Content deleted Content added
Tag: Reverted |
m Reverted edits by Sawyer rehm (talk) (AV) |
||
(27 intermediate revisions by 20 users not shown) | |||
Line 3:
[[File:The Favorite by Georgios Iakovidis.jpg| thumb| ''The Favorite'' – Grandfather and Grandson, by [[Georgios Jakobides]] (1890)]]
'''Grandparents''', individually known as '''grandmother''' and '''grandfather''', or '''Grandma''' and '''Grandpa''', are the
In cases where parents are unwilling or unable to provide adequate care for their children (e.g., financial obstacles, marriage problems, illness or death<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-human-experience/201510/8-reasons-parents-fail-love-their-kids|title=8 Reasons Parents Fail to Love Their Kids|website=Psychology Today|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref>), grandparents often take on the role of [[
A step-grandparent can be the step-parent of the parent or the step-parent's parent or the step-parent's step-parent (though technically this might be called a step-step-grandparent). The various words for grandparents at times may also be used to refer to any elderly person, especially the terms ''gramps'', ''granny'', ''grandfather'', ''granddad'', ''grandmother'', ''nan'', ''maw-maw'', ''paw-paw'' (and others which families make up themselves).
Line 14:
When used as a noun (e.g., "... a grandparent walked by"), grandfather and grandmother are usually used, although forms such as grandma/grandpa, granny/granddaddy or even nan/pop are sometimes used. When preceded by "my ..." (e.g., "... my grandpa walked by"), all forms are common (anywhere from "... my grandfather ..." to "... my Gramps ..."). All forms can be used in plural, but Gramps ([[plural]] Gramps<!--not Grampses-->) is rare.
In writing, ''Grandfather'' and ''Grandmother'' are most common, but very rare as a form of address. In speech, ''Grandpa'' and ''Grandma'' are commonly used in the
In [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], and many parts of [[India]], maternal grandparents are called ''Nana'' and ''Nani''. Similarly, paternal grandparents are called ''Dada'' and ''Dadi''. One's parents' maternal grandparents are called ''Par-nani'' and ''Par-nana''. On similar lines, parents' paternal grandparents are called ''Par-dadi'' and ''Par-dada.''
Line 20:
[[File:A grandmother takes nutrition classes (6765977597).jpg|thumb|A grandmother taking a nutrition class with her grandson.]]
Numerous other variants exist, such as ''Granny'', for grandmother. ''Gogo'' may be used for either. <!--do not add names
Given that people may have two living sets of grandparents, some confusion arises from calling two people "grandma" or "grandpa", so often two of the other terms listed above are used for one set of grandparents. Another common solution is to call grandparents by their first names ("Grandpa George", "Grandma Anne", etc.) or by their family names ("Grandpa Jones", "Grandma Smith"). In North America, many families call one set of grandparents by their ethnic names (e.g., [[Hispanic]] grandparents might be called ''abuelo'' and ''abuela'' or "abuelito" and "abuelita",
Languages and cultures with more specific [[kinship terminology]] than English may distinguish between paternal grandparents and maternal grandparents. For example, in the [[Swedish language]] there is no single word for "grandmother"; the mother's mother is termed ''mormor'' and the father's mother is termed ''farmor''.<ref>{{citation |title=Child language, an international perspective: selected papers from the First International Congress for the Study of Child Language |volume=1 |editor-first=Philip S. |editor-last=Dale |editor-link=Philip S. Dale |editor2-first=David |editor2-last=Ingram |publisher=[[University Park Press]] |year=1981 |location=[[
==Great-grandparents and beyond==
Line 37:
==Etymology==
[[File:Nowruz 2017 in Bisaran, Kurdistan province.jpg|thumb|[[Kurds|Kurdish]] family in [[Bisaran]], [[Iran]]
The use of the prefix "grand-" dates from the early 13th century, from the [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-French]] ''graund''. The term was used as a translation of [[Latin]] ''magnus''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=ealdef%E6der&searchmode=none |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=2013-03-24}}</ref> The prefix {{nowrap|"great-"}} represents a direct translation of Anglo-French ''graund'' and Latin ''magnus'' to English.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=great |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |date=1957-10-01 |access-date=2013-03-24}}</ref> In [[Old English]], the prefixes ''ealde-'' (old) and ''ieldra-'' (elder) were used (''ealdefæder''/''-mōdor'' and ''ieldrafæder''/''-mōdor''). A great-grandfather was called a ''þridda fæder'' (third father), a great-great-grandfather a ''fēowerða fæder'' (fourth father), etc.
