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| footer = Russian stamps honoring soldiers killed in the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]. As of February 2023, the number of Russian soldiers killed and wounded in Ukraine was estimated at nearly 200,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/02/us/politics/ukraine-russia-casualties.html |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 February 2023|title=Soaring Death Toll Gives Grim Insight Into Russian Tactics|access-date=19 March 2023|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207184914/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/02/us/politics/ukraine-russia-casualties.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
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On 24 February 2022, Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] gave the execute order to for the Armed Forces to begin the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Terrible toll': Russia's invasion of Ukraine in numbers |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/terrible-toll-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-in-numbers/ |work=[[Euractiv]] |date=14 February 2023 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712061818/https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/terrible-toll-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-in-numbers/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Murtaza |title=The War in Ukraine Is Just Getting Started |url=https://theintercept.com/2023/03/09/ukraine-war-russia-iran-iraq/ |work=The Intercept |date=9 March 2023 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518234805/https://theintercept.com/2023/03/09/ukraine-war-russia-iran-iraq/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 10 April 2022 General [[Aleksandr Dvornikov]] assumed command of the operation.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Burns |first1=Robert |last2=Yen |first2=Hope |date=10 April 2022 |title=US doubts new Russian war chief can end Moscow's floundering |publisher=AP News |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-appoints-new-ukraine-war-commander-dvornikov-225f976f9abfb5aff6154ac3b77c21e6 |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605060139/https://apnews.com/article/russia-appoints-new-ukraine-war-commander-dvornikov-225f976f9abfb5aff6154ac3b77c21e6?utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=AP&utm_campaign=SocialFlow |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2022, at the same time as the Armed Forces began suffering [[Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War|severe casualties]], the Ground Forces began to site ammunition in or near structures which are frequented by civilians due to the [[human shield]] benefit, ostensibly because Ukrainian [[HIMARS]] had tilted the odds of his strategy of attrition by artillery.<ref name="jpalj">{{cite news |last1=Psaropoulos |first1=John |title=Russia resumes eastern Ukraine offensive and expands war aims |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/21/russia-resumes-hostilities-as-ukraine-targets-ammunition |publisher=Al Jazeera Media Network |date=21 June 2022 |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725192317/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/21/russia-resumes-hostilities-as-ukraine-targets-ammunition |url-status=live }}</ref> Within hours after Defence Minister [[Sergei Shoigu]]'s signature on the UN-brokered deal to resume Ukraine's Black Sea grain exports, Russia bombed the [[Port of Odesa]].<ref name="skyyt">{{cite news |title=Ukraine War: Missiles hit Odesa hours after grain agreement |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgVplcsjxRc |agency=YouTube |publisher=Sky News |date=23 July 2022 |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803234052/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgVplcsjxRc |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="f24un">{{cite news |title=UN officials announce grain exports deal with Russia, Ukraine and Turkey |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220722-live-ukraine-ports-to-reopen-after-grain-export-deal-with-russia-says-turkey |publisher=FRANCE 24 |date=22 July 2022 |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724120705/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220722-live-ukraine-ports-to-reopen-after-grain-export-deal-with-russia-says-turkey |url-status=live }}</ref>
According to ''[[Forbes]]'' Moscow had committed, as of the end of July 2022, 10 of its [[Combined Arms]] Armies to the invasion.<ref name="dasuf">{{cite news |last1=Axe |first1=David |title=In Southern Ukraine, Kyiv's Artillery Drops Bridges And Isolates A Whole Russian Army |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/07/29/in-southern-ukraine-kyivs-artillery-drops-bridges-and-isolates-a-whole-russian-army/?sh=54b2cb0c1e1a |work=Forbes |date=29 July 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908151335/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/07/29/in-southern-ukraine-kyivs-artillery-drops-bridges-and-isolates-a-whole-russian-army/?sh=54b2cb0c1e1a |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Wagner Group]] has made a name for itself as Putin's "private army."<ref name="economistexplains">{{Cite news |title=What is the Wagner Group, Russia's mercenary organisation? |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/03/07/what-is-the-wagner-group-russias-mercenary-organisation |access-date=16 March 2022 |issn=0013-0613 |quote="From a legal perspective, Wagner doesn't exist," says Sorcha MacLeod |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202144401/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/03/07/what-is-the-wagner-group-russias-mercenary-organisation |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2023, Putin backed the Ministry of Defense's plan to make mercenary groups sign contracts, which Wagner leader [[Yevgeny Prigozhin]] pushed against: these contracts would have placed the Wagner Group under the Ministry's command structure as subordinates and limited Prigozhin's own influence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Osborn |first=Andrew |date=13 June 2023 |title=Putin backs push for mercenary groups to sign contracts despite Wagner's refusal |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putin-backs-push-mercenary-groups-sign-contracts-despite-wagners-refusal-2023-06-13/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622143644/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putin-backs-push-mercenary-groups-sign-contracts-despite-wagners-refusal-2023-06-13/ |archive-date=22 June 2023}}</ref> Later in June, the Wagner Group [[Wagner Group mutiny|turned against]] the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the Ministry of Defense<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Putin in crisis: Wagner chief Prigozhin declares war on Russian military leadership, says 'we will destroy everything' |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/putin-in-crisis-as-wagner-chief-prigozhin-declares-war-on-russian-military-leadership/ |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=POLITICO |language=en |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623231535/https://www.politico.eu/article/putin-in-crisis-as-wagner-chief-prigozhin-declares-war-on-russian-military-leadership/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Regan |first1=Helen |last2=Raine |first2=Andrew |date=24 June 2023 |title=Russia accuses Wagner chief Yevgeny Prigozhin of urging "armed rebellion": Live updates |language=en |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-ukraine-war-news-06-24-23/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624073110/https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-ukraine-war-news-06-24-23/index.html |archive-date=24 June 2023}}</ref> until a peace deal was reached. According to Prigozhin, part of the reason for his march against Russia was to stop the government from "[dismantling] PMC Wagner."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bourke|first1=Latika|title=Live updates: Putin vows to defend Russia against Wagner rebellion|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/live-updates-putin-vows-to-defend-russia-against-wagner-rebellion-20230624-p5dj6x.html|access-date=24 June 2023|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=24 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624145405/https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/live-updates-putin-vows-to-defend-russia-against-wagner-rebellion-20230624-p5dj6x.html|archive-date=24 June 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
By July 2024, according to the Supreme Commander of NATO Allied Forces Europe [[Christopher Cavoli]]: "The Russians are very cleverly adapting technologically and procedurally to many of the challenges that they run into in Ukraine".<ref>{{cite web | title=General Cavoli notes Russia's adaptation to challenges in war against Ukraine | website=Interfax-Ukraine | date=2024-07-10 | url=https://interfax.com.ua/news/general/999380-amp.html | ref={{sfnref | Interfax-Ukraine | 2024}} | access-date=2024-07-25}}</ref> Cavoli also said in April 2024 that the Russian military has replaced its troop and equipment losses and is larger than it was before the start of the conflict.<ref>{{cite web | title=Russian military replaced Ukraine battlefield losses 'far faster' than expected, general warns | website=POLITICO | date=2024-04-11 | url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/04/11/christopher-cavoli-russian-military-losses-00151718 | ref={{sfnref | POLITICO | 2024}} | access-date=2024-07-25}}</ref> On June 26, 2024, the [[UK]]-based [[Royal United Services Institute]] [[think tank]] reported that Russia continues to increase the production and sophistication of its main weapons and its defense industry remained highly dependent on foreign imports of critical components.<ref>{{cite web | title=A Methodology for Degrading the Arms of the Russian Federation | website=Royal United Services Institute | date=2024-06-26 | url=https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/occasional-papers/methodology-degrading-arms-russian-federation | ref={{sfnref | Royal United Services Institute | 2024}} | access-date=2024-07-25}}</ref> The Ukrainian Commander-in-Chief Colonel General [[Oleksandr Syrskyi]] said on 24 July 2024 that Russians were much better resourced now but also suffer three times higher losses than Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Harding | first1=Luke | last2=Mamo | first2=Alessio | title='I know we will win – and how': Ukraine's top general on turning the tables against Russia | website=the Guardian | date=2024-07-24 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/24/i-know-we-will-win-and-how-ukraines-top-general-on-turning-the-tables-against-russia | access-date=2024-07-25}}</ref>
==Structure==
[[File:Belousov-HR.jpg|thumb|left|[[Minister of Defence (Russia)|Minister of Defence]], [[Andrey Belousov]]|272x272px]]
[[File:Valery Gerasimov official photo version
The [[Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation]] serves as the administrative body of the Armed Forces. Since Soviet times, the General Staff has acted as the main commanding and supervising body of the Russian armed forces. "[T]he Soviet General Staff without the MoD is conceivable, but the MoD without the General Staff is not."{{sfn|Odom|1998|page=27}}
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In 2014 the Northern Fleet was reorganized in separate Joint Strategic Command. Since 1 January 2021, this Command has the status of military district.<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|date=1 January 2021|title=Северный флот России получил статус военного округа|language=ru|work=[[Interfax]]|url=https://www.interfax.ru/russia/743819|access-date=16 September 2021|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120100431/https://www.interfax.ru/russia/743819|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:
Geographically divided, the five commands/districts are:
* Joint Strategic Command West – [[Western Military District]] (HQ in [[St. Petersburg]]), includes the Baltic Fleet;
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{| class="wikitable"
|+ Age limits for admission to military educational institutions<ref name="Law53-FZ"/><ref name="Order185">{{cite act|type=Order|index=185|date=7 April 2015|legislature=[[Minister of Defence (Russia)|Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation]]|title=Об утверждении Порядка и условий приёма в образовательные организации высшего образования, находящиеся в ведении Министерства обороны Российской Федерации|language=ru|url=https://docs.cntd.ru/document/420269638}} {{Cite web |url=https://docs.cntd.ru/document/420269638 |title=
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; width: 350px;" | Type of military educational institution
