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| death_place = [[Campania]], [[Roman Italy]], [[Roman Empire]]
| resting_place = [[Mausoleum of Augustus]]
| occupation = Military commander, politician
| family = [[Vipsania gens|gens Vipsania]]
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| children = {{collapsible list||[[Vipsania Agrippina]]<br />[[Vipsania (wife of Haterius)|Vipsania Attica]]<br />[[Vipsania (wife of Varus)|Vipsania Marcella]]<br />[[Vipsania (wife of Lepidus)|Vipsania Marcellina]]<br />[[Gaius Caesar]]<br />[[Julia the Younger]]<br />[[Lucius Caesar]]<br />[[Agrippina the Elder]]<br />[[Agrippa Postumus]]}}
| module = {{Infobox officeholder|embed=yes
| allegiance = [[
| serviceyears = 45–12 BC
| battles =
{{ * [[
** [[Battle of
* [[
** [[Battle of Mutina]]
* [[Liberators' civil war|Liberators' Civil War]]
* [[Battle of Mylae (36 BC)|Battle of Mylae]] (36 BC)▼
** [[Battle of
* [[
* [[Bellum Siculum]]
* [[Battle of Alexandria (30 BC)|Battle of Alexandria]] (30 BC)▼
* [[Cantabrian Wars]] (29–19 BC)▼
** [[Battle of Naulochus]]
* [[Octavian's military campaigns in Illyricum|Illyricum Campaigns]]
* [[War of Actium]]
** [[Battle of Actium]]
{{Tree list/end}}
}}
| rank =
| commands =
}}
'''Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa'''{{Efn|He discarded his nomen Vipsanius and was called simply Marcus Agrippa for most of his public career and in official inscriptions, possibly to mask his lowborn origin. Reinhold ''Marcus Agrippa'' pp. 6–8}} ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|g|r|ɪ|p|ə}}; {{Circa|63}} BC<ref name="Birth"/> – 12 BC) was a Roman general, statesman and architect who was a close friend, son-in-law and lieutenant to the [[Roman emperor]] [[Augustus]].<ref name="DGRBM">{{Cite book|last=Plate|first=William|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology|title-link=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology|publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]]|year=1867|editor-last=Smith|editor-first=William|volume=1|place=Boston|pages=77–80|contribution=Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius|contribution-url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0086.html}}</ref> Agrippa is well known for his important military victories, notably the [[Battle of Actium]] in 31 BC against the forces of [[Mark Antony]] and [[Cleopatra]]. He was also responsible for the construction of some of the most notable buildings of his era, including the original [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]].
Born to a [[Plebs|plebeian]] [[Vipsania gens|family]] {{circa|63 BC}}, in an uncertain location in [[Roman Italy]], he met the future emperor Augustus, then known as Octavian, at [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]], in [[Illyria]]. Following the [[Assassination of Julius Caesar|assassination]] of Octavian's great-uncle [[Julius Caesar]] in 44 BC, Octavian returned to Italy. Around this time, Agrippa was elected [[tribune of the plebs]]. He served as a military commander, fighting alongside Octavian and Caesar's former general and right-hand man [[Mark Antony]] in the [[Battle of Philippi]]. In 40 BC, he was ''[[praetor urbanus]]'' and played a major role in the [[Perusine War|Perusine war]] against [[Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)|Lucius Antonius]] and Fulvia, respectively the brother and wife of Mark Antony. In 39 or 38 BC, Agrippa was appointed governor of [[Gallia Narbonensis|Transalpine Gaul]]. In 38 BC, he put down a rising of the [[Aquitanians]] and fought the Germanic tribes. He was consul for 37 BC, well below the usual minimum age of 43, to oversee the preparations for [[Bellum Siculum|warfare]] against [[Sextus Pompey]], who had cut off grain shipments to Rome.
Agrippa defeated Pompey in the battles of [[Battle of Mylae (36 BC)|Mylae]] and [[Battle of Naulochus|Naulochus]] in 36 BC. In 33 BC, he served as ''[[curule aedile]]''. Agrippa commanded the victorious Octavian's fleet at the [[Battle of Actium]] in 31 BC.
Agrippa was also known as a writer, especially on geography. Under his supervision, Julius Caesar's design of having a complete survey of the empire made was accomplished. From the materials at hand he constructed a circular chart, which was engraved on marble by Augustus and afterwards placed in the colonnade built by his sister [[Vipsania Polla]]. Agrippa was also husband to [[Julia the Elder]] (who had later married the second Emperor [[Tiberius]]), and was the maternal grandfather of [[Caligula]] and the maternal great-grandfather of the Emperor [[Nero]].
