title = Cash-Strapped State Schools Being Forced to Privatize |url = http://content.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1893286,00.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211010051453/http://content.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1893286,00.html |archive-date = October 10, 2021 |access-date = October 10, 2021 |magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1 = Weislak |first1 = Lance J. |last2 = LaFaive |first2 = Michael D. |date = March 1, 2004 |title = Privatize the University of Michigan (Viewpoint on Public Issues) |url = https://www.mackinac.org/V2004-08 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211114231442/https://www.mackinac.org/V2004-08 |archive-date = November 14, 2021 |access-date = November 14, 2021 |publisher = Mackinac Center for Public Policy }}</ref> Even though the university is a public institution ''de jure'', it has embraced [[Funding|funding models]] of a [[private university]] that emphasize [[
===Historical links===
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* [[University of California]]: had its early planning based upon the University of Michigan.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Stadtman |first = Verne A. |url = https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad |title = The University of California, 1868–1968 |date = 1970 |publisher = McGraw-Hill |location = New York |pages = [https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad/page/7 7–34] |url-access = registration }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last = Marsden |first = George M. |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=E9QOfEZrrLYC&pg=PA134 |title = The Soul of the American University: From Protestant Establishment to Established Nonbelief |date = 1994 |publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn = 9780195106503 |location = New York |pages = 134–140 |access-date = November 9, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211109071657/https://books.google.com/books?id=E9QOfEZrrLYC&pg=PA134 |archive-date = November 9, 2021 |url-status = live }} Page 138 of this source incorrectly states that the date of the final negotiations in which Governor Low participated was October 8, 1869, but it is clear from the context and the endnotes to that page (which cite documents from 1867) that the reference to 1869 is a typo.</ref>
* [[University of Chicago]]: Michigan alumnus Robert Ezra Park played a leading role in the development of the [[Chicago school (sociology)|Chicago School of sociology]]. The University of Chicago Laboratory School was founded in 1896 by John Dewey and [[Calvin Brainerd Cady]], who were members of the Michigan faculty.
* Cornell University: [[Andrew Dixon White]] and [[Charles Kendall Adams]], the first and second presidents of Cornell, respectively, were members of the Michigan faculty. Cornell
* Harvard University: Michigan alumnus [[Edwin Francis Gay]] was the founding dean of the [[Harvard Business School]] from 1908 to 1919,<ref>{{Cite web |title = Our History |url = http://www.hbs.edu/about/history.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130218170344/http://www.hbs.edu/about/history.html |archive-date = February 18, 2013 |access-date = January 7, 2009 |publisher = hbs.edu }}</ref> instrumental in the school's planning.
* [[Johns Hopkins University]]: had its [[Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine|pharmacology department]] established by [[John Jacob Abel]], an alumnus of Michigan.
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The Inglis House is an off-campus facility, which the university has owned since the 1950s. The Inglis House is a {{convert|10,000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} mansion used to hold various social events, including meetings of the Board of Regents, and to host visiting dignitaries.<ref>{{Cite web |last = Duderstadt |first = Anne |title = The Inglis House Estate at the University of Michigan |url = http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/history/publications/inglis/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013222511/http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/history/publications/inglis/ |archive-date = October 13, 2007 |access-date = April 28, 2007 |publisher = University of Michigan }}</ref> Another major off-campus facility is the [[Matthaei Botanical Gardens]], which is located on the eastern outskirts of the City of Ann Arbor.<ref>{{Cite book |date = April 22, 1998 |title = Campus Planning – Overview Report 1998 (Introduction and Summary) |url = http://www.aec.bf.umich.edu/campus.plans/Phase1/Phase1%20Overview%20-%204-22-98%20Introduction%20and%20Summary.pdf |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140423130901/http://www.aec.bf.umich.edu/campus.plans/Phase1/Phase1%20Overview%20-%204-22-98%20Introduction%20and%20Summary.pdf |archive-date = April 23, 2014 |access-date = March 8, 2013 |publisher = University of Michigan – Architecture, Engineering and Construction |page = 3 }}</ref>
[[File:Kelsey Museum of Archaeology (Newberry Hall).jpg|thumb|left|[[Newberry Hall]], named in honor of alumnus [[John Stoughton Newberry|John S. Newberry]], is listed on the [[University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places#University of Michigan|National Register of Historic Places]]. It hosted the first congregation of the [[College Republican National Committee#History|National Republican College League]] on May 17, 1892, where then-Governor of Ohio and later President [[William McKinley]] gave a keynote speech.]]
