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{{redirect|British Universities|the cricket team of this name|British Universities cricket team}}
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'''Universities in the United Kingdom''' have generally been instituted by [[royal charter]], [[papal bull]], [[Act of Parliament]], or an instrument of government under the [[Further and Higher Education Act 1992]] or the [[Higher Education and Research Act 2017]]. Degree awarding powers and the '[[university]]' title are protected by law,<ref name="fake unis">{{cite news|work=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/fake-universities-uk-closed-down-government-closures-shut-fraud-degrees-higher-education-a7171871.html|title=More than 30 fake UK universities shut down by Government in past year|author=Aftab Ali |date= 4 August 2016}}</ref> although the precise arrangements for gaining these vary between the constituent countries of the United Kingdom.
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While legally, 'university' refers to an institution that has been granted the right to use the title, in common usage it now normally includes colleges of the University of London, including in official documents such as the [[Dearing Report]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|title= College vote brings break-up of university a step nearer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/dec/10/highereducation.administration|quote="Over the past 10 years the university has become an increasingly loose federation of independent institutions that are universities in their own right and receive their grants directly from the Higher Education Funding Council for England, although they still hand out degrees on behalf of the central university."|date=10 December 2005|author1=Rebecca Smithers|author2=Donald MacLeod}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|quote="Today there are 176 higher education institutions in the UK of which 115 are titled universities (which include the various constituent parts of both the University of London and the University of Wales)."|url=http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/dearing1997/dearing1997.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211022652/http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/dearing1997/dearing1997.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 February 2015|page=41|title=Higher Education in the learning society – Main Report|date=1997|publisher=HMSO|author=Lord Dearing|author-link=Lord Dearing}}</ref>
The representative bodies for higher education providers in the United Kingdom are [[Universities UK]], [[GuildHE]] and [[Independent Higher Education]]. The responsible minister within the [[Department for Education]] is the [[Minister of State for Skills, Apprenticeships and Higher Education]], currently [[Robert Halfon]].
==History==
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===University funding from 1945===
In the years following the end of the Second World War, [[local education authority|local education authorities]] (LEAs) paid some student tuition fees and provided some non-mature{{clarify|date=May 2014}} students with a maintenance grant.{{cn|date=June 2024}} Under the [[Education Act 1962]] a national mandatory award of student maintenance grant was established, payable by the LEAs to students on most full-time courses. In 1980, the level of grant increased from £380 to £1,430.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/8057871/Grants-loans-and-tuition-fees-a-timeline-of-how-university-funding-has-evolved.html|title=Grants, loans and tuition fees: a timeline of how university funding has evolved|date=10 November 2010 }}</ref>
As the university population rose during the 1980s the sums paid to universities became linked to their performance and efficiency, and by the mid-1990s funding per student had dropped by 40% since the mid-1970s, while numbers of full-time students had reached around 2,000,000 (around a third of the age group), up from around 1,300,000.
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In 2010, the government voted to raise the amount universities can charge for undergraduate tuition fees (for England only) to between £6,000 – £9,000 per year though most charge the maximum.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-11483638|title=Q&A: Tuition fees|work=BBC News |date=14 September 2011 }}</ref> In 2016, the government raised the cap on tuition fees to £9,250 from 2017, with tuition fees expected to continue rising in increments.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/36322654/heres-why-university-tuition-fees-will-probably-go-up-in-2017|title=Here's why university tuition fees will probably go up in 2017 – BBC Newsbeat|work=BBC News |date=18 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-38406733|title=Tuition fee rise 'sneaked out' on website|first=Sean|last=Coughlan|date=22 December 2016|publisher=BBC}}</ref>
In recent years, tuition fees charged from foreign students have become an important source of university income. International fees for a Master's degree typically range from £10,000 to £35,000, with the subject and the university's ranking being the main determinants.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-13 |title=Universities reliant on overseas students - report |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-66786377 |access-date=2024-06-09 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Masters in the United Kingdom (2024) |url=https://www.study.eu/guide/masters-in-united-kingdom |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=www.study.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web
==Governance==
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{{See also|Tuition fees (UK)}}
[[File:StJohnsCambridge BridgeOfSighs.jpg|thumb|left|Universities are funded by [[List of UK universities by endowment|endowments]], [[Higher Education Funding Council for England|funding councils]] paid for by [[UK tax law|taxation]], and [[tuition fees]] levied on students. [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]]'s endowment, at £6.25bn is the largest, while [[Tuition fees in the UK|tuition fees]] have been abolished in Scotland and remain highly controversial elsewhere.]]
