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East Papuan languages: Difference between revisions

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{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{cleanup lang|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox language family
|name = East Papuan
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|child11 = {{nowrap|× [[Reefs – Santa Cruz languages|Reefs – Santa Cruz]]}}<br/>(now Austronesian)
|child12 = × [[Kazukuru language]] <br/>(now Austronesian)
|child13 = × [[Yele language|Yele]] <br/>(now Austronesian)
|glotto = none
}}
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The '''East Papuan languages''' is a defunct proposal for a [[language family|family]] of [[Papuan languages]] spoken on the islands to the east of [[New Guinea]], including [[New Britain]], [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]], [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]], [[Solomon Islands]], and the [[Santa Cruz Islands]]. There is no evidence that these languages are related to each other, and the Santa Cruz languages are no longer recognized as Papuan.
 
All but two of the starred languages below ([[Yele language|Yélî Dnye]] and [[Sulka language|Sulka]]) make a gender distinction in their pronouns. Several of the heavily Papuanized Austronesian languages of New Britain do as well. This suggests a pre-Austronesian [[Sprachbund|language area]] in the region.
 
==History of the proposal==
 
The East Papuan languages were proposed as a family by linguist [[Stephen Wurm]] (1975) and others. However, their work was preliminary, and there is little evidence that the East Papuan languages actually have a [[Genetic relationship (linguistics)|genetic relationship]]. For example, none of these fifteen languages marked with asterisks below share more than 2–3% of their basic vocabulary with any of the others. Dunn and colleagues (2005) tested the reliability of the proposed 2–3% [[cognate]]s by randomizing the vocabulary lists and comparing them again. The nonsense comparisons produced the same 2–3% of "shared" vocabulary, demonstrating that the proposed cognates of the East Papuan languages, and even of proposed families within the East Papuan languages, are as likely to be due to chance as to any genealogical relationship. Thus in a conservative classification, many of the East Papuan languages would be considered [[language isolate]]s.
 
Since the islands in question have been settled for at least 35&nbsp;,000 years, their considerable linguistic diversity is unsurprising. However, [[Malcolm Ross (linguist)|Malcolm Ross]] (2001; 2005) has presented evidence from comparing [[pronoun]]s from nineteen of these languages that several of the lower-level branches of East Papuan may indeed be valid families. This is the classification adopted here. For Wurm's more inclusive classification, see the [[EthnologueGlottolog]] entrypage [httphttps://wwwglottolog.ethnologue.comorg/show_family.asp?subid=91729resource/reference/id/135107 here].
 
==Classification (Ross 2005)==
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}}
 
*'''[[BainingEast New Britain languages|Baining (East New Britain)]]''' family
{{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Baining languages|Baining]]: [[Mali language|Mali]]*, [[Qaqet language|Qaqet]], [[Kairak language|Kairak]], [[Simbali language|Simbali]], [[Taulil language|Taulil]]**, [[Butam language|Butam]] (extinct)**, [[Ura language (Papua New Guinea)|Ura]], [[Makolkol language|Makolkol]]
|2=[[Taulil–Butam languages|Taulil–Butam]]: [[Taulil language|Taulil]]**, [[Butam language|Butam]] (extinct)**
}}
}}
 
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|1={{clade
|1=''[[Bilua language|Bilua]]''* ([[Vella Lavella]] Island)
|2=''[[Touo language|Touo]] (Baniata)''* (southern [[Rendova Island]], part of the [[New Georgia Islands|South Rendova Island]])
|3=''[[Lavukaleve language|Lavukaleve]]''* ([[Russell Islands]])
|4=''[[Savosavo language|Savosavo]]''* ([[Savo Island]])
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===True language isolates===
These three languages are not thought to be demonstrably related to each other or to any language in the world. If the Yele – West New Britain family is not confirmed, the region may contain six isolates rather than three.
 
*'''[[Sulka language|Sulka]]''' isolate* – New Britain (poor data quality; the possibility remains that Sulka will be shown to be related to Kol or Baining)
*'''[[Kol language (Papua New Guinea)|Kol]]''' isolate* – New Britain
 
*'''[[KolKuot language (Papua New Guinea)|KolKuot]] (Panaras)''' isolate* – [[New BritainIreland (island)|New Ireland]]
 
'''[[Kuot language|Kuot]] (Panaras)''' isolate* – [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]]
 
''<nowiki>*</nowiki> Dunn and colleagues found no demonstrable shared vocabulary between these fifteen languages.''
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==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal | last = Dunn | first = Michael |author2=Ger Reesink |author3=Angela Terrill |date=June 2002 | title = The East Papuan languages: a preliminary typological appraisal | journal = Oceanic Linguistics | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 28–62 | doi = 10.1353/ol.2002.0019 | oclc = 89720097 | hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1ADC-1 | s2cid = 143012930 | hdl-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | last = Dunn | first = Michael |author2= Angela Terrill |author3=Ger Reesink | author4-link =[[ Robert Foley (academic) |author4=Robert A. Foley]] | author5-link = Stephen C. Levinson |author5=[[Stephen C. Levinson]] | date = 2005-09-23 | title = Structural Phylogenetics and the Reconstruction of Ancient Language History | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 309 | issue = 5743 | pages = 2072–75 | doi = 10.1126/science.1114615 | pmid = 16179483 | bibcode = 2005Sci...309.2072D | oclc = 111923848 | hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1B84-E | s2cid = 2963726 | hdl-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | last = Dunn | first = Michael |author2=Malcolm Ross | year = 2007 | title = Is Kazukuru really non-Austronesian? | journal = Oceanic Linguistics | volume = 46 | pages = 210–231 | doi = 10.1353/ol.2007.0018| url = https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/item/item_60507_1/component/file_60508/dunn_2007_is%20kazukuru.pdf | hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1EBB-9 | s2cid = 146355432 | hdl-access = free }}
* {{cite book | last = Ross | first = Malcolm | authorlinkauthor-link = Malcolm Ross (linguist) | year = 2001 | chapter = Is there an East Papuan phylum? Evidence from pronouns | editor = [[Andrew Pawley]] | editor-link = Andrew Pawley |editor2=[[Malcolm Ross (linguist)|editor2-link=Malcolm Ross]] (linguist) |editor3=[[Darrell Tryon]] eds.|editor3-link=Darrell Tryon | title = The boy from Bundaberg: Studies in Melanesian linguistics in honour of Tom Dutton | location = Canberra | publisher = Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University | pages = 301–322 | isbn = 978-0-85883-445-3 | oclc = 48651069 }}
* {{Malcolm Ross Pronouns}}
* {{cite book | last = Wurm | first = Stephen A. | authorlinkauthor-link = Stephen Wurm | year = 1975 | chapter = The East Papuan phylum in general | editor = [[Stephen A. Wurm | editor-link = Stephen A. Wurm]] ed. | title = Papuan languages and the New Guinea linguistic scene: New Guinea area languages and language study 1 | location = Canberra | publisher = Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University | pages = 783–804 | isbn = | oclc = 37096514 }}
{{Refend}}
 
{{Papuan languages}}
 
[[Category:East Papuan languages| ]]
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[[Category:Languages of the Solomon Islands]]
[[Category:Proposed language families]]
[[Category:Papuan languages]]
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