Henry V of England: Difference between revisions

| reign = {{nowrap|21 March 1413  – 31 August 1422}}

| succession1 = [[List of regents#France|Regent of France]]

| reign1 = {{nowrap|21 May 1420  – 31 August 1422}}

'''Henry V''' (<!-- Please don't change the birthdate to August and/or 1387. 16 September 1386 is agreed upon by modern sources. Any additions are welcome in the talk page. -->16 September 1386&nbsp; – 31 August 1422), also called '''Henry of Monmouth''', was [[King of England]] from 1413 until his death in 1422. Despite his relatively short reign, Henry's outstanding military successes in the [[Hundred Years' War]] against [[Kingdom of France|France]] made [[Kingdom of England|England]] one of the strongest military powers in [[Europe]]. Immortalised in [[Shakespeare]]'s "[[Henriad]]" plays, Henry is known and celebrated as one of the greatest warrior-kings of [[medieval England]].

DuringHenry of Monmouth, the reigneldest son of his father, [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]], became [[heir apparent]] and [[Prince of Wales]] after his father seized the throne in 1399. During the reign of his father, the young Prince Henry gained military experience fighting the Welsh during the [[Welsh Revolt|revolt]] of [[Owain Glyndŵr]], and against the powerful [[Percy family]] of [[Northumberland]],. playingHe played a central part at the [[Battle of Shrewsbury]], despite being just sixteen years of age. As he entered adulthood, Henry played an increasingly central role in [[Government in late medieval England|England's government]], due to the declining health of his father, but disagreements between kingHenry and heirhis father led to political conflict between the two. After his father's death in March 1413, Henry ascended to the [[throne of England]] and assumed complete control of the country, also reviving the historic [[English claim to the French throne]].

In 1415, Henry followed in the wake of his great-grandfather, [[Edward III of England|Edward III]], by renewing [[Hundred Years' War|the Hundred Years' War]] with [[Kingdom of France|France]], beginning the [[Lancastrian Phase|Lancastrian phase of the conflict (1415–1453)]]. His first military campaign included capturing the port of [[Siege of Harfleur|Harfleur]] and a famous victory at the [[Battle of Agincourt]], which inspired a [[Nationalism|proto-nationalistic]] fervour in England. During his second campaign (1417–20), his armies captured [[Paris]] and conquered most of northern France, including the formerly English-held [[Duchy of Normandy]]. Taking advantage of [[Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War|political divisions within France]], Henry put unparalleled pressure on [[Charles VI of France|King Charles VI of France]] ("the Mad")]], resulting in the largest holding of French territory by an English king since the [[Angevin Empire]]. The [[Treaty of Troyes|Treaty of Troyes (1420)]] recognised Henry V as [[regent]] of France and [[heir apparent]] to the French throne, disinheriting Charles's own son, the [[Dauphin of France|Dauphin]] [[Charles VII of France|Charles]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cartwright |first=Mark |title=Hundred Years' War |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Hundred_Years'_War/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Henry was subsequently married to Charles VI's daughter, [[Catherine of Valois]]. The treaty ratified the unprecedented formation of a [[dual monarchy of England and France|union between the kingdoms of England and France]], [[Personal union|in the person]] of Henry, upon the death of the ailing Charles. However, Henry died in August 1422, less than two months before his father-in-law, and was succeeded by his only son and heir, the infant [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]].