Before 1998, universities were funded mainly by central government, although they have been increasingly reliant on charging students and seeking to raise private capital. First, universities have the power to generate income through [[List of UK universities by endowment|endowment trust funds]], accumulated over generations of donations and investment.<ref>In 2016, the [[University of Cambridge]] had combined endowments of £6.25bn, the [[University of Oxford]] £5bn, the [[University of Edinburgh]] £342m, the [[University of Manchester]] £196m and [[King's College, London]] £
Third, and most controversially, funding may come from charging students. From [[WW2]] [[tuition fees in the UK]] were effectively abolished and [[Local government in England|local authorities]] paid [[maintenance grants]]. The [[Education Act 1962]] formally required this position for all UK residents,<ref>[[Education Act 1962]] [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/10-11/12/section/1/enacted s 1]</ref> and this continued through the expansion of university places recommended by the [[Robbins Report]] of 1963.<ref>See Committee on Higher Education, ''Higher education: report of the Committee appointed by the Prime Minister under the Chairmanship of Lord Robbins 1961–63'' (23 September 1963) [https://web.archive.org/web/20131030011903/http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/robbins/robbins1963.html Cmnd 2154]</ref> However, over the 1980s and 1990s, grants were diminished, requiring students to become ever more reliant on their parents' wealth. Further, appointed in 1996, the [[Dearing Report]] argued for the introduction of [[tuition fees]] because it said graduates had "improved employment prospects and pay."<ref>The National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education, ''Higher Education in the learning society: Main Report'' (1997) [https://web.archive.org/web/20150211022652/http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/dearing1997/dearing1997.html#18 18.24]</ref> Instead of funding university through [[progressive tax]], the [[Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998]] mandated £1,000 fees for home students. In England, this rose to £3,000 in the [[Higher Education Act 2004]], and £9,000 after the [[Browne Review]] in 2010 led by the former CEO of oil corporation [[BP]].<ref>[[Browne Review]], ''Independent Review of Higher Education Funding and Student Finance'' (2010)</ref> In 2017, the limit on fees was £9,250 for students in England,<ref>[[Higher Education (Higher Amount) (England) Regulations 2016]] reg 6, limiting undergraduate fees</ref> £9,000 in Wales,<ref>Higher Education (Amounts) (Wales) Regulations 2015 [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/wsi/2015/1496/regulation/3/made reg 3]</ref> and £3,805 in Northern Ireland. The same rates apply for [[European Union]] students, who cannot be discriminated against under [[EU law]].<ref>e.g. ''[[Commission v Austria]]'' (2005) C-147/03</ref> By contrast, under the [[Scotland Act 1998]], the Scottish government resolved not to introduce tuition fees for students under 25.<ref>[[Scotland Act 1998]] ss 28-29 and Sch 6 leaves higher education fees as a devolved matter.</ref> Under [[EU law]], it is allowable that English students are charged tuition fees in Scottish universities while EU students may not be, because non-discrimination does not apply to internal domestic affairs.<ref>cf ''[[Brown v Secretary of State for Scotland]]'' (1988) [http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=61986CJ0197&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre= Case 197/86]</ref> For English universities, the [[Higher Education Act 2004]] enables the [[Secretary of State]] to set fee limits, while universities are meant to ensure "fair access" by drafting a "plan" for "equality of opportunity".<ref>[[Higher Education Act 2004]] ss 23-24 (SS sets fees up to a 'higher amount') and 31-34 (Director of Fair Access requires fee charging university plans).