Human rights: Difference between revisions

'''Human rights''' are [[Morality|moral]] principles or [[Social norm|norms]]<ref name="StanfordEncy">James Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, 13 December 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rights-human/ Human Rights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805003237/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rights-human/ |date=5 August 2019 }}. Retrieved 14 August 2014</ref> forthat establish standards of [[human]] behaviour and are regularly protected as [[substantive rights]] in [[substantive law]], [[Municipal law|municipal]] and [[international law]].{{sfnp|Nickel|2010}} They are commonly understood as inalienable,<ref name="twsUnitedNations">The United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights, [http://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/pages/whatarehumanrights.aspx What are human rights?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085257/http://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/pages/whatarehumanrights.aspx |date=19 August 2014 }}. Retrieved 14 August 2014</ref> fundamental [[rights]] "to which a person is inherently entitled simply because shehe or heshe is a human being"{{sfnp|Sepulveda |van Banning |Gudmundsdottir |Chamoun |2004 |p=3}} and which are "inherent in all human beings",<ref name="twsBritannica">Burns H. Weston, 20 March 2014, Encyclopædia Britannica, [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/275840/human-rights human rights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518123454/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/275840/human-rights |date=18 May 2015 }}. Retrieved 14 August 2014.</ref> regardless of their age, ethnic origin, location, language, religion, ethnicity, or any other status.<ref name="twsUnitedNations" /> They are applicable everywhere and at everyall timetimes in the sense of being [[Universality (philosophy)|universal]],<ref name=StanfordEncy/> and they are [[egalitarian]] in the sense of being the same for everyone.<ref name=twsUnitedNations/> They are regarded as requiring empathy and the [[rule of law]],<ref name=twsGaryJBass>Gary J. Bass (book reviewer), Samuel Moyn (author of book being reviewed), 20 October 2010, The New Republic, [https://newrepublic.com/article/books-and-arts/magazine/78542/the-old-new-thing-human-rights The Old New Thing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912121454/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/books-and-arts/magazine/78542/the-old-new-thing-human-rights |date=12 September 2015 }}. Retrieved 14 August 2014</ref> and imposing an obligation on personsindividuals to respect the human rights of others;<ref name=StanfordEncy/><ref name=twsUnitedNations/> it is generally considered that they should not be taken away except as a result of [[due process]] based on specific circumstances.<ref name=twsUnitedNations/>

The doctrine of human rights has been highly influential within [[international law]] and global and regional institutions.<ref name=twsUnitedNations/> The precise meaning of the term ''[[Rights|right]]'' is controversial and isremains the subject of [[Philosophy of human rights|continuedongoing philosophical debate]].{{sfnp|Shaw|2008|p=265}} While there is consensus that human rights encompass a wide variety of rights,<ref name=twsBritannica/> such as the [[right to a fair trial]], protection against [[slavery|enslavement]], prohibition of [[genocide]], [[Freedom of speech|free speech]],<ref name=twsMacmillan>Macmillan Dictionary, [http://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/dictionary/american/human-rights human rights – definition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084004/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/dictionary/american/human-rights |date=19 August 2014 }}. Retrieved 14 August 2014, "the rights that everyone should have in a society, including the right to express opinions about the government or to have protection from harm"</ref> orand athe [[right to education]], there is disagreement about which of these particular rights should be included within the general framework of human rights;.<ref name=StanfordEncy/> someSome thinkers suggest that human rights should beserve as a minimum requirement to avoid the worst-case abuses, while others see it as a higher standard.<ref name=StanfordEncy/><ref>{{Cite book|title=International technical guidance on sexuality education: an evidence-informed approach|publisher=UNESCO|year=2018|isbn=978-9231002595|location=Paris|page=16|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002607/260770e.pdf|access-date=23 February 2018|archive-date=13 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113072101/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002607/260770e.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Many of the basic ideas that animated the [[human rights movement]] developed in the aftermath of the [[Second World War]] and the events of [[the Holocaust]],<ref name="twsGaryJBass" /> culminating in the adoption of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] in Paris by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in 1948.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Simmons |first=Beth A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfQfAwAAQBAJ |title=Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1139483483 |pages=23 |language=en}}</ref> Ancient peoples did not haveshare the same modern-day conception of universal human rights.{{sfnp|Freeman|2002|pp=15–17}} The true forerunner of human rights discourse was the concept of [[Natural and legal rights|natural rights]], which first appeared as part of the medieval [[natural law]] tradition, and developed in new directions during the European [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] with such philosophers such as [[John Locke]], [[Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)|Francis Hutcheson]], and [[Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui]],. andThis whichconcept featured prominently in the political discourse of the [[American Revolution]] and the [[French Revolution]].<ref name="twsGaryJBass" /> From this foundation, the modern human rights arguments emerged over the latter half of the 20th century,{{sfnp|Moyn|2010|p=8}} possibly as a reaction to slavery, torture, genocide, and war crimes.<ref name="twsGaryJBass" />

* Houghton MiffinMifflin Company (2006). ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language''. Houghton MiffinMifflin. {{ISBN|0618701737}}