== Early life ==

=== Birth and family ===

Henry was born in the tower above the gatehouse of [[Monmouth Castle]] in Wales[[Monmouthshire (historic)|Mounmouthshire]], and for that reason was sometimes called Henry of Monmouth.<ref>{{cite ODNB |last=Allmand |author-link=Christopher Allmand |date=23 September 2010 |first= Christopher |title=Henry V (1386–1422) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-12952 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180810174843/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-12952 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 August 2018 |type=online |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/12952 }}</ref> He was the son of [[Henry of Bolingbroke]] (later [[Henry IV of England]]) and [[Mary de Bohun]]. His father's cousin was the reigning English monarch, King [[Richard II]]. Henry's paternal grandfather was the influential [[John of Gaunt]], a son of King [[Edward III]]. As he was not close to the line of succession to the throne, Henry's date of birth was not officially documented, and for many years it was disputed whether he was born in 1386 or 1387.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Allmand |first= Christopher |title=Henry V |date=1992 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-3000-7369-0 |edition=new |series=[[English Monarchs series]] |publication-date=1997 |author-link=Christopher Allmand}} pp. 7–8</ref> However, records indicate that his younger brother [[Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence|Thomas]] was born in the autumn of 1387 and that his parents were at Monmouth in 1386 but not in 1387.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mortimer |first=Ian |title=The Fears of Henry IV: The Life of England's Self-Made King |date=2007 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |isbn=978-0-2240-7300-4 |location=London |author-link=Ian Mortimer (historian)}} pp. 371–372.</ref> It is now accepted that he was born on 16 September 1386.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Curry |first=A. |title=Henry V: New Interpretations |date=2013 |publisher=York Medieval Press |isbn=978-1-9031-5346-8 |editor-last=Gwilym Dodd |page=11 |chapter=The Making of a Prince: The Finances of '"the young lord Henry'", 1386–1400 |author-link=Anne Curry}}</ref>{{sfn|Mortimer|2007|p=[{{google books|gJ0eLiTqmLoC|pg=371|plainurl=yes}} 371]}}{{sfn|Allmand|2010}}{{refn|Several combinations of 9 August 16 September, and the years 1386 and 1387 frequently feature as birth dates. 16 September appears in Henry V's birth record found in ''Prologus in Cronica Regina'' (printed by [[Thomas Hearne (antiquarian)|Hearne]]), which states that he was born in the feast of [[St. Edith]]. Another document, located at [[John Rylands Library]] ([https://luna.manchester.ac.uk/luna/servlet/detail/Man4MedievalVC~4~4~992364~159620 French MS 54]), gives the specific date of 16 September 1386. The only early authority which places his birth in August is ''Memorials of Henry V'' (ed. Cole, p. 64: "''natus in Augusto fueras''"); the date 9 August is first given by [[Paolo Giovio]], but seems to be a misprint for his coronation date (9 April). The only other evidence for a birth in August would be a statement that he was in his 36th year (aged 35) when he died.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richardson |first=R. |title=Plantagenet Ancestry |date=2011 |editor-last=Kimball G. Everingham |edition=2nd |volume=2 |location=Salt Lake City |page=364 n. 231 |author-link=Douglas Richardson}}</ref> This would place Henry V's birth in September 1386 or August 1387.{{sfn|Allmand|1992|pp=7–8}} Since Henry's household was at Monmouth in 1386 but not in 1387, and a specific date is given for 1386, the date of 16 September 1386 is now regarded as the correct one.{{sfn|Mortimer|2007|p=371}}}}

Upon the exile of Henry's father in 1398, Richard II took the boy into his own charge and treated him kindly.<ref name=EB1911/> The young Henry accompanied Richard to Ireland. While in the royal service, he visited [[Trim Castle]] in [[County Meath]], the ancient meeting place of the [[Parliament of Ireland]].

In 1399, John of Gaunt died. In the same year, King Richard II was overthrown by the [[House of Lancaster|Lancastrian]] usurpation that brought Henry's father to the throne, and Henry was recalled from Ireland into prominence as [[heir apparent]] to the [[Kingdom of England]]. He was created [[Prince of Wales]] at his father's coronation and [[Duke of Lancaster]] on 10 November 1399, the third person to hold the title that year. His other titles were [[Duke of Cornwall]], [[Earl of Chester]] and [[Duke of Aquitaine]]. A contemporary record notes that in 1399, Henry spent time at [[The Queen's College, Oxford]], under the care of his uncle [[Henry Beaufort]], the chancellor of the university.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Salter |first1=H. E. |title=A History of the County of Oxford |last2=Lobe |first2=Mary D. |year=1954 |series=[[Victoria County History]] |volume=3 |pages=132–143 |chapter=The University of Oxford}}</ref> During this time, due to taking a liking to both literature and music, he learned to read and write in the [[Middle English|vernacular]]; this made him the first English King that was educated in this regard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Henry V {{!}} Biography, Facts, Wife, & Significance {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-V-king-of-England |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=britannica.com}}</ref> He even went on to grant pensions to composers due to such love for music.