</ref> There is no limit on [[international students]] fees, which have steadily risen to typically around double. A system of [[Student loans in the United Kingdom|student loans]] is available for UK students through the government owned [[Student Loans Company]]. [[Student loans in the United Kingdom|Means-tested grants]] were also available, but abolished for students who began university after August 2016. While EU students qualify for the same fees as UK students, they only qualify for loans (or previously grants) if they have been resident for three years in the UK.<ref>cf ''[[R (Bidar) v London Borough of Ealing]]'' (2005) C-209/03</ref> As the UK is in a minority of countries to still charge tuition fees, increasing demands have been made to abolish fees on the ground that they burden people without wealthy families in debt, deter disadvantaged students from education, and escalate [[income inequality]].<ref>The counter-argument is that abolishing fees would "be regressive, benefiting the richest graduates", although it is unclear how, with appropriate tax policy, this is true: R Adams, 'Poorest students will finish university with £57,000 debt, says IFS' (5 July 2017) [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/jul/05/poorest-students-will-finish-university-with-57000-debt-says-ifs Guardian]</ref>
There are five private universities (the charitable [[University of Buckingham]] and [[Regent's University London]], and the for-profit institutions [[The University of Law]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Britain's first profit-making university opened|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/9697046/Britains-first-profit-making-university-opened.html|work=The Telegraph|access-date=8 December 2012|date=22 November 2012}}</ref> [[BPP University]] and [[Arden University]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/profit-rdi-granted-university-status|title=For-profit RDI granted university status|newspaper=Times Higher Education|date=5 August 2015|access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref>) where the government does not subsidise the tuition fees; {{asof|2003|lc=y}}{{update-inline|date=July 2024}} at all other universities the government pays 75% or more of the average student fee.{{not in ref|date=July 2024}}<ref name="woodward20030106">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/jan/06/highereducation.education2 |title=Lessons on paying for higher education |last1=Woodward |first1=Will |date=2003-01-06 |work=The Guardian |access-date=2019-12-05 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> (The non-profit [[Richmond, The American International University in London]] is accredited by the American [[Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.richmond.ac.uk/about-richmond/|publisher=[[Richmond, The American International University in London]]|title=About Richmond|access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref>) In April 2017 the House of Commons voted to increase the cap on tuition fees to £9,250 per year, which took effect for students starting in September 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=University fee increases pushed through|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-39736310|access-date=7 December 2017|work=[[BBC News| BBC News - Family & Education]]|date=27 April 2017}}</ref> Students in Scotland, Wales, and [[Northern Ireland]] are also eligible for a means-tested grant, and many universities provide bursaries to poor students. Non-European Union students are not subsidised by the UK government and so have to pay much higher tuition fees.
===Other legal rights===
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The groupings tend to be somewhat fuzzy in definition, with membership of each group varying between different authors. The common categories are:
* ''[[Ancient university|Ancient universities]]'', which are normally subdivided geographically into the [[ancient universities of Scotland]] and [[Oxbridge]] in England.