All four campus areas are connected by bus services, the majority of which connect the North and Central campuses. There is a shuttle service connecting the University Hospital, which lies between North and Central campuses, with other medical facilities throughout northeastern Ann Arbor.<ref>{{Cite web |title = Buses |url = https://campusinfo.umich.edu/article/buses-0 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211005141411/https://campusinfo.umich.edu/article/buses-0 |archive-date = October 5, 2021 |access-date = October 5, 2021 |publisher = University of Michigan }}</ref>
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The university's current president is [[Santa Ono]], formerly the president of the [[University of British Columbia]] in Canada. After an extensive presidential search conducted by the executive search firm Isaacson, Miller, the board announced its selection of Santa Ono as the university's 15th President on July 13, 2022.<ref name="imsearch">{{Cite web |title=University of Michigan – Ann Arbor, President |url=https://www.imsearch.com/insights/results/university-michigan-ann-arbor-president |access-date=June 11, 2024 |website=imsearch.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Regents appoint Santa Ono as University of Michigan's next president |url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/regents-appoint-santa-ono-as-university-of-michigans-new-president/ |date=July 13, 2022 |access-date = June 11, 2024 |website = record.umich.edu }}</ref> Ono assumed office on October 14, 2022, succeeding the outgoing president [[Mark Schlissel]].<ref>{{Cite news |title = University of Michigan President Mark Schlissel fired by board after investigation |url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/education/2022/01/16/university-michigan-president-mark-schlissel-fired/6549755001/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220116214410/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/education/2022/01/16/university-michigan-president-mark-schlissel-fired/6549755001/ |archive-date = January 16, 2022 |access-date = January 16, 2022 |newspaper = [[USA Today]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=U of Michigan won't give new president Santa Ono a faculty job if fired, breaking precedent |url=https://www.highereddive.com/news/u-of-michigan-wont-give-new-president-santa-ono-a-faculty-job-if-fired-br/627308/ |website=highereddive.com |publisher=Industry Dive |date=July 15, 2022 |access-date=June 16, 2024}}</ref> Ono is the first [[Asian American]] president of the university, as well as the second to have been born in Canada, since the 10th president, [[Harold Tafler Shapiro]]. [[Laurie McCauley]] has been serving as the 17th and current provost of the university since May 2022, and she was recommended by the president to serve a full term through June 30, 2027.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recommended Appointment of Provost McCauley to a Full Term |url=https://president.umich.edu/news-communications/messages-to-the-community/recommended-appointment-of-provost-mccauley-to-a-full-term/ |website=president.umich.edu |publisher=UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT |date=February 7, 2023 |access-date=June 16, 2024 }}</ref>
The [[President's House, University of Michigan|President's House]], located at 815 South University Avenue on the Ann Arbor campus, is
====Student government====
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The university's current (FY 2022–23) operating budget has four major sources of funding:<ref name="FY2022-23 budget" />
* General Fund money, which accounts for 25.4% of the operating budget, is derived from various sources: [[
* Auxiliary Funds, which account for 58.2% of the operating budget, are sourced from self-supporting units and do not receive taxpayer or tuition support. These include [[Michigan Medicine]] ($6.16 billion), [[Michigan Wolverines|intercollegiate athletics]] ($186 million), [[University of Michigan student housing|student housing]] ($160 million), and student publications.<ref name="FY2022-23 budget" />
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The [[Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies]], the graduate school of the University of Michigan, received a total of 19,098 applications for admission into its doctoral programs for the 2023 admission year, encompassing the Summer and Fall terms.<ref name="rackham" /> The school extended offers of admission to 2,816 applicants, representing 14.75% of the applicant pool.<ref name="rackham" /> Subsequently, 1,233 of the offers were accepted, resulting in a yield rate of 43.79% for the academic year.<ref name="rackham" /> Applicants may submit multiple applications to different doctoral programs and receive multiple offers, but can only matriculate into one program at a time. Doctoral programs that are not administered by Rackham are not included in the statistics.