From 1400 to 1404, he carried out the duties of [[High Sheriff of Cornwall]]. During that time, Henry was also in command of part of the English forces. He led his own army into Wales against [[Owain Glyndŵr]] and joined forces with his father to fight [[Henry "Hotspur" Percy]] at the [[Battle of Shrewsbury]] in 1403.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harriss |first=Gerald Leslie |title=Shaping the Nation: England 1360–1461 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0-1982-2816-3 |location=Oxford, England |page=532 |author-link=Gerald Leslie Harriss}}</ref> It was there that the 16-year-old prince was almost killed by an arrow in his left cheekbone. An ordinary soldier might have died from such a wound, but Henry had the benefit of the best possible care. Over a period of several days, [[John Bradmore]], the royal physician, treated the wound with [[honey]] to act as an [[antiseptic]], crafted a tool to screw into the embedded arrowhead ([[bodkin point]]) and thus extract it without doing further damage, and flushed the wound with alcohol.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s982-bufjh8 |title=Henry V arrowhead removal {{!}} Medieval Surgery |access-date=2024-04-06 |via=youtube.com}}</ref> The operation was successful, but it left Henry with permanent scars, - evidence of his experience in battle.<ref>{{Citation |last=Lang |first=S. J. |title=John Bradmore and His Book Philomena |journal=Social History of Medicine |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=121–130 |year=1992 |doi=10.1093/shm/5.1.121 |pmid=11612773}}.</ref> Bradmore recorded this account in Latin, in his manuscript titled ''Philomena''. Henry's treatment also appeared in an anonymous Middle English surgical treatise dated to 1446, that has since been attributed to [[Thomas Morstede]].

It may be that the tradition of Henry's riotous youth, immortalised by [[Shakespeare]], is partly due to political enmity. Henry's record of involvement in war and politics, even in his youth, disproves this tradition. The most famous incident, his quarrel with the chief justice, has no contemporary authority and was first related by Sir [[Thomas Elyot]] in 1531.<ref name=EB1911/><ref name="Weis1998">{{Cite book | last=Weis Weis| first=René René| title= Henry IV, part 2 | year=1998 1998| publisher= Oxford University Press | location = Oxford, England | isbn = 0-19-283143-7 | page =27 |chapter=Introduction}}</ref>

The story of [[Falstaff]] originated in Henry's early friendship with Sir [[John Oldcastle]], a supporter of the [[Lollards]]. Shakespeare's Falstaff was originally named "Oldcastle", following his main source, ''[[The Famous Victories of Henry V]]''. Oldcastle's descendants objected, and the name was changed (the character became a composite of several real persons, including Sir [[John Fastolf]]). That friendship, and the prince's political opposition to [[Thomas Arundel]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], perhaps encouraged Lollard hopes. If so, their disappointment may account for the statements of ecclesiastical writers like [[Thomas Walsingham]] that Henry, on becoming king, was suddenly changed into a new man.<ref name=EB1911/><ref>{{Cite book | last=Patterson Patterson| first=Annabel Annabel| editor1-last = Hamilton | editor1-first = Donna | editor2-last = Strier | editor2-first =Richard Richard| title= Religion, literature, and politics in post-Reformation England, 1540–1688 | url= https://archive.org/details/religionliteratu00hami | url-access=limited limited| year=1996 1996| publisher= Cambridge University Press | location= Cambridge, England| |isbn= 0-521-47456-6 | pages= [https://archive.org/details/religionliteratu00hami/page/n19 8]–12 | chapter= Sir John Oldcastle and Reformation histiography}}</ref>

