Voronezh: Difference between revisions

|image_caption=Main building of the South Eastern Railway Administration

'''Voronezh''' ({{lang-ru|Воро́неж}}, {{IPA-|ru|vɐˈronʲɪʂ|IPA|audio=Ru-Воронеж.oga}}) is a city and the [[administrative centre]] of [[Voronezh Oblast]] in southwestern [[Russia]] straddling the [[Voronezh River]], located {{convert|12|km|sp=us}} from where it flows into the [[Don River (Russia)|Don River]]. The city sits on the [[Southeastern Railway (Russia)|Southeastern Railway]], which connects western Russia with the [[Ural (region)|Ural]]s and [[Siberia]], the [[Caucasus]] and [[Ukraine]], and the [[M4 highway (Russia)|M4 highway]] ([[Moscow]]–Voronezh–[[Rostov-on-Don]]–[[Novorossiysk]]). In recent years the city has experienced rapid population growth, rising in 2021 to 1,057,681,<ref name="2021Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2021Census}}</ref> up from&nbsp;889,680 recorded in the [[Russian Census (2010)|2010 Census]],<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> making it the [[list of cities and towns in Russia by population|14th-most populous city]] in the country.

For many years, the hypothesis of the Soviet historian [[Vladimir Zagorovsky]] dominated: he produced the toponym "Voronezh" from the hypothetical Slavic personal name ''Voroneg''. This man allegedly gave the name of a small town in the [[Chernigov Principality]] (now the village of Voronezh[[Voronizh]] in [[Ukraine]]<ref>''Woroneż'' (Wronasz) is shown on the ''Woroneż'' river by [[Stefan Maria Kuczyński|Stefan Kuczyński]] (1936) in a historical map of 15th-century Chernigov, ''[[:File:Ziemie Czernihowsko-Siewierskie w XV wieku.jpg|«Ziemie Czernihowsko-Siewierskie pod rządami Litwy»]]''.</ref>). Later, in the 11th or 12th century, the settlers were able to "transfer" this name to the Don region, where they named the second city Voronezh, and the river got its name from the city.<ref>В. П. Загоровский. "О древнем Воронеже и слове «Воронеж»". Издание 2-е. Воронеж, 1977.</ref><ref>Е. М. Поспелов. "Географические названия мира". Москва, 1998. Стр. 104.</ref> However, now many researchers criticize the hypothesis, since in reality neither the name of ''Voroneg'' nor the second city was revealed, and usually the names of Russian cities repeated the names of the rivers, but not vice versa.

In [https://huji-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/f/att40d/972HUJI_ALMA21273296650003701] it is assumed that the word "Voronezh" means bluing - a technique to increase the corrosion resistance of iron products. This explanation fits well with the proximity to the ancient city of Voronezh of a large iron deposit and the city of Stary Oskol. As well as the name of [[Voroneț Monastery]] known for its blue shade.

During [[World War II]], Voronezh was the scene of fierce fighting between RussianSoviet and combined Axis troops. The Germans used it as a staging area for their attack on [[Battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]], and made it a key crossing point on the Don River. In June 1941, two BM-13 (Fighting machine #13 ''[[Katyusha rocket launcher|Katyusha]]'') artillery installations were built at the Voronezh excavator factory. In July, the construction of ''Katyushas'' was rationalized so that their manufacture became easier and the time of volley repetition was shortened from five minutes to fifteen seconds. More than 300 BM-13 units manufactured in Voronezh were used in a counterattack near Moscow in December 1941. In October&nbsp;22, 1941, the advance of the German troops prompted the establishment of a defense committee in the city. On November&nbsp;7, 1941, there was a troop parade, devoted to the anniversary of the [[October Revolution]]. Only three such parades were organized that year: in Moscow, [[Samara, Russia|Kuybyshev]], and Voronezh. In late June 1942, the city was [[Battle of Voronezh (1942)|attacked]] by German and Hungarian forces. In response, Soviet forces formed the [[Voronezh Front]]. By July&nbsp;6, the German army occupied the western river-bank suburbs before being subjected to a fierce Soviet counter-attack. By July&nbsp;24 the frontline had stabilised along the Voronezh River as the German forces continued southeast into the Great Bend of the Don. The attack on Voronezh represented the first phase of the German Army's 1942 campaign in the Soviet Union, codenamed [[Case Blue]].

=== Demographics ===

* VNiiPM Research Institute of Semiconductor Engineering<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vniipm.ru/|title=НИИПМ-->ОНИИПМ→О компании-->Институткомпании→Институт сегодня|website=Vniipm.ru|access-date=July 22, 2015|archive-date=August 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809234027/http://vniipm.ru/|url-status=live}}</ref> (equipment for plasma-chemical processes, technical-chemical equipment for liquid operations, water treatment equipment)

Information about the original urban layout of Voronezh is contained in the "Patrol Book" of 1615. At that time, the city fortress was logged and located on the banks of the Voronezh River. In plan, it was an irregular quadrangle with a perimeter of about 130 fathoms (238 m), that is, it was very small:meter. inside it, due to lack of space, there was no housing or siege yards, and even the cathedral church was supposed to be taken out. However, at this small fortress there was a large garrison - 666 households of service people. These courtyards were reliably protected by the second line of fortifications by a standing prison on taras with 25 towers covered with earth; behind the prison was a moat, and beyond the moat there were stakes. Voronezh was a typical military settlement, which([[Ostrog is(fortress)|ostrog]]).<ref>{{cite clearlyweb|url=https://vrnplus.ru/chrono43|title=Хронология evidenced by the decisive predominance of service people in its population (about 70%)Воронежа, mainlyгод "by device".1615|lang=ru|accessdate=2023-10-25}}</ref> In the city prison there were only settlements of military men: Streletskaya, Kazachya, Belomestnaya atamanskaya, Zatinnaya and Pushkarskaya;.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nashahistory.ru/materials/povsednevnaya-zhizn-voronezha-v-pervoy-polovine-xvii-veka|title=ПОВСЕДНЕВНАЯ ЖИЗНЬ ВОРОНЕЖА В ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XVII ВЕКА|date=May 16, 2016 |lang=ru|accessdate=2023-10-22}}</ref> The posad population received the territory between the [[Ostrog (fortress)|ostrog]] and the river, where the Monastyrskaya settlements (at the Assumption Monastery) was formed. Subsequently, the Yamnaya Sloboda was added to them, and on the other side of the fort, on the Chizhovka Mountain, the Chizhovskaya Sloboda of archers and Cossacks appeared. As a result, the Voronezh settlements surrounded the fortress in a ring. The location of the parish churches emphasized this ring-like and even distribution of settlements: the Ilyinsky Church of the Streletskaya Sloboda, the Pyatnitskaya Cossack and Pokrovskaya Belomestnaya were brought out to the passage towers of the prison. The Nikolskaya Church of the Streletskaya Sloboda was located near the marketplace (and, accordingly, the front facade of the fortress), and the paired ensemble of the Rozhdestvenskaya and Georgievskaya churches of the Cossack Sloboda marked the main street of the city, going from the Cossack Gate to the fortress tower.<ref>Urban planning of the Moscow state in the 16th - 17th centuries. pp.82-85</ref>

|Jan record high C = 8.03

|Mar record high C = 1922.47

|Nov record high C = 18.12

|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net,<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web

In 1682, the Voronezh diocese was formed to fight the schismatics. Its first head was Bishop [[Mitrophan of Voronezh|Mitrofan]] (1623-1703) at the age of 58. Under him, the construction began on the new Annunciation Cathedral to replace the old one. In 1832, Mitrofan was [[canonized|glorified]] as a saint by the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].

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