* The ''[[University of London]]'' and its constituent colleges, which were founded in London from the early 19th century onwards as non-residential university colleges, following the pattern of the [[ancient universities of Scotland]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Redbrick: A Social and Architectural History of Britain's Civic Universities|author=William Whyte|pages=35–42|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=2015}}</ref> Scott notes that it "compris[es] large schools like Imperial College, University College and the London School of Economics, and small specialised institutes".<ref name=Scott95/> London does not always feature as a stand-alone category: the UGC joined London with Durham,<ref name=Silver2003/> while Bligh, McNay and Thomas put it in with Durham, York, Lancaster and Wales in their 'other collegiate' group.<ref name= BMT99/>
* ''Civic universities'', often divided into older or larger and younger or smaller, or some similar division.<ref name=Robbins/><ref name=Watts72/><ref name=Scott95/> The older or larger civic universities, also known as [[Red brick university|redbrick universities]], were founded in provincial cities as non-residential university colleges in the later 19th and early 20th century.<ref name=WhyteTHE>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Times Higher Education]]|quote=Professor Whyte said that [Redbrick] "describes the late 19th, early 20th-century foundations": including Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham, Bristol, Sheffield, Newcastle, as well as Dundee "and the Welsh universities" beyond England|title= How the redbrick universities created British higher education|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/how-the-redbrick-universities-created-british-higher-education|date=12 November 2015|author=John Morgan}}</ref> The newer or smaller civic universities, sometimes called "white tile" universities, were founded later.<ref name=Robbins/><ref name=Watts72/> "Redbrick" is sometimes used to mean any university established between 1800 and 1960,<ref name=Edgerton>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dIpPPshxj0sC&pg=PA72|page=72|author=David Edgerton|title=Science, Technology and the British Industrial 'Decline', 1870-1970|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=28 June 1996|author-link=David Edgerton (historian)|isbn=9780521577786}}</ref> or between 1800 and 1992.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://new.spectator.co.uk/2015/10/labours-purge-of-oxbridge-intellectuals/|title=Corbyn's purge of the Oxbridge set|newspaper=[[The Spectator]]|date=24 October 2015|author=Harry Mount|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024193300/http://new.spectator.co.uk/2015/10/labours-purge-of-oxbridge-intellectuals/|archive-date=24 October 2015}} – refers to many plate glass universities as 'redbrick'</ref> Scott, unusually, uses "redbrick" to refer to the younger civics universities.<ref name=Scott95/>
* ''[[Plate glass university|Plate glass universities]]'' were created in the 1960s as residential universities with degree-awarding powers from the start, in contrast to being created as university colleges.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Times Higher Education]]|title=Life through a plate-glass window...|date=10 August 2001|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/life-through-a-plate-glass-window/164350.article}}</ref> The UGC took the decision to create these universities in the late 1950s and early 1960s, prior to the Robbins Report.<ref name=Robbins/> The Scottish [[University of Stirling]] was the only entirely new university created as a result of the Robbins Report, and is often considered (e.g. by Scott) as a Scottish equivalent of the plate glass universities.<ref name=Scott95/>
* ''Technological universities'' were created from the [[college of advanced technology (United Kingdom)|colleges of advanced technology]] as a result of the recommendations of the 1963 [[Robbins Report]] and are thus also known as Robbins expansion universities.<ref name=Scott95/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkhdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA173|title=The Universities and British Industry: 1850-1970|page=173|author=Michael Sanderson|publisher=Routledge|date=11 October 2018|isbn=9781349216031}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* ''Old universities'' refers to institutions that were part of the university sector prior to 1992, including full colleges of the federal universities of London and Wales in 1992.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2000/nov/02/universityteaching.highereducation|title=Ex-polys match old universities in teaching inspections|author=Lee Elliott Major|date=2 November 2000}}</ref><ref name=Scott95/>
* ''[[New universities (United Kingdom)|New universities]]'' or ''post-1992 universities'' are institutions that entered the university sector following the passing of the [[Further and Higher Education Act 1992]], including former [[polytechnic (United Kingdom)|Polytechnics]], colleges and institutes of higher education, and other higher education corporations, but not older university institutions that were part of the university sector as colleges of the universities of London or Wales (e.g., [[Imperial College]] or [[Cardiff University]]).<ref name=Scott95/> More recent classifications divide the post-1992 universities into those (mainly former polytechnics) that became universities after the 1992 act and other colleges that became universities after the [[Higher Education Act 2004]].<ref name=Watson2013/>
* ''[[Universities in Scotland|Scottish universities]]'', ''[[Universities in Wales|Welsh universities]]'' and ''[[Universities in Northern Ireland|Northern Irish universities]]'' form three of Scott's twelve categories, with the other nine consisting solely of English universities, although he does allow for the Scottish category to be subdivided into ancient, civic, technological, "old 'new{{' "}} (plate glass), and "new 'new{{' "}} (post-1992).<ref name=Scott95/> The four Scottish universities founded in the 1960s (covering Scott's sub-categories of civic, technological and "old 'new{{' "}}) are sometimes termed the Scottish chartered universities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2014/11/2389/8|title=Higher Education in Scotland: In Context|work=Consultation Paper on a Higher Education Governance Bill|publisher=The Scottish Government|access-date=30 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071810/http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2014/11/2389/8|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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These are actual groupings with defined memberships:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/linksforstudents/Pages/Anoverviewofthehighereducationsector.aspx|publisher=[[Universities UK]]|access-date=24 November 2015|title=An overview of the higher education sector|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125181557/http://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/linksforstudents/Pages/Anoverviewofthehighereducationsector.aspx|archive-date=25 November 2015}}</ref>
* [[Russell Group]] – self-selected association of 24 public research universities.
