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==Earthquake==
[[File:
The Great Hanshin earthquake belonged to a third type, called an "inland shallow earthquake".<ref>"(2) Shallow inland earthquakes", ''Seismic Activity in Japan''.</ref> Earthquakes of this type occur along [[active fault]]s. Even at lower magnitudes, they can be very destructive because they often occur near populated areas and because their hypocenters are located less than 20 km below the surface. The Great Hanshin earthquake began north of the island of Awaji, which lies just south of Kobe. It spread toward the southwest along the [[Nojima Fault]] on Awaji and toward the northeast along the Suma and Suwayama faults, which run through the center of Kobe.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A fault model of the 1995 Kobe earthquake derived from the GPS data on the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge and other datasets|first1=Kazuki|last1=Koketsu|first2=Shingo|last2=Yoshida|first3=Hiromichi|last3=Higashihara|journal=[[Earth, Planets and Space]]|year=1998|volume=50|issue=10|page=803|bibcode=1998EP&S...50..803K|doi=10.1186/BF03352173|s2cid=13561501|doi-access=free }}</ref> Observations of deformations in these faults suggest that the area was subjected to east–west compression, which is consistent with previously known crustal movements.<ref>"7-2(2)The 1995 Southern Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake", ''Seismic Activity in Japan''.</ref> Like other earthquakes recorded in western Japan between 1891 and 1948, the 1995 earthquake had a strike-slip mechanism that accommodated east–west shortening of the [[Eurasian Plate]] due to its collision with the [[Philippine Sea Plate]] in central [[Honshu]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Somerville |first=Paul|url=http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/kobe.html|title=Kobe Earthquake: An Urban Disaster|access-date=May 6, 2009|date=February 7, 1995|journal=Eos|volume=76 |issue=6|pages=49–51|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970501040412/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/kobe.html|archive-date=May 1, 1997 |bibcode=1995EOSTr..76...49S|doi=10.1029/EO076i006p00049-02|s2cid=89342337 }}</ref>
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!Location
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{{jma|6|format=wikitable|style=text-align:center;}}
|the cities of [[Sumoto, Hyōgo|Sumoto]] (in Awaji Island) and Kobe (both in Hyōgo Prefecture)
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|the cities of [[Toyooka, Hyōgo|Toyooka]] (in Hyōgo Prefecture), [[Hikone, Shiga|Hikone]] (in Shiga Prefecture) and [[Kyoto]]
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{{jma|4|format=wikitable|style=text-align:center;}}
|the prefectures of [[Hyōgo Prefecture|Hyōgo]], [[Shiga Prefecture|Shiga]], [[Kyoto Prefecture|Kyoto]], [[Fukui Prefecture|Fukui]], [[Gifu Prefecture|Gifu]], [[Mie Prefecture|Mie]], [[Osaka Prefecture|Osaka]], [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]], [[Wakayama Prefecture|Wakayama]], [[Tottori Prefecture|Tottori]], [[Okayama Prefecture|Okayama]], [[Hiroshima Prefecture|Hiroshima]], [[Tokushima Prefecture|Tokushima]], [[Kagawa Prefecture|Kagawa]] and [[Kōchi Prefecture|Kōchi]]
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!Map
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|[[Hyogo]]
|Kobe ([[Higashinada-ku, Kobe|Higashinada]], [[Nada-ku, Kobe|Nada]], [[Chuo-ku, Kobe|Chuo]], [[Hyogo-ku, Kobe|Hyogo]], [[Nagata-ku, Kobe|Nagata]], [[Suma-ku, Kobe|Suma]]), [[Nishinomiya]], [[Ashiya, Hyōgo|Ashiya]], [[Takarazuka, Hyōgo|Takarazuka]], [[Tsuna, Hyōgo|Tsuna]], [[Hokudan, Hyōgo|Hokudan]], [[Ichinomiya, Hyōgo (Tsuna)|Ichinomiya]]
| rowspan="3" |[[File:兵庫県南部地震_震度7の地域.png|frameless|250x250px]]<br>Area of seismic intensity 7 ([[:ja:震度7|震度7]])
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{{jma|6|format=wikitable|style=text-align:center;|tagProps = rowspan = "2"}}
|[[Osaka Prefecture|Osaka]]
|[[Osaka]] ([[Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka|Nishiyodogawa]]), [[Toyonaka]], [[Ikeda, Osaka|Ikeda]]
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The majority of deaths (over 4,000) occurred in cities and suburbs in [[Hyōgo Prefecture]]. A total of 68 children under the age of 18 were orphaned, while 332 children lost one parent.<ref>[[Kyodo News]], "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110402f2.html Hunt for tsunami orphans hampered, unprecedented]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', April 2, 2011, p. 4.</ref>
