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{{Short description|Aspect of historynone}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
[[File:Demographic history of Jerusalem by religion.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Demographic history of Jerusalem by religion, based on available data {{According to whom|date=October 2023}} <br />{{legend|red|Christians}}{{legend|blue|Jews}}{{legend|green|Muslims}}]]
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==Overview==
{{Jerusalem large}}
Jerusalemites are of varied national, ethnic and religious denominations and include European, Asian and African [[Jews]], [[Palestinians|Arabs]] of [[Islam in Palestine|Sunni Shafi'i Muslim]], [[Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem|Melkite Orthodox]], [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite Catholic]], [[Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem|Latin Catholic]], and [[Protestantism|Protestant]] backgrounds, [[Armenians]] of the [[Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem|Armenian Orthodox]] and [[Armenian Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem and Amman|Armenian Catholic]] , [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] largely of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] and [[Syriac Catholic Church]], [[Maronites]], and [[Copts]].<ref name= Aghourian>[http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=cache:yLKDlns7B-0J:t.aghourian.googlepages.com/finaldraft.doc Final draft] {{dead link|date=May 2015}}</ref> Many of these groups were once [[Immigration|immigrants]] or [[pilgrim]]s that have over time become near-[[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] populations and claim the importance of Jerusalem to their faith as their reason for moving to and being in the city.<ref name=Aghourian/>
 
Jerusalem's long history of conquests by competing and different powers has resulted in different groups living in the city many of whom have never fully identified or assimilated with a particular power, despite the length of their rule. Though they may have been citizens of that particular kingdom and empire and involved with civic activities and duties, these groups often saw themselves as distinct national groups (see Armenians, for example).<ref name=Aghourian/> The Ottoman [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|millet]] system, whereby minorities in the [[Ottoman Empire]] were given the authority to govern themselves within the framework of the broader system, allowed these groups to retain autonomy and remain separate from other religious and national groups. Some Palestinian residents of the city prefer to use the term ''Maqdisi'' or ''Qudsi'' as a Palestinian demonym.<ref>{{cite book | title= To Rule Jerusalem | page= 189 |first=Richard | last= Hecht | year=2000}}</ref>
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====Muslim "relative majority"====
Henry Light, who visited Jerusalem in 1814, reported that Muslims comprised the largest portion of the 12,000 -person population, but that Jews made the greatest single sect.<ref name="LIGHT1818">{{cite book|last=Light|first=Henry|title=Travels in Egypt, Nubia, Holy Land, Mount Libanon and Cyprus, in the year 1814|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y-tjlA2v7vcC&pg=PA177|year=1818|publisher=Rodwell and Martin|page=178|quote=The population is said to be twelve thousand, of which the largest proportion is Mussulmen: the greatest of one sect are Jews: the rest are composed of Christians of the East, belonging either to the Armenian, Greek, Latin, or Coptish sects.}}</ref> In 1818, Robert Richardson, family doctor to the [[Somerset Lowry-Corry, 2nd Earl Belmore|Earl of Belmore]], estimated the number of Jews to be 10,000, twice the number of Muslims.<ref name="Richardson1822">{{cite book|last=Richardson|first=Robert|title=Travels Along the Mediterranean and Parts Adjacent: In Company with the Earl of Belmore, During the Years 1816-17-18: Extending as Far as the Second Cataract of the Nile, Jerusalem, Damascus, Balbec, &c. ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HEMGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA256|year=1822|publisher=T. Cadell|pages=256–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=John Griffith Mansford (M.R.C.S.)|title=A Scripture Gazetteer; or, geographical and historical dictionary of places and people, mentioned in the Bible|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V5NhAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA244|year=1829|page=244}}</ref>
 
