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{{for|the free trade scheme between two countries|Economic partnership agreement}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:UK_EPA.png|thumb|right|450px|'''United Kingdom's Economic Partnership Agreements''' {{legend|Black|United Kingdom}} {{legend|#fc4e2a|Cameroon EPA}} {{legend|#33a02c|CARIFORUM EPA}} {{legend|#ffff33|Eastern and Southern Africa EPA}} {{legend|#9970ab|Ghana EPA}} {{legend|#feb24c|Ivory Coast EPA}} {{legend|#081d5a|Kenya EPA}} {{legend|#41b6c4|Pacific States EPA}} {{legend|#984ea3|Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique EPA}}]]
'''Economic Partnership Agreements''' ('''EPAs''') are a scheme to create a [[free trade area]] (FTA) between the [[European Union]] and other countries. They are a response to continuing criticism that the non-reciprocal and discriminating [[Preferential trading area|preferential trade agreements]] offered by the EU are incompatible with [[WTO]] rules. The EPAs date back to the signing of the [[Cotonou Agreement]]. The EPAs with the different regions are at different states of play. The EU has signed EPAs with the following countries: the [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC), [[Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]] (16 states), six countries in [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|Eastern and Southern Africa]], [[Cameroon]], four Pacific states, and the [[CARIFORUM]] states.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU Trade agreements |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/negotiations-and-agreements_en |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=policy.trade.ec.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> Their defining characteristic is that they open up exports to the EU immediately, while exports to the partner regions is opened up only partially and over transitioning periods.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Access2Markets Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) |url=https://trade.ec.europa.eu/access-to-markets/en/content/economic-partnership-agreements-epas |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=trade.ec.europa.eu}}</ref>
Following the [[Brexit|withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union]], the [[United Kingdom]] duplicated
There is also an [[Economic Partnership Agreement (Japan-EU)|EU-Japan EPA]], which is however symmetrical in opening markets, and thus only an EPA in name
==Key elements==
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===Regionalism===
True to the Cotonou principle of ''differentiation and regionalisation'' the [[developing countries]] are encouraged to enter into the EPAs in regional groupings. So far the [[ACP countries]] have formed seven
*the [[Economic Community of West African States]]
*the [[Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cemac.int/ |title=Commission de la Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale (CEMAC) |access-date=2010-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310151637/http://www.cemac.int/ |archive-date=2010-03-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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* The most significant, but not necessarily most likely effect, is that there could be increases in foreign exchange earning and positive effects for the rest of the economy.
==
[[File:UK_EPA.png|thumb|right|450px|{{legend|Black|United Kingdom}} {{legend|#fc4e2a|Cameroon EPA}} {{legend|#33a02c|CARIFORUM EPA}} {{legend|#ffff33|Eastern and Southern Africa EPA}} {{legend|#9970ab|Ghana EPA}} {{legend|#feb24c|Ivory Coast EPA}} {{legend|#081d5a|Kenya EPA}} {{legend|#41b6c4|Pacific States EPA}} {{legend|#984ea3|Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique EPA}}]]
Following the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|Brexit referendum]], the United Kingdom replicated the eight European Economic Partnership Agreements that were entered into force prior to the UK's withdrawal from the EU on 1 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/uk-trade-agreements-in-effect|title=UK trade agreements in effect|access-date=13 April 2024|date=3 November 2022|work=[[gov.uk|GOV.UK]]|archive-date=13 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413224201/https://www.gov.uk/guidance/uk-trade-agreements-in-effect|url-status=live}}</ref> These "[[Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom|continuity trade agreements]]" duplicate the majority of its clauses and text from the European agreements.<ref>{{Cite web |last1= Eiser |last2= McEwen |last3= Roy |first1= David |first2= Nicola |first3= Graeme |date=7 April 2021 |title=The Trade Policies of Brexit Britain: the Influence of and Impacts on the Devolved Nations |url=https://brill.com/downloadpdf/journals/eris/8/1/article-p22_22.pdf |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|access-date=20 February 2024|archive-url=https://ifs.org.uk/uploads/publications/comms/r116.pdf|archive-date=14 April 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> The following agreements, with countries and regions, were entered into force following Brexit:
*[[
*[[
*[[
*[[Ghana]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Duddridge|first1=James|last2=Jayawarden|first2=Jaya|last3=Truss|first3=Liz|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-signs-trade-partnership-agreement-with-ghana|title=UK signs Trade Partnership Agreement with Ghana|date=2 March 2021|work=GOV.UK|access-date=22 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302162419/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-signs-trade-partnership-agreement-with-ghana|archive-date=2 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Pacific Islands Forum|Pacific States]]<ref>{{cite web|title=UK and Pacific Islands sign trade continuity agreement|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-pacific-islands-sign-trade-continuity-agreement|date=14 March 2019|website=GOV.UK|access-date=10 December 2023}} [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/787355/MS_15.2019i_Pacific_States_Eco_Partner.pdf UK–Pacific States FTA]</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=14 March 2019|title=UK signs post-Brexit trade deal with Fiji and Papua New Guinea|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/mar/14/uk-signs-post-brexit-trade-deal-with-fiji-and-papua-new-guinea|website=The Guardian|access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref>▼