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===2019 reform of the reserve officer training system===
In 2018 the military departments and the military training centers were abolished.<ref>{{cite act|type=Federal Law|index=309-FZ|date=3 August 2018|legislature=[[State Duma]]|title=О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации в части совершенствования военной подготовки студентов федеральных государственных образовательных организаций высшего образования|language=ru|url=http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000505&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=03.08.2018&a8=309-%D4%C7&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=60&y=17}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000505&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=03.08.2018&a8=309-%D4%C7&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=60&y=17 |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=11 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911130516/http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000505&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=03.08.2018&a8=309-%D4%C7&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=60&y=17 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> From that moment on, students of civilian institutions of higher education were trained under both officers training programmes (for reserve and for active duty) in the [[Military training centers of civilian universities (Russia)|Military Training Centers]].<ref>{{cite act|type=Decree|index=848|date=3 July 2019|legislature=[[Government of Russia]]|title=Об утверждении Положения о военных учебных центрах при федеральных государственных образовательных организациях высшего образования и о признании утратившими силу некоторых актов Правительства Российской Федерации|language=ru|url=http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000496&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=102000066&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=03.07.2019&a8=848&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=75&y=12}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?searchres=&bpas=cd00000&a3=102000496&a3type=1&a3value=&a6=102000066&a6type=1&a6value=&a15=&a15type=1&a15value=&a7type=1&a7from=&a7to=&a7date=03.07.2019&a8=848&a8type=1&a1=&a0=&a16=&a16type=1&a16value=&a17=&a17type=1&a17value=&a4=&a4type=1&a4value=&a23=&a23type=1&a23value=&textpres=&sort=7&x=75&y=12 |title=
===Mobilization===
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In September 2023, various Russian regions launched the production of suicide drones at their own initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/0904/093575074/detail.shtml |title=ЦАМТО / / На Камчатке запустили производство дронов-камикадзе |access-date=25 September 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009110317/https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/0904/093575074/detail.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/0922/093575423/detail.shtml |title=ЦАМТО / / Хабаровский радиотехнический завод представил свои первые БЛА для СВО |access-date=25 September 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009110320/https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/0922/093575423/detail.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Vladimir Putin also claimed that the production of main armored vehicles has increased by four times in comparison with the past year and the production of the especially important destruction means by three times.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/0920/094075365/detail.shtml |title=ЦАМТО / / Владимир Путин провел в Ижевске заседание Военно-промышленной комиссии |access-date=25 September 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009110317/https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/0920/094075365/detail.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
According to the Russian Ministry of Defense,<ref>{{cite web | last=Новости | first=РИА | title=Поставки новой техники в армию в 2023 году составили 98,8 процента от плана | website=РИА Новости | date=2024-01-26 | url=https://ria.ru/20240126/tekhnika-1923645931.html | language=ru | access-date=2024-03-12}}</ref> the Russian Armed Forces received in 2023 several hundreds of thousands of small arms, new and repaired weapon systems, military vehicles and equipment, artillery systems, air defense systems, missiles and bombs, aircraft and helicopters, drones, and also over a million individual armor protection and equipment means.<ref>{{cite web | last=Новости | first=РИА | title=ВМФ в 2023 году получил более 7,7 тысячи единиц средств поражения | website=РИА Новости | date=2024-01-26 | url=https://ria.ru/20240126/vmf-1923654510.html | language=ru | access-date=2024-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Новости | first=РИА | title=Армия в 2023 году получила 3,5 тысячи отечественных беспилотников | website=РИА Новости | date=2024-01-26 | url=https://ria.ru/20240126/bespilotniki-1923651702.html | language=ru | access-date=2024-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Новости | first=РИА | title=Российские Сухопутные войска за год получили шесть комплектов систем ПВО | website=РИА Новости | date=2024-01-26 | url=https://ria.ru/20240126/pvo-1923657476.html | language=ru | access-date=2024-03-12}}</ref> [[CNN]] reported on 11 March 2024 that Russia currently produces about 250,000 artillery shells a month or about 3 million a year which is nearly three times the quantity the [[US]] and [[Europe]] produce for [[Ukraine]]. CNN cited Western intelligence officials and also said that Russia imports ammunition from [[Iran]] and [[North Korea]].<ref>{{cite web |
==Nuclear weapons==
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==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last1=Bowen |first1=Andrew|title=Coercive Diplomacy and the Donbas: Explaining Russian Strategy in Eastern Ukraine|journal=Journal of Strategic Studies|date=2017|volume=42|issue=3–4|pages=312–343|doi=10.1080/01402390.2017.1413550|s2cid=158522112|issn = 0140-2390}}
* Galeotti, Mark, "Organised crime and Russian security forces: mafiya, militia and militar", ''Journal of Conflict, Security and Development'', issue 1:2, 2001.
* Ivanov, Henry, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294172087_Country_briefing_Russia_-_Austere_deterrence "Country Briefing: Russia—Austere Deterrence"], ''Jane's Defence Weekly'', 28 April 2006
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