One in five of the buildings in the worst-hit areas were completely destroyed or rendered uninhabitable. About 22% of the offices in Kobe's central business district were rendered unusable, and over half of the houses in that area were deemed unfit for occupancy. Although some were destroyed and others suffered severe damage, high
The damage to highways and subways was the most graphic image of the earthquake, and images of the collapsed elevated [[Kobe Route]] of the [[Hanshin Expressway]] appeared on front pages of newspapers worldwide. Most people in Japan believed those structures to be relatively safe from earthquake damage because of the steel-reinforced concrete design. Although the initial belief was that construction had been negligent, it was later shown that most of the collapsed structures were constructed properly according to the building codes in force in the 1960s. The steel-reinforcement specifications in the 1960s regulations had already been discovered to be inadequate and revised several times, the latest revision being in 1981, which proved effective but [[Grandfather clause|only applied to new structures]].
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Ten spans of the Kobe Route elevated expressway were knocked over in three locations across Kobe and Nishinomiya, blocking a link that carried 40% of Osaka-Kobe road traffic. Half of the elevated expressway's piers sustained some damage. The entire route was not reopened until September 30, 1996. Three bridges on the less heavily used Route 2 were damaged, but the highway was reopened well ahead of Route 3 and served as one of the main intercity road links for a time. The [[Meishin Expressway]] was only lightly damaged, but was closed during the day until February 17, 1995, so that emergency vehicles could easily access the hardest-hit areas to the west. It
Most railways in the region were damaged. In the aftermath of the earthquake, only 30% of the Osaka-Kobe railway tracks were operational. [[Daikai Station]] on the [[Kobe Rapid Railway]] line collapsed, bringing down part of [[Japan National Route 28|National Route 28]] above it. Wooden supports collapsed inside supposedly solid concrete pilings under the tracks of the [[Shinkansen]] high-speed rail line, causing the entire line to shut down. The railways rebounded quickly after the quake, reaching 80% operability in one month. The [[Kobe Municipal Subway]] resumed operation the day after the earthquake with limited service between {{STN|Seishin-Chuo}} and {{STN|Itayado}} stations (along with the [[Hokushin Kyuko Electric Railway]] between {{STN|Tanigami}} and {{STN|Shin-Kobe}}). Service resumed across the entire line on February 16, 1995, with full service resuming a month later after repairs were completed. Trains continued to operate with speed restrictions until July 21, 1995.
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Artificial islands, such as the modern [[Rokkō Island]] and especially [[Port Island]] in Kobe, suffered severe subsidence due to [[soil liquefaction|liquefaction]]. Water breaking through the surface and flooding those islands was initially believed to have seeped in from the sea, but in fact had been forced out of the soil used to build the islands. The newly completed artificial island supporting [[Kansai International Airport]] was not significantly affected, due it being further from the epicenter, and because it was built to the latest standards. The [[Akashi Kaikyō Bridge]], under construction near the earthquake's epicenter, was undamaged but was reportedly lengthened by a full meter due to horizontal displacement along the activated tectonic fault.
===
Outside Japan the earthquake and disaster are commonly referred to as the Kobe earthquake; in Japan, the earthquake and the disaster caused by it is called {{Nihongo4|The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster|阪神・淡路大震災|Hanshin-Awaji Daishinsai}}, often shortened to {{Nihongo4|The Great Hanshin Earthquake Disaster|阪神大震災|Hanshin Daishinsai}} ( ''Hanshin'' refers to the area encompassing Osaka and Kobe). In the scientific literature the earthquake itself is called the {{Nihongo4|1995 Southern Hyōgo Prefecture Earthquake|平成7年(1995年)兵庫県南部地震|Heisei 7 nen (1995 nen) Hyōgo-ken Nanbu Jishin}}, the name given to it by the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] the week after the main shock.
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