== Reign (1413–1422) ==

=== Accession ===

After Henry IV died on 20 March 1413, Henry V succeeded him and was crowned on 9 April 1413 at [[Westminster Abbey]]. The ceremony was marked by a terrible snowstorm, but the common people were undecided as to whether it was a good or bad omen.<ref>{{Citation |contribution=1413 |title=TimeRef |type=History timelines |url=http://www.btinternet.com/~timeref/hsttime5.htm |access-date=27 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505213152/http://www.btinternet.com/~timeref/hsttime5.htm |archive-date=5 May 2009 }}</ref> Henry was described as having been "very tall (6 feet 3 inches), slim, with dark hair cropped in a ring above the ears, and clean-shaven". His complexion was ruddy, his face lean with a prominent and pointed nose. Depending on his mood, his eyes "flashed from the mildness of a dove's to the brilliance of a lion's".<ref>{{Citation | first = Allen | last = Andrews | title = Kings and Queens of England and Scotland | page = 76 | publisher = Marshall Cavendish Publications
| place = London | year = 1976}}.</ref>

[[File:English chancery hand 1418.png|thumb|English [[Middle English#Chancery Standard|chancery hand]]. Facsimile of a letter from Henry, 1418.]]

Starting in August 1417, Henry promoted the use of the English language in government<ref>{{cite book |last=Fisher |date=1996 |first=J. |title=The Emergence of Standard English |url=https://archive.org/details/emergencestandar00fish |url-access=limited |page=[https://archive.org/details/emergencestandar00fish/page/n32 22] |publisher=The [[University Press of Kentucky]] |place=[[Lexington, KY]] |isbn=978-0-8131-0852-0 |author-link=John Hurt Fisher }}</ref> and his reign marks the appearance of [[Chancery Standard]] English as well as the adoption of English as the language of record within government. He was the first king to use English in his personal correspondence since the [[Norman Conquest]] 350 years earlier.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Harriss |date=1985 |editor-first=G. L. |title=Henry V: The Practice of Kingship |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=46 |editor-link=G. L. Harriss }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Mugglestone | first = Lydia | title = The Oxford History of English | publisher = Oxford University Press | place = UK | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-19-924931-8 | page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199544394/page/101 101] | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199544394/page/101 }}.</ref>

=== War in France ===

Henry could now turn his attention to foreign affairs. A writer of the next generation was the first to allege that Henry was encouraged by ecclesiastical statesmen to enter into the French war as a means of diverting attention from home troubles. This story seems to have no foundation. Old commercial disputes and the support the French had lent to [[Owain Glyndŵr]] were used as an excuse for war, while the disordered state of France afforded no security for peace.<ref name=EB1911/> King [[Charles VI of France]] was prone to [[List of mental disorders|mental illness]]; at times he thought he was made of glass, and his eldest surviving son, [[Louis, Duke of Guyenne|his eldest surviving son]], was an unpromising prospect. However, it was the [[English claims to the French throne|old dynastic claim to the throne of France]], first pursued by [[Edward III of England]], that justified war with France in English opinion.

Henry may have regarded the assertion of his own claims as part of his royal duty, but a permanent settlement of the national debate was essential to the success of his foreign policy. Following the instability back in England during the reign of King [[Richard II of England|Richard II]], the [[Hundred Years' War|war in France]] came to a halt, as during most of his reign relations between England

and France were largely peaceful and so they were during his father's reign as well. But in 1415, hostilities were renewed between the two nations, and though Henry had a claim to the French throne, through his great–grandfather King Edward III by [[Isabella of France|his mother's]] side, the French ultimately rejected this claim as its nobles pointed out that under the [[Salic law]] of the [[Franks]], women were forbidden from inheriting the throne. Thus the throne went to a distant male relative of a cadet branch of the [[House of Capet]], [[Philip VI of France]], resulting in the Hundred Years' War beginning in 1337. Wanting to claim the [[French monarchy|French throne]] for himself, Henry resumed the war against France in 1415. This would lead to one of England's most successful military campaigns during the whole conflict and would result in one of the most decisive victories for an English army during this period.<ref name=EB1911/>