* [[Million+|MillionPlus]] – coalition of post-1992 universities
* [[University Alliance]] – coalition of "business engaged" (mostly) post-1992 universities.
* [[Cathedrals Group]] – coalition of (mostly) new universities with historic links to one or more of the Christian churches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cathedralsgroup.org.uk|title=Welcome to The Cathedrals Group|access-date=24 November 2015}}</ref>
* Independent Universities Group – private universities.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Times Higher Education]]|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/private-providers-create-russell-group-of-the-alternative-sector/2017814.article|title=Private providers create 'Russell Group of the alternative sector'|date=8 January 2015|author=John Morgan}}</ref>
* Independent Higher Education – private universities and higher education providers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2017/01/16/government-championing-new-university-providers-evidence-prove/|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|title=The Government is championing new university providers – but where's the evidence to prove they're fit for purpose?
|author=Professor Gill Evans|date=17 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://independenthe.com/2017/02/13/independent-he-strengthens-representation-of-private-universities-and-colleges/|title=Independent HE strengthens representation of private universities and colleges|date=13 February 2017|publisher=Independent Higher Education|access-date=14 April 2017|archive-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415202209/http://independenthe.com/2017/02/13/independent-he-strengthens-representation-of-private-universities-and-colleges/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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|-
! Cluster 2
| Goldsmiths || – || – || Birmingham; Bristol; Imperial; KCL; Leeds; Liverpool; Manchester; Newcastle; Nottingham; QMUL; Sheffield; Southampton; UCL; Warwick || Bath; Durham; UEA; Exeter; Kent; Lancaster; Leicester; LSE; Loughborough; Reading; RHUL; SOAS; Surrey; Sussex; York || – || Aberdeen; Cardiff; Dundee; Edinburgh; Glasgow; Heriot-Watt; QUB
|-
! Cluster 3
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In common with practice worldwide, graduates of universities in the United Kingdom often place not only their academic qualifications but also the names of the universities that awarded them after their name, the university typically (but not universally) being placed in parentheses, thus: ''John Smith, [[Esquire|Esq]], BSc (Sheffield)'', or ''John Smith BSc Sheffield''. Degrees are generally listed in ascending order of seniority followed by diplomas. An exception may be made when a degree of a different university falls between two degrees of the same university:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/global/wwwoxacuk/localsites/gazette/documents/universitycalendar/style--current_for_2011.pdf|title=Oxford University Calendar: Notes on Style|publisher=University of Oxford|year=2011|access-date=20 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212902/http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/global/wwwoxacuk/localsites/gazette/documents/universitycalendar/style--current_for_2011.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/students/graduation/certificates/postnominalletters/|publisher=Loughborough University|title=Post-Nominal Letters|access-date=20 December 2015}}</ref> ''John Smith, MSci (York), PhD (London)''; ''Jane Smoth BA, PhD (London), MA (Bristol)''.