*[[Ivory Coast]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Jayawardena|first=Ranil|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/the-united-kingdom-and-cote-divoire-sign-economic-partnership-agreement|title=The United Kingdom and Côte d'Ivoire sign Economic Partnership Agreement|website=GOV.UK|date=15 October 2020|access-date=31 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015174614/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/the-united-kingdom-and-cote-divoire-sign-economic-partnership-agreement|archive-date=15 October 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique]]<ref>{{cite web|title=UK agreed trade continuity with 6 African nations|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-agreed-trade-continuity-with-six-african-nations|last=Truss|first=Elizabeth|date=11 September 2019|website=GOV.UK|access-date=10 December 2023}}[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/844509/MS_34.2019_v1_pt1_UK_SACU_Mozambique_EPA.pdf UK -SACU & Mozambique FTA]</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=11 September 2019|title=Britain agrees post-Brexit trade deal with southern Africa|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-africa-trade-idUKKCN1VW1N5|website=Reuters|access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref>▼
*[[Kenya]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Duddridge|first1=James|last2=Jayawardena|first2=Ranil|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-kenya-secure-a-trade-agreement|title=UK and Kenya secure a trade agreement|website=GOV.UK|date=3 November 2020|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718172615/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-kenya-secure-a-trade-agreement|archive-date=18 July 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
▲*[[Pacific Islands Forum|Pacific States]]<ref>{{cite web|title=UK and Pacific Islands sign trade continuity agreement|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-pacific-islands-sign-trade-continuity-agreement|date=14 March 2019|website=GOV.UK|access-date=
▲*[[Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique]]<ref>{{cite web|title=UK agreed trade continuity with 6 African nations|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-agreed-trade-continuity-with-six-african-nations|last=Truss|first=Elizabeth|date=11 September 2019|website=GOV.UK|access-date=
===Cameroon===
The Cameroon EPA is a continuity trade agreement based of the EU's EPA with the [[Economic Community of Central African States]], with Cameroon being the only ECCAS member to ratify the EPA.<ref name="Cotton">{{cite web |last=Cotton|first=Barney|title=UK and Cameroon secure Economic Partnership Agreement|url=https://www.businessleader.co.uk/uk-and-cameroon-secure-economic-partnership-agreement/|website=Business Leader|date=4 January 2021|access-date=26 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925160945/https://www.businessleader.co.uk/uk-and-cameroon-secure-economic-partnership-agreement/|archive-date=25 September 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> The trade deal was signed on 28 December 2020, while the agreement entered into force on 1 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=United Kingdom - Cameroon|url=http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1114|website=World Trade Organization|access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref>
===CARIFORUM===
The CARIFORUM EPA is a continuity trade agreement based of the EU's EPA with the [[CARIFORUM|Caribbean Forum]] states; these include [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[The Bahamas]], [[Barbados]], [[Belize]], [[Dominica]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Grenada]], [[Guyana]], [[Jamaica]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], and [[Trinidad and Tobago]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Partington|first=Richard|url= https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/mar/22/uk-secures-post-brexit-trade-deal-with-group-of-caribbean-countries|website=[[The Guardian]]|title=UK secures post-Brexit trade deal with group of Caribbean countries|date=22 March 2019|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829163029/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/mar/22/uk-secures-post-brexit-trade-deal-with-group-of-caribbean-countries|archive-date=29 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> The trade deal was signed on 22 March 2019, while the agreement entered into force on 1 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=United Kingdom - CARIFORUM States|url=http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1114|website=World Trade Organization|access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> [[Suriname]] signed and acceded to the EPA on 5 March 2021.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jayawardena|first=Ranil|title=Suriname signs CARIFORUM-UK EPA|date=5 March 2021|website=GOV.UK|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/suriname-signs-cariforum-uk-epa|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305165837/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/suriname-signs-cariforum-uk-epa|archive-date=5 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Haiti]] is eligible to join the EPA if it signs the agreement and bring it into effect.<ref>{{cite web|date=8 August 2019|url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/summary-of-the-cariforum-uk-economic-partnership-agreement-epa|access-date=29 December 2020|website=GOV.UK|title=Trade with the CARIFORUM States from 1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405110458/https://www.gov.uk/guidance/summary-of-the-cariforum-uk-economic-partnership-agreement-epa|archive-date=5 April 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Eastern and Southern Africa===