On 12 August 1415, Henry sailed for France, where his forces [[Siege of Harfleur|besieged the fortress]] at [[Harfleur]], capturing it on 22 September. Afterwards, he decided to march with his army across the French countryside toward [[Calais]] against the warnings of his council.<ref name="barker">{{cite book |last=Barker |date=2005 |first=J. |title=Agincourt: Henry V and the Battle That Made England |url={{google books |W2jTtdISwMMC |plainurl=yes}} |place=London |page=220 |author-link=Juliet Barker }}</ref> On 25 October, on the plains near the village of [[Azincourt|Agincourt]], a French army intercepted his route. Despite his men-at-arms' being exhausted, outnumbered and malnourished, Henry led his men into battle, decisively defeating the French, who suffered severe losses. The French men-at-arms were bogged down in the muddy battlefield, soaked from the previous night of heavy rain, thus hindering the French advance and making them sitting targets for the flanking English archers.<ref name="barker" /> Most were simply hacked to death while completely stuck in the deep mud. It was Henry's greatest military victory, ranking alongside the [[Battle of Crécy]] (1346) and the [[Battle of Poitiers]] (1356) as the greatest English victories of the Hundred Years' War. This victory both solidified and strengthened Henry V's own rule in England and also legitimized his claim to the [[List of French monarchs|French throne]] more than ever.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Agincourt | title=Battle of Agincourt &#124; Facts, Summary, & Significance &#124; Britannica | date=18 October 2023 }}</ref>

During the battle,<ref>{{Cite book| |last= Hibbert | first=Christopher Christopher| author-link= Christopher Hibbert | title=Agincourt Agincourt| year= 1964| |publisher=Batsford Batsford| location=London London| page=114 114| chapter = During the battle
| oclc = 460624273}}</ref> Henry ordered that the French prisoners taken during the battle be put to death, including some of the most illustrious who could have been held for [[ransom]]. Cambridge historian Brett Tingley suggests that Henry ordered them killed out of concern that the prisoners might turn on their captors when the English were busy repelling a third wave of enemy troops, thus jeopardizingjeopardising a hard-fought victory.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

[[File:Battle of Agincourt, St. Alban's Chronicle by Thomas Walsingham.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The [[Battle of Agincourt]] as depicted in the 15th- century 'St Albans Chronicle' by [[Thomas Walsingham]].]]

==== Diplomacy ====

Following the [[Battle of Agincourt]], [[King Sigismund of Hungary]] (later [[Holy Roman Emperor]]) made a visit to Henry in hopes of making peace between England and France. His goal was to persuade Henry to modify his demands against the French. Henry lavishly entertained him and even had him enrolled in the [[Order of the Garter]]. Sigismund, in turn, inducted Henry into the [[Order of the Dragon]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rezachevici |first=Constantin |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Elizabeth |title=From the Order of the Dragon to Dracula |journal=Journal of Dracula Studies |volume=1 |publisher=Memorial University of Newfoundland |location=St John's, NL, Canada |year=1999 |url=http://www.blooferland.com/drc/index.php?title=Journal_of_Dracula_Studies |access-date=18 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414210504/http://www.blooferland.com/drc/index.php?title=Journal_of_Dracula_Studies |archive-date=14 April 2008}}</ref> Henry had intended to [[crusade]] for the order after uniting the English and French thrones, but he died before fulfilling his plans.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mowat |first=Robert Balmain |url=https://archive.org/details/henryvillustrate00mowauoft |title=Henry V |publisher=John Constable |year=1919 |isbn=1-4067-6713-1 |location=London |pages=https://archive.org/details/henryvillustrate00mowauoft/page/176 176] |author-link=Robert Mowat}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Harvey |first=John Hooper |title=The Plantagenets |publisher=Collins |year=1967 |location=London |author-link=John Harvey (architectural historian)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Seward |first=Desmond |title=The hundred years war: The English in France 1337–1453 |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1999 |isbn=0-14-028361-7 |location=Harmondsworth, England |author-link=Desmond Seward}}</ref> Sigismund left England several months later, having signed the [[Treaty of Canterbury (1416)|Treaty of Canterbury]] acknowledging English claims to France.