Line 72:
==== On grandparents ====
[[File:Pedro II of Brazil and grandson and wife 1887.jpg|thumb|Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil]] with his
Since taking care of grandchildren could be a highly demanding job that requires constant energy and time devotion,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Winefield|first1=Helen|last2=Air|first2=Tracy|title=Grandparenting|journal=International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare|volume=8|issue=4|pages=277–283|doi=10.1111/j.1744-1609.2010.00187.x|year=2010|pmid=21140984}}</ref> grandparental involvement in child raising could have a negative impact on grandparents' physical and emotional health. For example, taking care of grandchildren can reduce grandparents' own time for self-care such as missing their medical appointments. Therefore, they are likely to have a higher chance to suffer from physical health issues.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baker|first1=Lindsey A.|last2=Silverstein|first2=Merril|date=2008-09-08|title=Depressive Symptoms Among Grandparents Raising Grandchildren: The Impact of Participation in Multiple Roles|journal=Journal of Intergenerational Relationships|volume=6|issue=3|pages=285–304|doi=10.1080/15350770802157802|issn=1535-0770|pmid=19890447|pmc=2772115}}</ref> In the US, compared with those who do not take care of their grandchildren, grandparents who are involved in childcare are more likely to have poor physical conditions, such as heart disease, hypertension or body pain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sunmin|last2=Colditz|first2=Graham|last3=Berkman|first3=Lisa|last4=Kawachi|first4=Ichiro|date=2003-11-01|title=Caregiving to Children and Grandchildren and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=93|issue=11|pages=1939–1944|doi=10.2105/ajph.93.11.1939|pmid=14600070|issn=0090-0036|pmc=1448080}}</ref> Besides physical health issues, grandparents are also likely to have emotional issues. To be more specific, raising young children again could be a stressful and overwhelming experience and thus results in different kinds of [[negative emotion]]s such as anxiety or depression.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Musil|first1=Carol|last2=Warner|first2=Camille|last3=Zauszniewski|first3=Jaclene|last4=Wykle|first4=May|last5=Standing|first5=Theresa|date=2008-11-19|title=Grandmother Caregiving, Family Stress and Strain, and Depressive Symptoms|journal=Western Journal of Nursing Research|language=en|volume=31|issue=3|pages=389–408|doi=10.1177/0193945908328262|pmid=19261805|pmc=2883890}}</ref> In addition to physical and emotional issues, grandparents who are involved in caring for their grandchildren can also suffer socially. For instance, grandparents will be forced to limit their social activities so as to care for their grandchildren. By doing so, grandparents become more isolated from their social relations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ehrle|first1=Glenda M.|last2=Day|first2=H. D.|date=1994-02-01|title=Adjustment and family functioning of grandmothers rearing their grandchildren|journal=Contemporary Family Therapy|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=67–82|doi=10.1007/bf02197603|s2cid=144923568|issn=0892-2764|doi-access=free}}</ref> Taking care of grandchildren also means more responsibilities, grandparents would fear for their grandchildren's future well-being because of their disability and death in the future.<ref name=":11"/> If grandparents cannot handle the caregiver role of their grandchildren well, this job can eventually become a burden or stressor and bring more severe physical health and emotional issues to grandparents.<ref name=":9"/>
Line 82:
[[File:Grandmother and granddaughter_taiwan.jpg|thumb|Grandmother and her granddaughter]]