The selectivity of admissions to doctoral programs varies considerably among different disciplines, with certain highly competitive fields exhibiting acceptance rates in the single digits. For instance, in 2023, the field of [[Doctor of Business Administration|Business Administration]]
====History of admissions policies====
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In 2022, [[Michigan Ross]] ranked 11th among all business schools in the United States according to Poets & Quants, with its MBA graduates earning an average starting base salary of $165,000 and an average sign-on bonus of $30,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=MBA Salaries & Bonuses At The Top 30 U.S. Business Schools |url=https://poetsandquants.com/2023/01/25/mba-salaries-and-bonuses/ |website=poetsandquants.com |date=January 25, 2023 |access-date=July 2, 2024 }}</ref>
In academia, the university ranks among the five most common institutions for doctoral training, alongside [[UC Berkeley]], [[Harvard]], the [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]], and [[Stanford]]. Together, these universities have trained one in eight tenure-track faculty members currently serving at institutions of higher learning across the nation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Taylor |first=Michelle |title=Just 5 Universities Train Majority of Academics |url=https://www.laboratoryequipment.com/590235-Just-5-Universities-Train-Majority-of-Academics/ |website=laboratoryequipment.com |date=September 22, 2022 |access-date=July 31, 2024 }}</ref>
The [[U.S. Department of Education]] reports that as of June 2024, federally aided students who attended University of Michigan-Ann Arbor had a median annual income of $83,648 (based on 2020-2021 earnings adjusted to 2022 dollars) five years after graduation.<ref name="collegescorecard">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Department of Education College Scorecard - University of Michigan-Ann Arbor |url=https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/school/?170976-University-of-Michigan-Ann-Arbor |access-date=July 2, 2024 |website=collegescorecard.ed.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Education}}</ref> This figure exceeds both the midpoint for 4-year schools of $53,617 and the [[Personal income in the United States|U.S. real median personal income]] of $40,460 for the year 2021 adjusted to 2022 dollars.<ref name="collegescorecard" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Real Median Personal Income in the United States |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MEPAINUSA672N |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |access-date=July 6, 2024}}</ref> Federally aided bachelor's graduates from the university's largest program, computer and information science, which had over 950 students in the 2020-21 cohort, had a median annual income of $153,297 five years after graduation.<ref name="collegescorecard" />
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====World rankings====
University of Michigan-Ann Arbor was ranked 26th among world universities in 2023 by the [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]], based on the number of alumni or staff as [[Nobel laureates]] and [[Fields Medalists]], the number of highly cited researchers, the number of papers published in [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] and [[Science (journal)|Science]], the number of papers indexed in the [[Science Citation Index Expanded]] and [[Social
The 2024 edition of the [[CWUR|CWUR Rankings]] ranked the university 13th nationally and 16th globally, with an overall score of 89.1, taking into account all four areas evaluated by CWUR: education, employability, faculty, and research.<ref name="cwur2024">{{Cite web |title=GLOBAL 2000 LIST BY THE CENTER FOR WORLD UNIVERSITY RANKINGS |url=https://cwur.org/2024.php |access-date=June 11, 2024 |website=cwur.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World University Rankings 2022–23 {{!}} Global 2000 List {{!}} CWUR |url=https://cwur.org/2022-23.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012034200/https://cwur.org/2020-21.php |archive-date=October 12, 2021 |access-date=July 17, 2022 |website=cwur.org |language=en}}</ref> The university excels in research (ranked 9th globally), measured by the total number of research papers (10% weight), the number of research papers appearing in top-tier journals (10% weight), the number of research papers appearing in highly-influential journals (10% weight), and the number of highly-cited research papers (10% weight).<ref name="cwur2024"/> However, its ranking in the faculty category is relatively lower at 63rd globally. This metric evaluates the number of faculty members who have received prestigious academic distinctions (10% weight).<ref name="cwur2024"/> The university's employability ranking is 42nd globally, based on the professional success of the university's alumni, measured relative to the institution's size (25% weight).<ref name="cwur2024"/> In the education category, the university is ranked 35th globally. This metric assesses the academic success of the university's alumni, measured relative to the institution's size (25% weight).<ref name="cwur2024"/>