Command of the sea was secured by driving the [[Genoa|Genoese]] allies of the French out of the [[English Channel]].<ref name=EB1911/> While Henry was occupied with peace negotiations in 1416, a French and Genoese fleet surrounded the harbour at the English-garrisoned Harfleur. A French land force also besieged the town. In March 1416 a raiding force of soldiers under the Earl of Dorset, Thomas Beaufort, was attacked and narrowly escaped defeat at the [[Battle of Valmont]] after a counterattack by the garrison of Harfleur. To relieve the town, Henry sent his brother, [[John, Duke of Bedford]], who raised a fleet and set sail from [[Beachy Head]] on 14 August. The Franco-Genoese fleet was defeated the following day after the gruelling seven-hour Battle of the Seine<ref>{{cite web |last=Trowbridge |first=Benjamin |title=The Battle of the Seine: Henry V's unknown naval triumph |date=9 August 2016 |url=https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/battle-seine-henry-vs-unknown-naval-triumph/ |website=The National Archives |access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref> and Harfleur was relieved. Diplomacy successfully detached Emperor Sigismund from supporting France, and the Treaty of Canterbury—alsoCanterbury — also signed in August 1416—confirmed1416 — confirmed a short-lived alliance between England and the Holy Roman Empire.

=== 1417–1421 campaigns ===

[[File:Marriage of henry and Catherine.jpg|thumb|Late-15th- century depiction of Henry's marriage to [[Catherine of Valois]]. [[British Library]], London]]

With those two potential enemies gone, and after two years of patient preparation following the Battle of Agincourt, Henry renewed the war on a larger scale in 1417. After [[Siege of Caen (1417)|taking Caen]], he quickly conquered Lower Normandy and [[Rouen]] was cut off from Paris and besieged. [[Siege of Rouen (1418-1419)|This siege]] has cast an even darker shadow on the reputation of the king adding to the loss of honor following his order to slay the French prisoners at Agincourt. The leaders of Rouen, who were unable to support and feed the women and children of the town, forced them out through the gates believing that Henry would allow them to pass through his army unmolested. However, Henry refused to allow this, and the expelled women and children died of starvation in the ditches surrounding the town. The French were paralysed by the [[Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War|disputes]] between the [[Burgundian (party)|Burgundians]] and the [[Armagnac (party)|Armagnacs]]. Henry skilfully played one against the other without relaxing his warlike approach.<ref name=EB1911/>

In January 1419, Rouen fell.<ref name=EB1911/> Those Norman French who had resisted were severely punished: [[Alain Blanchard]], who had hanged English prisoners from the walls of Rouen, was summarily executed; Robert de Livet, [[Rouen Cathedral|Canon of Rouen]], who had [[excommunicated]] the English king, was packed off to England and imprisoned for five years.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kingsford |date=1901 |first=C. |title=Henry V: The Typical Mediæval Hero |url=https://archive.org/details/henryvtypicalmed00kinguoft |publisher=GP Putnam's Sons |author-link=Charles Lethbridge Kingsford }}</ref>

By August, the English were outside the walls of Paris. The intrigues of the French parties culminated in the [[assassination of John the Fearless]], [[Duke of Burgundy]], by the [[Dauphin of France|Dauphin]] [[Charles VII of France|Charles]]'s partisans at [[Montereau-Fault-Yonne]] on 10 September. [[Philip the Good]], the new duke, and the French court threw themselves into Henry's arms. After six months of negotiation, the [[Treaty of Troyes]] recognised Henry as the heir and regent of France.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |last=Kingsford |first=Charles Lethbridge |display=Henry V. |volume=13 |pages=284–285 |wstitle=Henry V. of England |author-link=Charles Lethbridge Kingsford |inline=1}}</ref> On 2 June 1420 at [[Troyes Cathedral]], Henry married Catherine, daughter of Charles VI. They had only one son, [[Henry VI of England|Henry]], born on 6 December 1421 at [[Windsor Castle]]. From June to July 1420, Henry V's army besieged and took the military fortress castle at Montereau-Fault-Yonne close to Paris. He besieged and captured [[Melun]] in November 1420, returning to England shortly thereafter. In 1428, Charles VII retook Montereau, only to see the English once again take it over within a short time. Finally, on 10 October 1437, Charles VII was victorious in regaining [[Montereau-Fault-Yonne]].

