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[[File:The Favorite by Georgios Iakovidis.jpg| thumb| ''The Favorite'' – Grandfather and Grandson, by [[Georgios Jakobides]] (1890)]]
'''Grandparents''', individually known as '''grandmother''' and '''grandfather''', or '''Grandma''' and '''Grandpa''', are the parents of a person's father or mother – [[paternal]] or [[maternal]]. Every sexually reproducing living organism who is not a [[genetic chimera]] has a maximum of four [[genetics|genetic]] grandparents, eight genetic great-grandparents, sixteen genetic great-great-grandparents, thirty-two genetic great-great-great-grandparents, sixty-four genetic great-great-great-great grandparents, etc. In the history of modern humanity, around 30,000 years ago, the number of modern humans who lived to be a grandparent increased.{{Citation needed|date=June 2014}} It is not known for certain what spurred this increase in longevity,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alex-zhavoronkov/13-reasons-why-we-will-li_b_3519357.html|title=13 Reasons Why We Will Live Longer Than Our Parents|last=Zhavoronkov|first=Alex|date=2013-07-02|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref> but it is generally believed that a key consequence of three [[generation]]s being alive together was the preservation of information which could otherwise have been lost; an example of this important information might have been where to find water in times of drought.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wong |first=Kate |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-mysterious-downfall&page=4 |title=The Mysterious Downfall of the Neandertals |publisher=Scientific American |access-date=2013-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Caspari | first1 = R. | doi = 10.1038/scientificamericanhuman1112-38 | title = The Evolution of Grandparents | journal = Scientific American | volume = 22 | pages = 38–43 | year = 2012 | issue = 2 | pmid = 21827124}}</ref>
In cases where parents are unwilling or unable to provide adequate care for their children (e.g., financial obstacles, marriage problems, illness or death<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-human-experience/201510/8-reasons-parents-fail-love-their-kids|title=8 Reasons Parents Fail to Love Their Kids|website=Psychology Today|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref>), grandparents often take on the role of [[primary caregiver]]s. Even when this is not the case, and particularly in [[traditional cultures]], grandparents often have a direct and clear role in relation to the [[Childrearing|raising, care and nurture of children]]. Grandparents are [[second-degree relative]]s to their grandchildren and share 25% genetic overlap.
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In writing, ''Grandfather'' and ''Grandmother'' are most common, but very rare as a form of address. In speech, ''Grandpa'' and ''Grandma'' are commonly used in the United States, Canada, and Australia. In Britain, Ireland, United States, Australia, New Zealand and, particularly prevalent in the Canadian province of [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] and [[English-speaking Quebecers]], ''Nan'', ''Nana'', ''Nanna'', ''Nanny'', ''Gran'' and ''Granny'' and other variations are often used for grandmother in both writing and speech.
In [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], and many parts of [[India]], maternal grandparents are called ''Nana'' and ''Nani''. Similarly, paternal grandparents are called ''Dada'' and ''Dadi''. One's parents' maternal grandparents are called ''Par-nani'' and ''Par-nana''. On similar lines, parents' paternal grandparents are called ''Par-dadi'' and ''Par-dada.''
[[File:A grandmother takes nutrition classes (6765977597).jpg|thumb|A grandmother taking a nutrition class with her grandson.]]
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Given that people may have two living sets of grandparents, some confusion arises from calling two people "grandma" or "grandpa", so often two of the other terms listed above are used for one set of grandparents. Another common solution is to call grandparents by their first names ("Grandpa George", "Grandma Anne", etc.) or by their family names ("Grandpa Jones", "Grandma Smith"). In North America, many families call one set of grandparents by their ethnic names (e.g., [[Hispanic]] grandparents might be called ''abuelo'' and ''abuela'' or "abuelito" and "abuelita", French grandparents might be called ''papi'' and ''mamie'', Italian grandparents might be called ''nonno'' and ''nonna'', or [[Dutch people|Dutch]] and German grandparents might be called ''Opa'' and ''Oma''. In [[Flanders]] pepee or petje and memee or metje are most used). In [[Friesland]], a common pair is pake and beppe. Northern Chinese people often use ''laolao'' and ''laoye'', while [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]-speaking Southerners often use ''wài pó'' (外婆, mother's mother) and ''wài gōng'' (外公, mother's father), to refer to maternal grandparents; paternal grandparents usually are called ''nǎi nai'' (奶奶, father's mother) and ''yé yé'' (爷爷, father's father). In the [[Philippines]], grandparents are called ''lolo'' (grandfather) and ''lola'' (grandmother).
Languages and cultures with more specific [[kinship terminology]] than English may distinguish between paternal grandparents and maternal grandparents. For example, in the [[Swedish language]] there is no single word for "grandmother"; the mother's mother is termed ''mormor'' and the father's mother is termed ''farmor''.<ref>{{citation |title=Child language, an international perspective: selected papers from the First International Congress for the Study of Child Language |volume=1 |editor-first=Philip S. |editor-last=Dale |editor-link=Philip S. Dale |editor2-first=David |editor2-last=Ingram |publisher=[[University Park Press]] |year=1981 |location=[[Baltimore]], Maryland |page=[https://archive.org/details/childlanguageint0000inte/page/275 275] |oclc=6863252 |isbn=978-0-8391-1608-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/childlanguageint0000inte/page/275 }}</ref> However, the other [[Scandinavian languages]], [[Danish language|Danish]] and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], use words which
==Great-grandparents and beyond==
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=== In France ===
[[File:Jean-Baptiste Greuze - Filial Piety - WGA10664.jpg|thumb|
The representation of grandparents as grandparents is recent in France: Diderot invented the verbs grandpériser and grandmériser in the 18th century. [[Victor Hugo]] published ''[[L'Art d'être grand-père]]'' in 1877.<ref>[[Jean Lebrun]], « Les grands-parents », émission ''[[La Marche de l'Histoire]]'' sur France Inter, 28 juin 2012</ref>
According to French parish registers and civil status records, at the end of the 18th century, a little more than half of the grandparents were alive at the birth of their grandchild, a third when the child was 10 years old, and still 10% at 20 years old.<ref name="Gourdon">{{cite book|author1=Vincent Gourdon|date=2001|isbn=978-2-262-01767-5|publisher=Perrin|title=Histoire des grands-parents}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> In rural France at the end of the 18th century, the majority of family systems were of the nuclear family type (grandparents did not cohabit in the family home, they were only welcomed there at the end of their lives). However, in regions such as Alsace, the west of [[Brittany]], [[Occitania]], or the Savoy region, the systems were more complex, with the stem family in particular: the home housed a succession of family nuclei, the patriarch having authority over this home, which could lead to conflict. These cohabitations were therefore managed from the time of marriage by notarial acts that provided for "clauses of insupport" to share the domestic space and tasks in case of conflict.<ref>{{cite journal | author=[[André Burguière]] | title=Les transformations de la culture familiale et des structures domestiques autour de la Révolution | journal=Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest | date=1993 | volume=100 | issue=4 | pages=405 | url= }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=France, Cour de cassation, Chambre civile 1, 28 février 2006, 05-14484 |date=2006-02-28 |url=https://juricaf.org/arret/FRANCE-COURDECASSATION-20060228-0514484 |issue=5–14484 |access-date=2023-10-14 |language=FR}}</ref>
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