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===Student body===
{| class="wikitable
|+
|-
! Race
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total
|-
| [[Non-Hispanic whites|White]]
|align=right| {{bartable|
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
|align=right| {{bartable|
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]
|align=right| {{bartable|
|-
| [[African Americans|Black]]
|align=right| {{bartable|4|%|2||background:
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian/Alaska Native]]
|align=right| {{bartable|
|-
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
|align=right| {{bartable|0|%|2||background:blue}}
|-
| Two or more races
|align=right| {{bartable|5|%|2||background:blue}}
|-
| Unknown
|align=right| {{bartable|5|%|2||background:blue}}
|-
| [[Foreign national]]
|align=right| {{bartable|8|%|2||background:
|-
! colspan="4" data-sort-type=number |
|-
| [[American lower class|Low-income]]{{efn|The percentage of students who received an income-based federal [[Pell grant]] intended for low-income students.}}
|align=right| {{bartable|18|%|2||background:
|-
| [[Affluence in the United States|Affluent]]{{efn|The percentage of students who are a part of the [[American middle class]] at the bare minimum.}}
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|}
As of October 2023, the university had an enrollment of 52,065 students: 33,730 [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate students]] and 18,335 [[graduate student]]s<ref>{{Cite book |url = https://www.masu.org/sites/default/files/documents/2023-11/MASU%202023%20Enrollment%20Report.pdf |title = ENROLLMENT REPORT FALL 2023 |publisher = Michigan Association of State Universities |year = 2023 |pages = 3 |language = en }}</ref>
Students come from all 50 [[U.S. state]]s and nearly 100 countries.<ref name="Students profile 2020" /> As of 2022, 52% of undergraduate students were Michigan residents, while 43% came from other states. The remainder of the undergraduate student body was composed of international students.<ref name="University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning 2022">{{Cite book |url = https://obp.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/pubdata/factsfigures/cy_UMAA_Infographic.pdf |title = ANN ARBOR CAMPUS SNAPSHOT – FALL 2022 |publisher = University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning |year = 2022 |pages = 1 |language = en }}</ref> Of the total student body, 43,253 (83.1%) were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and 8,812 (16.9%) were international students as of November 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Morkin |first = Tyler |url = https://internationalcenter.umich.edu/sites/default/files/Annual_Report.pdf |title = 2023 Statistical Report: International Students, Scholars, Faculty, Staff, and Education Abroad |date = November 13, 2023 |publisher = University of Michigan International Center |pages = 4 |language = en }}</ref>
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<br>''Back Row'' (L–R): [[Arthur Lacy]], C. Thomas, J.M. Baily<br>''Front Row'' (L–R): F.K. Bowers, C.F. Kelley, C.D. Landis, JS. McElligott]]
There are also several engineering projects teams, including the [[University of Michigan Solar Car Team]], which has placed first in the [[North American Solar Challenge]] six times and third in the [[World Solar Challenge]] four times.<ref>{{Cite web |title = About Us – Past Teams |url = http://solarcar.engin.umich.edu/about/pastteams |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100705142947/http://www.solarcar.engin.umich.edu/about/pastteams |archive-date = July 5, 2010 |access-date = August 31, 2010 |publisher = UM Solar Car Teams }}</ref> Michigan Interactive Investments,<ref>{{Cite web |title = Michigan Interactive Investments |url = https://www.miiclub.org/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211022051009/https://www.miiclub.org/ |archive-date = October 22, 2021 |access-date = October 22, 2021 |website = Michigan Interactive Investments }}</ref> the TAMID Israel Investment Group, and the Michigan Economics Society<ref>{{Cite web |title = About Us |url = http://www.mesclub.org/pages/aboutUs |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101129133838/http://www.mesclub.org/pages/aboutUs |archive-date = November 29, 2010 |access-date = March 5, 2013 |publisher = Michigan Economic Society }}</ref> are also affiliated with the university.