Some older British universities are regularly denoted by an abbreviation of their Latin name. Notably ''Oxon'', ''Cantab'', ''Dunelm'' are used for the Universities of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] and [[Durham University|Durham]], which are different from the English abbreviation. For other universities, such as ''St And'' for [[University of St Andrews|St Andrews]], ''Glas'' for [[University of Glasgow|Glasgow]], ''Aberd'' for [[University of Aberdeen|Aberdeen]], ''Edin'' for [[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh]] or ''Lond'' for [[University of London]], the Latin and English abbreviations are identical (both ''Aberdon''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKEfYAAACAAJ|title=Hylas. A Lament|quote= In Memory of William Cameron, M.A. (Aberdon.), Scholar of Magdalen College, Oxford, Drowned when Bathing in the Rhine,
are used occasionally, making the Latin explicit). More recently established universities also sometimes use Latin abbreviations, especially when they share the name of an episcopal see, in which case they sometimes use the same abbreviation that the bishop uses for his signature.
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|
|-
|colspan="2" style="border-style:solid solid none solid;"|Birkbeck<ref name=OxCalendar/>
|rowspan = "2"|''Collegium Birkbeck Londiniense''
|rowspan = "2"|[[Birkbeck, University of London]]
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|-
| colspan="2" style="border-style:solid solid none solid;"|Birm<ref name=OxCalendar/>
|rowspan="2"|''[[:la:Universitas Birminghamiensis|Birminghamiensis]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[University of Birmingham]]
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|[[Imperial College London]]
|
|-
| –
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|[[London School of Economics and Political Science]]
|For pre-2008 award, use [[University of London]]'s post nominal abbreviation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/intranet/students/registrationTimetablesAssessment/certificatesDocsLetters/DegreeCertificate.aspx|title=LSE Degree Certificates – Certificates, documentation and letters – Registration, timetables and assessment – Students – Staff and students – Home|first=Sarah|last=Bailey|publisher=London School of Economics|access-date=23 July 2016|archive-date=21 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521220344/http://www.lse.ac.uk/intranet/students/registrationTimetablesAssessment/certificatesDocsLetters/DegreeCertificate.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| –
|LSHTM<ref name=OxCalendarLond>{{cite book|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/media/global/wwwoxacuk/localsites/gazette/documents/universitycalendar/Calendar_Style_Guide_2015.pdf|title=Calendar Style Guide 2015|publisher=[[University of Oxford]]|date=2015|pages=4–5|access-date=21 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820010016/https://www.ox.ac.uk/media/global/wwwoxacuk/localsites/gazette/documents/universitycalendar/Calendar_Style_Guide_2015.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
|[[London School of Hygiene
|
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| quote =The change in the percentage by which the hourly pay of graduates exceeds that of non-graduates mainly impacted on those born after 1987.}}</ref>
In a 2018 study, the [[National Audit Office (United Kingdom)|National Audit Office]] reported that, although some progress has been made in increasing [[Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics|STEM]] subject enrollment since 2011, the progress does not match labour market demand. For example, too many students are seeking a degree in the biological sciences, while the shortage in STEM apprentices has seen little improvement. In particular, women have shown scant interest in acquiring high-demand skills such as a [[computer science]] degree.<ref>{{cite press release
|date= 17 January 2018
|title= Delivering STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) skills for the economy
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In some subjects (particularly those with associated chartered status), professional bodies also accredit degrees, e.g. the [[Institute of Physics]] accredits physics degrees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iop.org/education/higher_education/accreditation/page_43310.html|title=Degree accreditation|publisher=Institute of Physics|access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>
==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Academic ranks in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Armorial of UK universities]]
* [[Colleges within universities in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Education and Skills Funding Agency]]
* [[Jisc]]
* [[List of universities in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Tuition fees in the United Kingdom]]
{{colend}}
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* {{cite book|last1=Whyte|first1=William|title=Redbrick: A Social and Architectural History of Britain's Civic Universities|year=2015}}
==
* {{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/educationandchildcare|title= Studies Concerning Higher Education and Adult Learning from the Office for National Statistics|publisher=Office for National Statistics}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/|title= The Complete University Guide}}
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{{Education in the United Kingdom}}
}}
{{Auth}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Universities In The United Kingdom}}
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