== Death ==

Henry V's death at thirty-five years of age was a political and dynastic turning point for both the kingdoms of England and France. The [[House of Lancaster|Lancastrian]] ruler had been set to rule both realms after [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]]'s death;, thiswhich occurred in October 1422, less than two months after Henry's. Henry'sown premature death. This caused his infant son, also called Henry, to ascend the throne as [[Henry VI of England|King Henry VI of England]], at the age of nine months. Due to the new king's [[Minor (law)|age]], a [[Regency government, 1422–1437|regency government]] was formed by Henry's surviving brothers, [[John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford|John, Duke of Bedford]], and [[Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester]]. This acted as the sole governing force of England and its possessions in France until Henry VI came of age in 1437. Although for a time this largely proved to be a success, with England achieving their greatest territorial extent in France under the command of Bedford,<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Of Lancaster Duke Of Bedford {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/british-and-irish-history-biographies/john-lancaster-duke-bedford |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-15 |title=John Plantagenet, duke of Bedford {{!}} Regent of France, English Nobleman, Henry V's Brother {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Plantagenet-duke-of-Bedford |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=britannica.com}}</ref> the later reign of Henry VI saw the majority of the territories held by the English lost or returned to the French, through reconquest or diplomatic secession;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title=Date by which Le Mans was to be handed to the French – |url=https://thehundredyearswar.co.uk/le-mans-handed-french-1448/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=The Hundred Years War – 1337–1453}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Siege of Orléans |url=https://www.100-years-war.com/the-siege-of-orlans |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=100 Years War}}</ref> English military power in the region eventually ceased to exist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Battle of Castillon, 1453: The end of the Hundred Years War {{!}} History Today |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/battle-castillon-1453-end-hundred-years-war |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=historytoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cartwright |first=Mark |title=Hundred Years' War |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Hundred_Years'_War/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> This marked the end of England's sustained military success in the [[Hundred Years' War]], with all their [[Angevin Empire|historic possessions]] and land in France being lost, with the exception of the [[Pale of Calais]], which remained England's only foothold in the continent until it was [[Siege of Calais (1558)|lost in 1558]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Fall of Calais {{!}} History Today |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/fall-calais |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=historytoday.com}}</ref> The loss of land in France was a major contributing factor in causing Henry V's heirs and relatives to descend into civil strife and quarrel over the succession of the English crown in ensuing decades, culminating in the [[WarWars of the Roses]] (1455-1487) between (Henry V's) descendants, the [[House of Lancaster]], and its rival, the [[House of York]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of The Conflict |url=https://www.warsoftheroses.com/origins-of-the-wars-of-the-roses/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Wars of the Roses}}</ref>

Despite this, Henry V is remembered by both his countrymen and his foes as a capable military commander during the war against France and is one of the most renowned monarchs in English and British history. He is largely seen as a symbol of English military might and power, which inspired later [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|kings and queens of England]]. His effect on [[English history]], [[English culture|culture]], and the military is profound. His victory at Agincourt significantly impacted the war against the French, and led to the English capturing most of northern France. This led to the Treaty of Troyes in 1420, in which Charles VI of France appointed Henry his successor, although Henry died two months before Charles in October 1422. Henry's victories created a national sensation and caused a patriotic fervour among the [[English people]] that would go on to influence both the medieval [[English army]] and the [[British army]] for centuries to come. His continuous victories against the French during 1417–1422 led to many romanticized depictions of Henry V as a figure of [[British nationalism|nationalism]] and patriotism, both in literature and in the renowned works of [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] and in the film industry in modern times.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/henry-v-england |title=Henry V |website=History.com |date=6 November 2019 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref>

Henry V is not only remembered for his military prowess but also for his architectural patronage. He commissioned the building of King's College Chapel and [[Eton College Chapel]], and although some of his building works were discontinued after his death, others were continued by his son and successor Henry VI. He also contributed to the founding of the monastery of the [[Syon Abbey]], completed by Henry VI during his lifetime. In the 16th century the monastery was demolished as a result of the growing movement of the [[English Reformation]] during the reign of King [[Henry VIII]]. Henry V further contributed to the church, as he was forced to put down an anti–churchanti-church uprising in the form of the Lollard uprising led by the English [[Lollard]] leader [[John Oldcastle]] in 1414, who had been a friend of Henry V before his rebellion. Henry also faced a coup orchestrated by a relative and prominent noble, Edmund Mortimer, in the Southampton Plot, and in 1415 dealt with a Yorkist conspiracy to overthrow him. After this, during the remainder of his reign, Henry was able to rule without any opposition against him.