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[[File:Marching band on the field at UM versus Harvard football game 12 October 1940.jpg|thumb|[[Michigan Marching Band]] on the field at Michigan versus [[Harvard Crimson|Harvard]] football game in 1940]]
The [[Michigan Marching Band]], composed of more than 350 students from almost all of U-M's schools,<ref>{{Cite web |title = Sections |url = http://mmb.music.umich.edu/sections/ |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100923133257/http://mmb.music.umich.edu/sections/ |archive-date = September 23, 2010 |access-date = August 29, 2010 |publisher = The Michigan Marching Band }}</ref> is the university's [[marching band]]. Over 125 years old (with a first performance in 1897),<ref>{{Cite web |title = History |url = http://mmb.music.umich.edu/history/ |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100612012451/https://mmb.music.umich.edu/history/ |archive-date = June 12, 2010 |access-date = August 29, 2010 |publisher = The Michigan Marching Band }}</ref> the band performs at every home football game and travels to at least one away game a year. The student-run and led [[University of Michigan Pops Orchestra]] is another musical ensemble that attracts students from all academic backgrounds. It performs regularly in the [[Michigan Theater (Ann Arbor)|Michigan Theater]]. The [[University of Michigan Men's Glee Club]], founded in 1859 and the [[Glee club#Oldest United States collegiate glee clubs|second oldest]] such group in the country, is a men's chorus with over 100 members.<ref>{{Cite news |last = Shattuck |first = Kathryn |date = April 7, 2011 |title = Yale Glee Club at 150, at Carnegie Hall |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/08/arts/music/yale-glee-club-at-150-at-carnegie-hall.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160723014415/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/08/arts/music/yale-glee-club-at-150-at-carnegie-hall.html |archive-date = July 23, 2016 |access-date = February 25, 2017 |work = The New York Times }}</ref> Its eight-member subset [[a cappella]] group, the [[University of Michigan Friars]], which was founded in 1955, is the oldest currently running ''a cappella'' group on campus.<ref>{{Cite web |title = Our History |url = http://www.ummgc.org/friars/history.html |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100831110950/http://www.ummgc.org/friars/history.html |archive-date = August 31, 2010 |access-date = August 29, 2010 |publisher = The University of Michigan Friars }}</ref> The University of Michigan is also home to over twenty other a cappella groups, including Amazin' Blue, The Michigan G-Men, and [[Compulsive Lyres]], all of which have competed at the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella (ICCA) finals in New York City. Compulsive Lyres are the first and only group from Michigan to claim an ICCA title, having won in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |date = May 5, 2002 |title = A cappella group wins international championship |url = https://www.michigandaily.com/content/cappella-group-wins-international-championship |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201010001343/https://www.michigandaily.com/content/cappella-group-wins-international-championship |archive-date = October 10, 2020 |access-date = October 6, 2020 |website = The Michigan Daily |language = en }}</ref> The Michigan G-Men are one of only six groups in the country to compete at ICCA finals four times, one of only two TTBB ensembles to do so, and placed third at the competition in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date = August 12, 2015 |title = Results |url = https://varsityvocals.com/results-page/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201008203958/https://varsityvocals.com/results-page/ |archive-date = October 8, 2020 |access-date = October 6, 2020 |website = Varsity Vocals |language = en-US }}</ref> Amazin' Blue placed fourth at ICCA finals in 2017.
The University of Michigan also has over 380 cultural and ethnic student organizations on campus.<ref>{{Cite web |title = University of Michigan Maize Pages – Organizations |url = https://maizepages.umich.edu/organizations |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141209040401/https://maizepages.umich.edu/organizations |archive-date = December 9, 2014 }}</ref>
==== Fraternities and sororities ====
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In 1896, the university became a founding member of the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives, which later evolved into the Western Conference (1896–1899) and eventually became known as the [[Big Ten Conference]] (since 1950). However, it was voted out of the conference in April 1907. Following a nine-year absence, the university rejoined the conference in 1917. Since its reinstatement, the university's intercollegiate sports teams, known as the "[[Michigan Wolverines|Wolverines]]," have participated in the Big Ten Conference in most sports, with the exception of the [[Michigan Wolverines women's water polo|women's water polo team]], which competes in the [[Collegiate Water Polo Association]]. The teams compete at the [[NCAA]] [[NCAA Division I|Division I]] level in all sports, including Division I [[NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision|FBS]] in football. The teams share the nickname "Wolverines" with several other collegiate athletic teams in the country, such as the [[Utah Valley Wolverines]], the [[Grove City College|Grove City Wolverines]], and the [[Morris Brown College|Morris Brown Wolverines]].