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=== Early life and family ===
Agrippa was born {{circa|63 BC}},<ref name="Birth">{{Cite book|last=Reinhold|first=Meyer|title=Marcus Agrippa: A Biography|publisher=The W.F. Humphrey Press|year=1933|location=New York|pages=1}} Based on primary sources regarding his death, scholars have agreed upon the year of Agrippa's birth to have occurred during the consulship of M. Tullius Cicero, in 63 BC, the same year [[Augustus|Octavian]] was born.</ref><ref>[[Cassius Dio|Dio]] [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54*.html#28.3 54.28.3] places Agrippa's death in late March 12 BC, while [[Pliny the Elder]] [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/7*.html#46 7.46] states that he died "in his fifty-first year". Depending on whether Pliny meant that Agrippa was aged 50 or 51 at his death, this gives a date of birth between March 64 and March 62. A calendar from [[Cyprus]] or [[History of Syria|Syria]] includes a month named after Agrippa beginning on November 1, which may reflect the month of his birth. See Reinhold, pp. 2–4; Roddaz, pp. 23–26.</ref> in an uncertain location.<ref name="Reinhold, p. 9; Roddaz, p. 23"/> His father was called [[Lucius Vipsanius (father of Agrippa)|Lucius Vipsanius]].<ref>cf Pantheon inscription "M·AGRIPPA·L·F·COS·TERTIVM·FECIT" [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Pantheon.html].</ref> His mother's name is not known and [[Pliny the Elder]] claimed that his [[cognomen]] "[[Agrippa (cognomen)|Agrippa]]" derived from him having been [[breech birth|born breech]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Marcus Agrippa: A Biography |last=Reinhold |first=Meyer |publisher=L'Erma di Bretschneider |year=1965 |pages=10 |edition=new}}</ref> so it is possible that she died in childbirth.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The First Emperor: Caesar Augustus and the Triumph of Rome |last=Everitt |first=Anthony |publisher=John Murray |year=2006 |isbn=9780719554940 |pages=19 |edition=illustrated}}</ref> Pliny also stated that he suffered from lameness as a child.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Emperor Nero: A Guide to the Ancient Sources |last1=Barrett |first1=Anthony A. |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9780691156514 |pages=5 |last2=Fantham |first2=Elaine |last3=Yardley |first3=John C.}}</ref> He had an elder brother whose name was also [[Lucius Vipsanius (brother of Agrippa)|Lucius Vipsanius]], and a sister named [[Vipsania Polla]]. His family originated in the Italian countryside, and was of
=== Early career ===
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==Later life==
[[File:Merida Roman Theatre2.jpg|thumb|200px|The theatre at [[Merida, Spain]]; it was promoted by Agrippa, built between 16 and 15 BC.]]
Agrippa's friendship with Augustus seems to have been clouded by the jealousy of Augustus's nephew and son-in-law [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (Julio-Claudian dynasty)|Marcus Claudius Marcellus]].<ref name="Britannica1911">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius |volume=1|pages=425–426}}</ref> Traditionally it is said that the result of such jealousy was that Agrippa left Rome, ostensibly to take over the governorship of eastern provinces – a sort of honourable exile
In 18 BC, Agrippa's powers were even further increased to almost match those of Augustus. That year his proconsular imperium was augmented to cover the [[senatorial province]]s
Agrippa was appointed governor of the eastern provinces a second time in 17 BC, where his just and prudent administration won him the respect and good-will of the provincials, especially from the [[Jews|Jewish]] population.<ref name="Britannica1911"/> Agrippa also restored
=== Death ===
Agrippa's last public service was his beginning of the conquest of the upper [[Danube River]] region, which would become the Roman province of [[Pannonia]] in 13 BC.<ref>Dio, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54*.html#28 28]</ref> He died at [[Campania]] in 12 BC at the age of 50–51. His posthumous son, [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Postumus]], was named in his honor. Augustus honoured his memory by a magnificent funeral and spent over a month in mourning. Augustus
==Legacy==
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Agrippa was also a writer, especially on the subject of [[geography]].<ref name="Britannica1911"/> Under his supervision, Julius Caesar's dream of having a complete [[surveying|survey]] of the Empire made was carried out. Agrippa constructed a circular chart, which was later engraved on marble by Augustus, and afterwards placed in the colonnade built by his sister Polla.<ref name="Britannica1911"/> Amongst his writings, an autobiography, now lost, is referenced.<ref name="Britannica1911"/>
Agrippa established a standard for the [[Ancient Roman units of measurement|Roman foot]]
The Roman tribe Agrippia was named in his honor.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Patronage and Power: A Study of Social Networks in Corinth |last=Chow |first=John K. |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=1992 |isbn=9780567111869 |pages=44 |series=The Library of New Testament Studies |volume=75}}</ref>
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** [[Vipsania Agrippina]]. She was the first wife of [[Tiberius]].<ref>[[Ronald Syme]], ''The Augustan Aristocracy'' (1987), 314.</ref>
** [[Vipsania (wife of Haterius)|Vipsania Attica]]. She married the orator [[Quintus Haterius]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Augustan Aristocracy|last=Syme|first=Ronald|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1989|isbn=9780198147312|page=504|edition=illustrated and revised}}</ref>
* [[Claudia Marcella Major|Claudia Marcella Maior]].<ref name="Degrassi-3" /> Daughter of [[Octavia the Younger|Octavia Minor]] and niece of [[Augustus]]. They married in 28 BC and divorced in 21 BC. By her he had at least two daughters:{{efn|However, it is uncertain whether they had also one or more sons who died young<ref>Ronald Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, Clarendon Press, 1989, pp.144-145, ISBN 978-0-19-814731-2</ref>}}
** [[Vipsania (wife of Varus)|Vipsania Marcella]]. She married the general [[Publius Quinctilius Varus]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Battle That Stopped Rome: Emperor Augustus, Arminius, and the Slaughter of the Legions in the Teutoburg Forest|last=Wells|first=Peter S.|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2004|isbn=9780393352030|page=81}}</ref>
** [[Vipsania (wife of Lepidus)|Vipsania Marcellina]]. She married [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 6)|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]], consul in 6.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Augustan Aristocracy|last=Syme|first=Ronald|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1989|isbn=9780198147312|page=125|edition=illustrated and revised}}</ref>
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[[Category:1st-century BC Roman governors of Syria]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Roman consuls]]
[[Category:
[[Category:
[[Category:Burials at the Mausoleum of Augustus]]
[[Category:Husbands of Julia the Elder]]
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[[Category:Vipsanii Agrippae|Marcus]]
[[Category:Tribunes of the plebs]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman generals]]
[[Category:People of the War of Actium]]
[[Category:Heirs presumptive]]
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