The Eastern and Southern Africa EPA is a continuity trade agreement based of the EU's EPA with the [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|COMESA]] states; these include [[Mauritius]], [[Seychelles]], and [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://african-chamber.com/news/f/uk-trade-with-eastern-and-southern-africa-esa-from-1-jan-2021?blogcategory=Africa|title=UK Trade with Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) from 1 Jan 2021|website=African Business Chamber|date=5 November 2020|access-date=10 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829163439/https://african-chamber.com/news/f/uk-trade-with-eastern-and-southern-africa-esa-from-1-jan-2021?blogcategory=Africa|archive-date=29 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> The trade deal was signed on 31 January 2019, while the agreement entered into force on 1 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=United Kingdom - Eastern and Southern African States|url=http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1114|website=World Trade Organization|access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> [[Madagascar]] signed the EPA on 4 November 2021 and joined the agreement on 1 August 2024.<ref name="esaepa"/> [[Comoros]] signed the EPA on 12 April 2022, both countries wil be covered by the agreement when they bring it into effect.<ref name="ukta">{{cite web|date=2 March 2020|title=The UK's trade agreements|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/the-uks-trade-agreements|access-date=14 April 2023|website=GOV.UK|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419191827/https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/the-uks-trade-agreements|archive-date=19 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Zambia]] will be covered by the EPA if they sign it and bring it into effect.<ref name="esaepa">{{cite web|date=6 February 2019|title=ESA-UK economic partnership agreement (EPA)|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/esa-uk-economic-partnership-agreement-epa--2|access-date=14 April 2023|website=GOV.UK|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510180439/https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/esa-uk-economic-partnership-agreement-epa--2|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Ghana===
The Ghana EPA is a continuity trade agreement based of the EU's EPA with the [[ECOWAS|Economic Community of West African States]], with Ghana being one of only two ECOWAS member to ratify the EPA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/ghana-uk-to-sign-new-trade-agreement-today/|title=Ghana, UK to sign new trade agreement today|date=2 March 2021|work=[[Ghanaian Times]]|access-date=22 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302141913/https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/ghana-uk-to-sign-new-trade-agreement-today/|archive-date=2 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> The trade deal was signed on 2 March 2021, while the agreement entered into force on 5 March 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=United Kingdom - Ghana|url=http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1114|website=World Trade Organization|access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref>
===Ivory Coast===
The Ivory Coast EPA is a continuity trade agreement based of the EU's EPA with the [[ECOWAS|Economic Community of West African States]], with Ivory Coast being the other ECOWAS member to ratify the EPA.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ballard|first=Oli|url=https://www.businessleader.co.uk/the-uk-and-ivory-coast-sign-economic-partnership-agreement/|title=The UK and Ivory Coast sign Economic Partnership Agreement|website=Business Leader|date=20 October 2020|access-date=31 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829181610/https://www.businessleader.co.uk/the-uk-and-ivory-coast-sign-economic-partnership-agreement/|archive-date=29 August 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> The trade deal was signed on 15 October 2020, while the agreement entered into force on 1 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=United Kingdom - Côte d'Ivoire|url=http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1114|website=World Trade Organization|access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref>
===Kenya===
The Kenya EPA is a continuity trade agreement based of the EU's EPA with the [[East African Community]], with Cameroon being the only ECCAS member to ratify the EPA.<ref name="Cotton"/> The trade deal was signed on 8 December 2020, while the agreement entered into force on 1 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=United Kingdom - Kenya|url=http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1114|website=World Trade Organization|access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> All the other East African Community members are eligible to apply for accession to the EPA; these members include [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]], [[Rwanda]], [[Somalia]], [[South Sudan]], [[Tanzania]], and [[Uganda]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Scrutiny of international agreements: Economic Partnership Agreement with Kenya, Trade in Goods Agreement with Norway and Iceland, and Free Trade Agreement with Vietnam|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld5801/ldselect/ldintagr/221/22104.htm|access-date=14 April 2023|website=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418195034/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld5801/ldselect/ldintagr/221/22104.htm|archive-date=18 April 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Willems|first=Michiel|date=1 March 2021|title=New UK-Kenya trade deal to be extended to all of East Africa after threats not to ratify|url=https://www.cityam.com/uk-kenya-trade-deal-to-be-extended-to-all-of-east-africa-following-threats-not-to-ratify/ |website=[[City A.M.]]|access-date=29 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804155321/https://www.cityam.com/uk-kenya-trade-deal-to-be-extended-to-all-of-east-africa-following-threats-not-to-ratify/|archive-date=4 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Pacific States===