Grandparental involvement differs between Western and Eastern cultures. Grandparents taking care of their grandchildren is a common phenomenon in China due to Chinese traditions which emphasize family harmony, collective well-being, intergenerational exchanges and filial responsibilities.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last1=Zhou|first1=Jing|last2=Mao|first2=Weiyu|last3=Lee|first3=Yura|last4=Chi|first4=Iris|date=2016-01-04|title=The Impact of Caring for Grandchildren on Grandparents' Physical Health Outcomes: The Role of Intergenerational Support|journal=Research on Aging|language=en|volume=39|issue=5|pages=612–634|doi=10.1177/0164027515623332|pmid=26733495|s2cid=3501128|doi-access=free}}</ref> China's unique philosophies, [[Buddhism]] and [[Taoism]], play important roles in forming these cultural values. While Chinese Buddhism emphasizes prioritized role of the family in Chinese society and harmonious relations among family members,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Kin Cheung (George)|last2=Oh|first2=Alice|last3=Zhao|first3=Qianru|last4=Wu|first4=Fang-Yi|last5=Chen|first5=Shiyun|last6=Diaz|first6=Thomas|last7=Ong|first7=Chez Kuang|date=2017-07-03|title=Repentance in Chinese Buddhism: Implications for Mental Health Professionals|journal=Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health|volume=19|issue=3|pages=210–226|doi=10.1080/19349637.2016.1204258|s2cid=147858749|issn=1934-9637}}</ref> Taoism emphasizes the importance of harmony in interpersonal relations and relations between nature and the humans.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Ellen Marie|last2=Center|first2=Philosophy Documentation|date=1969-08-01|title=Nothingness and the Mother Principle in Early Chinese Taoism|journal=International Philosophical Quarterly|volume=9|issue=3|pages=391–405|doi=10.5840/ipq19699332}}</ref> These philosophies underline the important role that families play in Chinese cultures. Besides cultural factors, grandparents taking care of their grandchildren also appears in the context in which their adult children need to work full-time, and the child care services are either too expensive (in big cities) or too scarce (in remote areas).<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Cong|first1=Zhen|last2=Silverstein|first2=Merril|date=April 2012|title=Caring for grandchildren and intergenerational support in rural China: a gendered extended family perspective|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ageing-and-society/article/caring-for-grandchildren-and-intergenerational-support-in-rural-china-a-gendered-extended-family-perspective/54884FB9B14DE4065FB82E9855DCC199|journal=Ageing & Society|volume=32|issue=3|pages=425–450|doi=10.1017/s0144686x11000420|s2cid=36069431 |issn=1469-1779}}</ref> Grandparents serving as their grandchildren's caregiver is particularly common in rural China. Due to the fast development of [[urbanization in China]] since the 1980s, up to 220 million migrant workers from rural areas move to urban areas to seek for more job opportunities, which leave around 58
=== In United States ===
Line 88:
=== In France ===
[[File:Jean-Baptiste Greuze - Filial Piety - WGA10664.jpg|thumb|
The representation of grandparents as grandparents is recent in France: Diderot invented the verbs grandpériser and grandmériser in the
According to French parish registers and civil status records, at the end of the
In the cities of the
The [[Civil code
Thus, the lineage-based vision of grandparents in the
=== In Switzerland ===
In
<blockquote>"In exceptional circumstances, the right to maintain personal relations may also be granted to other persons, in particular, to members of the family, provided that this is in the best interests of the child."<ref>{{cite web|access-date=29 February 2016|series=Code civil suisse du 10 décembre 1907 (Etat le 1er janvier 2016)|title=Art. 274a1D. Relations personnelles / II. Tiers|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19070042/index.html#a274}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator -->.</ref></blockquote>
Grandparents wishing to benefit from a right of custody must demonstrate in court that these exceptional circumstances are effective. As a simple third party, grandparents do not have a legal right to visit in
==See also==
*
*
*
* [[Grandfather clause]]
* [[Grandfather rule]]
Line 113:
* [[Midlife crisis]]
* [[National Grandparents Day]]
*
==References==
{{reflist}}
|