Henry V was often a figure of literary imagination and romantic interpretations, often used as a traditional character of a morally great king in the works of many writers, playwrights and dramatists. This is notably so in his depiction in ''[[Henry V (play)|Henry V]],'' a play largely based on the life of Henry V by William Shakespeare. This and other plays about Richard II, Henry V's father Henry IV and son Henry VI are known as the ''[[Henriad]]'' in Shakespearean scholarship. It depicts the king as a pious but cunning ruler who ventured on a campaign to France to become heir to the French throne. This largely acquainted audiences and the wider population with the king's reign and his character as a whole.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rsc.org.uk/henry-v/the-plot | title=The plot &#124; Henry V &#124; Royal Shakespeare Company }}</ref>

Henry V has been depicted in many historical films and operas such as [[Laurence Olivier]]'s 1944 film ''[[Henry V (1944 film)|Henry V]]'' played by Olivier himself, for which he was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Henry-V-film-by-Olivier | title=Henry V &#124; film by Olivier &#91;1944&#93; &#124; Britannica }}</ref> Henry also appears in the 1935 film ''[[Royal Cavalcade]]'', in which he was played by actor [[Matheson Lang]]. Henry is played by [[Kenneth Branagh]] in the 1989 film ''[[Henry V (1989 film)|Henry V]]'', for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor, [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]], and the [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/video/vi3953311513/?playlistId=tt0097499&ref_=tt_ov_vi | title=Henry V &#124; IMDb | website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref> Henry V appears as a major character played by [[Keith Baxter (actor)|Keith Baxter]] in [[Orson Welles]]'s 1966 film ''[[Chimes at Midnight]]''. He is also played by [[Timothée Chalamet]] in 2019 [[Netflix]] film ''[[The King (2019 film)|The King]]'' directed by [[David Michôd]]. He is portrayed by [[Tom Hiddleston]] in the [[BBC]] television series ''[[The Hollow Crown (TV series)|The Hollow Crown]]''.

== Marriage ==

After his father became king, Henry was created Prince of Wales. It was suggested that Henry should marry the widow of Richard II, [[Isabella of Valois]], but this had been refused. After this, negotiations took place for his marriage to [[Catherine of Pomerania, Countess Palatine of Neumarkt|Catherine of Pomerania]] between 1401 and 1404, but ultimately failed.<ref>Flemberg, Marie-Louise, Filippa: engelsk prinsessa och nordisk unionsdrottning, Santérus, Stockholm, 2014</ref>

== Ancestry and family ==

== See also ==

== Footnotes ==

=== Bibliography ===

== Further reading ==

=== Sources ===

* {{cite DNB |last=Kingsford |first=Charles |display=Henry V (1387–1422) |volume=26 |wstitle=Henry V |author-link=Charles Lethbridge Kingsford }}

* {{Citation |title=Henry V |date=1879 |work=[[New American Cyclopædia|American Cyclopædia]] |volume=8 |pages=[https://archive.org/stream/americancyclopae08ripluoft#page/644/mode/2up 644]–646 |editor-last=Ripley |editor-first=George |edition=2nd |place=New York |publisher=[[D. Appleton & Company]] |name-list-style=amp |editor-link=George Ripley (transcendentalist) |editor-last2=Dana |editor-first2=Charles A. |editor-link2=Charles Anderson Dana |mode=cs1}}

== External links ==

* {{Citation | url = https://www.royal.uk/henry-v | type = official website | publisher = British Monarchy | title = Henry V | place = UK}}.

* {{citation |last=Fernandez-Armesto |date=17 February 2011 |first=Felipe | title=The Myth of Henry V |author-link=Felipe Fernandez-Armesto |website=BBC History |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/henry_v_01.shtml }}

* {{Citation | first = J Endell | last = Tyler | title = Henry of Monmouth: Memoirs of Henry the Fifth | url = https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20488 | publisher = [[Project Gutenberg]]}}.

* BBC Radio 4 Great Lives on Henry V&nbsp; – listen online: {{citation |title=Henry V |publisher=[[BBC Radio 4]] |website=[[Great Lives]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00p62v6}}