The Pacific States EPA is a continuity trade agreement based of the EU's EPA with the [[Pacific Islands Forum]] states; these initially included [[Fiji]], and [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Partington|first=Richard|date=14 March 2019|title=UK signs post-Brexit trade deal with Fiji and Papua New Guinea|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/mar/14/uk-signs-post-brexit-trade-deal-with-fiji-and-papua-new-guinea|website=The Guardian|access-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315041527/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/mar/14/uk-signs-post-brexit-trade-deal-with-fiji-and-papua-new-guinea|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The trade deal was signed on 14 March 2019, while the agreement entered into force on 1 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=United Kingdom - Pacific States|url=http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1114|website=World Trade Organization|access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> The [[Solomon Islands]] joined the EPA on the 5 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 January 2021|title=Solomon Islands Accession onto the UK-Pacific interim Economic Partnership Agreement|url=http://www.mfaet.gov.sb/media-center/press-releases/external-trade-news/211-si-accession-uk-pacific-interim-epa.html |website=Solomon Islands Government {{!}} Ministry of Foreign Affairs and External Trade|access-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128030351/http://www.mfaet.gov.sb/media-center/press-releases/external-trade-news/211-si-accession-uk-pacific-interim-epa.html|archive-date=28 January 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Samoa]] joined the EPA on the 11 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rheeney|first=Alexander|date=11 January 2022|title=Samoa signs trade agreement with U.K.|url=https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/samoa/77330 |website=[[Samoa Observer]]|access-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112150510/https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/samoa/77330|archive-date=12 January 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Cook Islands]], [[Kiribati]], the [[Marshall Islands]], the [[Federated States of Micronesia]], [[Nauru]], [[Niue]], [[Palau]], [[Tonga]], [[Tuvalu]], and [[Vanuatu]] are eligible to join the EPA if they sign it and bring it into effect; Tonga has shown interest in acceding to the EPA.<ref>{{cite report|date=March 2019|title=Continuing the United Kingdom's trade relationship with the Republic of Fiji and the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ("the Pacific States")|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/795433/Continuing-the-uks-trade-relationship-with-pacific-states.pdf|access-date=17 April 2023|website=GOV.UK|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725034024/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/795433/Continuing-the-uks-trade-relationship-with-pacific-states.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique===
The [[Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique]] EPA is a continuity trade agreement based of the EU's EPA with the [[Southern African Customs Union]] states; these include [[Botswana]], [[Eswatini]], [[Lesotho]], [[Namibia]], and [[South Africa]], while the UK EPA also incorporated [[Mozambique]] which had joined the customs union since the EU–SACUM EPA was signed.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bavier|first=Joe|date=11 September 2019|title=Britain agrees post-Brexit trade deal with southern Africa|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-africa-trade-idUKKCN1VW1N5|website=Reuters|access-date=17 December 2023|url-access=registration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218025328/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-africa-trade-idUKKCN1VW1N5/|archive-date=18 February 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> The trade deal was signed on 9 October 2019, aside from South africa which signed on the 16 October 2019, while the agreement entered into force on 1 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=United Kingdom - SACU and Mozambique|url=http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1114|website=World Trade Organization|access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref>
==See also==
Line 67 ⟶ 95:
==Further reading==
*Bilal, S; Rampa, F. (2006). Alternative (to) EPAs. Possible scenarios for the future ACP trade relations with the EU (ECDPM Policy Management Report 11). Maastricht: ECDPM. Retrieved June 9, 2006, from [http://www.ecdpm.org/pmr11 www.ecdpm.org]
*ECDPM. 2002. Cotonou Infokit. Maastricht: ECDPM. Retrieved June 8, 2006 from [http://www.ecdpm.org/Web_ECDPM/Web/Content/Content.nsf/7732def81dddfa7ac1256c240034fe65/a6001a8c37b47429c1256c7f0052a33e?OpenDocument www.ecdpm.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006053913/http://www.ecdpm.org/Web_ECDPM/Web/Content/Content.nsf/7732def81dddfa7ac1256c240034fe65/a6001a8c37b47429c1256c7f0052a33e?OpenDocument |date=6 October 2006 }}
*Giesbert, L; Pfeiffer, B.; Schotte, S (2016): [https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publication/economic-partnership-agreements-with-the-eu-trade-offs-for-africa Economic Partnership Agreements with the EU: Trade-Offs for Africa]. GIGA Focus Africa 7–2016, retrieved 21 December 2016 from [http://www.giga-hamburg.de www.giga-hamburg.de].
*Gillson, I; Grimm, S. (2004). European development cooperation to 2010. EU trade partnerships with developing countries. London: Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved June 10, 2006, from [http://www.odi.org.uk/Publications/briefing/edc/edc_bp_eu_trade.pdf www.odi.org.uk]
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