In 1909-10, college football faced a safety crisis as injuries spiked despite earlier reforms. The presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton attempted to implement moderate changes to improve player safety and prevent government intervention. However, their efforts were met with resistance from the rules committee and the newly formed [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|Intercollegiate Athletic Association]].<ref>John S.Watterson III, "The Football Crisis of 1909-1910: The Response of the Eastern 'Big Three'", ''Journal of Sport History'' 1981 8(1): 33-49</ref> In 1926 Harvard entered into an agreement to play football against the University of Michigan instead of Princeton, threatening the '[[Big Three (colleges)|Big Three]]' relationship due to previous rough games with Princeton. By the 1930s, the 'Big Three' was restored and expanded into the [[Ivy League]] in 1939.<ref>Marcia G. Synott, "The 'Big Three' and the Harvard-Princeton Football Break, 1926-1934," ''Journal of Sport History'' 1976 3(2): 188-202.</ref>
===Venues===
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===Accomplishments===
The [[Michigan Wolverines football|Michigan football]] program ranks first in NCAA history in total wins (1,004 through the end of the 2023 season) and tied for 1st among FBS schools in winning percentage (.734).<ref>{{Cite web |last = Crawford |first = Brad |date = December 26, 2021 |title = College football's all-time winningest programs, ranked |url = https://247sports.com/LongFormArticle/College-footballs-all-time-winningest-programs-ranked-179115056/#179115056_7 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211226203735/https://247sports.com/LongFormArticle/College-footballs-all-time-winningest-programs-ranked-179115056/#179115056_7 |archive-date = December 26, 2021 |access-date = January 16, 2022 |website = 247Sports }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title = Football Bowl Subdivision Records: All-Time Won-Loss Records |url = http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2015/FBS.pdf |url-status = live |archive-url = http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160521052546/http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2015/fbs.pdf |archive-date = May 21, 2016 |access-date = March 3, 2016 |publisher = National Collegiate Athletics Association |page = 98 }}</ref> The team won the first [[Rose Bowl Game|Rose Bowl game]] in [[1902 Rose Bowl|1902]]. the university had 40 consecutive winning seasons from 1968 to 2007, including consecutive [[bowl game]] appearances from 1975 to 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date = May 31, 2008 |title = University of Michigan Athletics History: All-Time University of Michigan Football Record 1879–2007 |url = https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/misc/fbrecord.htm |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081231230137/http://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/misc/fbrecord.htm |archive-date = December 31, 2008 |access-date = December 25, 2008 |publisher = Bentley Historical Library }}</ref> The Wolverines have won a record
The [[Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey|men's ice hockey team]], which plays at Yost Ice Arena, has won nine [[NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship|national championships.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title = Men's Ice Hockey (Division I): Championship History |url = https://www.ncaa.com/history/icehockey-men/d1 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130309014858/http://www.ncaa.com/history/icehockey-men/d1 |archive-date = March 9, 2013 |access-date = March 5, 2013 |publisher = NCAA }}</ref>
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{{Main list|List of University of Michigan faculty and staff}}
The university employs 7,954 faculty members,<ref>{{Cite web |title = Chapter 6 Faculty & Staff |url = https://obp.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/pubdata/almanac/Almanac_Ch6.pdf |access-date = December 22, 2023 |website = obp.umich.edu }}</ref> including 37 members of the [[National Academy of Sciences]],<ref>{{Cite web |title = National Academy of Sciences Member directory |url = http://www.nasonline.org/site/Dir?sid=1011&view=basic&pg=srch |access-date = December 22, 2023 |website = nasonline.org }}</ref> 62 members of the [[National Academy of Medicine]],<ref>{{Cite web |title = National Academy of Medicine General Directory |url = https://nam.edu/directory/?lastName=&firstName=&parentInstitution=&yearStart=1970&yearEnd=2023&presence=0 |access-date = December 22, 2023 |website = nam.edu }}</ref> 30 members of the [[National Academy of Engineering]],<ref>{{Cite web |title = National Academy of Engineering Member Directory |url = http://www.nae.edu/default.aspx?id=20412 |access-date = December 22, 2023 |website = nae.edu }}</ref> 99 members of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]],<ref>{{Cite web |title = American Academy of Arts and Sciences Member Directory |url = https://www.amacad.org/directory |access-date = December 22, 2023 |website = amacad.org }}</ref> and 17 members of the [[American Philosophical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web |title = American Philosophical Society Member Directory |url = https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search |access-date = December 22, 2023 |website = amphilsoc.org }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1 = Lombardi |first1 = John V. |author-link = John V. Lombardi |last2 = Capaldi |first2 = Elizabeth D. |author-link2 = Elizabeth D. Phillips |last3 = Reeves |first3 = Kristy R. |last4 = Gater |first4 = Denise S. |date = December 2004 |title = The Top American Research Universities |url = https://mup.umass.edu/sites/default/files/mup-pdf/MUP-2004-Top-American-Research-Universities-Annual-Report.pdf |url-status = live |journal = The Lombardi Program on Measuring University Performance |location = Amherst and Gainesville |publisher = The Center for Measuring University Performance, UMass Amherst and University of Florida |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190411214604/https://mup.umass.edu/sites/default/files/mup-pdf/MUP-2004-Top-American-Research-Universities-Annual-Report.pdf |archive-date = April 11, 2019 |access-date = March 12, 2020 }}</ref> The university's current and former faculty includes thirteen [[List of University of Michigan faculty and staff#Notable faculty: Nobel Laureates|Nobel laureates]], eight [[List of University of Michigan faculty and staff#Pulitzer Prize-winning faculty|Pulitzer Prize winners]], 41 [[List of University of Michigan faculty and staff#MacArthur Foundation award winners|MacArthur Fellows]], as well as eighteen [[List of University of Michigan faculty and staff#American Association for the Advancement of Science|AAAS fellows]]. Notable faculty members include Nobel Prize–winning physicists [[Martinus Veltman]], [[Gérard Mourou]], [[Martin Lewis Perl]], [[Donald A. Glaser]], [[Carl Wieman]], and [[Charles H. Townes]];
<gallery class="center" mode="nolines">
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{{Main list|List of University of Michigan law and government alumni}}
[[File:Gerald Ford at University of Michigan 1976.png|thumb|
The university boasts several holders or candidates of the [[United States presidency]], including [[Gerald Ford]],<ref>{{cite web |title = Gerald R. Ford |url = http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000260 |work= Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |accessdate = October 17, 2012 }}</ref> the 38th President and the Republican Party's nominee for President in [[1976 United States presidential election|1976]]; [[Thomas E. Dewey]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.rochester.edu/index.cfm?page=1160|publisher=lib.rochester.edu|title=Dewey, Thomas E. {{pipe}} RBSCP|accessdate=February 23, 2017}}</ref> who was the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]'s nominee for President in both [[1944 United States presidential election|1944]] and [[1948 United States presidential election|1948]]; [[Arthur LeSueur]], a [[Socialist Party of America|Socialist]] candidate for President in [[1916 United States presidential election|1916]]; [[Gilbert Hitchcock]], a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] candidate in [[1928 United States presidential election|1928]]; [[Arthur Vandenberg]], a Republican presidential hopeful in 1948; and [[Ben Carson]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=University of Michigan Alumni Association |title=Ben Carson, MD'77 |url=https://alumni.umich.edu/notable-alumni/ben-carson/ |access-date = March 6, 2017 |archive-url= |archive-date= }}</ref> a Republican candidate in [[Ben Carson 2016 presidential campaign|2016]]. [[John Worth Kern]] and [[Burton K. Wheeler]] both ran for the [[Vice President of the United States|vice presidency]], with Kern representing the Democratic Party alongside [[William Jennings Bryan]] in [[1908 United States presidential election|1908]], and Wheeler as a [[Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)|Progressive Party]]'s nominee with [[Robert La Follette Sr.]] in [[1924 United States presidential election|1924]].
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