[[File:Ymca boys jeru.jpg|thumb|Arab boys at Jerusalem [[YMCA]], 1938]]
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From the mid-1850s, following the [[Crimean War]], the [[Expansion of Jerusalem in the 19th century|expansion of Jerusalem outside of the Old City]] began, with institutions including the [[Russian Compound]], [[Kerem Avraham]], the [[Schneller Orphanage]], [[Jerusalem University College|Bishop Gobat school]] and the [[Mishkenot Sha'ananim]] marking the beginning of permanent settlement outside the Jerusalem Old City walls.<ref name="valero">Sephardi entrepreneurs in Jerusalem: the Valero family 1800–1948 By Joseph B. Glass, Ruth Kark. p.174</ref><ref name="KarkOren-Nordheim2001">{{cite book|last1=Kark|first1=Ruth|last2=Oren-Nordheim|first2=Michal|title=Jerusalem and Its Environs: Quarters, Neighborhoods, Villages, 1800–1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzOAxmHDzHUC&pg=PA74|year=2001|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=0-8143-2909-8|pages=74; table on p.82–86|quote=The beginning of construction outside the Jerusalem Old City in the mid-19th century was linked to the changing relations between the Ottoman government and the European powers. After the Crimean War, various rights and privileges were extended to non-Muslims who now enjoyed greater tolerance and more security of life and property. All of this directly influenced the expansion of Jerusalem beyond the city walls. From the mid-1850s to the early 1860s, several new buildings rose outside the walls, among them the mission house of the English consul, [[James Finn]], in what came to be known as Abraham's Vineyard ([[Kerem Avraham]]), the [[Jerusalem University College|Protestant school built]] by Bishop [[Samuel Gobat]] on Mount Zion; the [[Russian Compound]]; the [[Mishkenot Sha'ananim]] houses: and the [[Schneller Orphanage complex]]. These complexes were all built by foreigners, with funds from abroad, as semi-autonomous compounds encompassed by walls and with gates that were closed at night. Their appearance was European, and they stood out against the Middle-Eastern-style buildings of Palestine.}}</ref>
 
Between 1856 and 1880, [[Aliyah|Jewish immigration]] to Palestine more than doubled, with the majority settling in Jerusalem.<ref name="Abramov">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bn49KxgeStIC&q=population+of+jerusalem |title=Perpetual Dilemma: Jewish Religion in the Jewish State |author=S. Zalman Abramov |date=1918-05-13 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press |isbn=9780838616871 |access-date=2015-10-23}}</ref> The majority of these immigrants were [[Ashkenazi Jews]] from [[Eastern Europe]], who subsisted on [[Halukka]].<ref name="Abramov"/>
 
{| class="wikitable"
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| 1849 || 2,084 || ? || ? || ? || Moses Montefiore census, showing number of Jewish families<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.montefiorecensuses.org |title=Montefiore Families |publisher=Montefiorecensuses.org |access-date=2022-10-20 }}</ref> ||
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1850 || 13,860 || ? || ? || ? || Dr. Ascher, Anglo-Jewish Association{{Full citation needed|date=February 2024}} ||
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1851 || 5,580 || '''12,286''' || 7,488 || 25,354 || Official census (only Ottoman citizens)<ref>Wolff, Press, "The Jewish Yishuv", pp 427-433, as quotes in Kark and Oren-Nordheim</ref> || Kark and Oren-Nordheim, 2001<ref name="Kark Oren-Nordheim"/>
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|493,500
|71.7%
|Jerusalem Municipality<ref name="JIPR">{{cite web |title=Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem |url=https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/shnaton_C0922.pdf |publisher=[[Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research]] |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref>
|Jerusalem Municipality
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1990 || 378,200 || 131,800 || 14,400 || 524,400 || 72.1% || Jerusalem Municipality
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1995 || 417,100 || 182,700 || 14,100 || 617,000 || 67.6% || Jerusalem Municipality<ref name="JIPR" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1996 || 421,200 || ? || ? || 602,100 || 70.0% || Jerusalem Municipality
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2000 || 448,800 || ? || ? || 657,500 || 68.3% || Jerusalem Municipality<ref name="JIPR" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2004 || 464,500 || ? || ? || 693,200 || 67.0% || Jerusalem Municipality<ref name="JIPR" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2005 || 469,300 || ? || ? || 706,400 || 66.4% || Jerusalem Municipality
Line 218:
| 2007 || 489,480 || ? || ? || 746,300 || 65.6% || Jerusalem Municipality
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2011 || 497,000 || 281,000 || 14,000 || 801,000 || 62.0% || Israel Central Bureau of Statistics<ref name="JIPR" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2015 || 524,700 || 307,300 || 12,400 || 857,800 || 61.2% || Israel Central Bureau of Statistics<ref name="JIPR" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2016
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|882,700
|60.8%
|Israel Central Bureau of Statistics<ref name="JIPR" />
|-
|2017
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|901,300
|60.6%{{Center|}}
|[[Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research]]<ref name="JIPR" />
|-
|2018
Line 244:
|919,400
|60.5%
|Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research<ref name="JIPR" />
|-
|2019
Line 252:
|936,400
|60.1%
|Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research<ref name="JIPR" />
|-
|2020
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|951,100
|59.9%
|Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research<ref name="JIPR" />
|}
As of 24 May 2006, Jerusalem's population was 724,000 (about 10% of the total population of Israel), of which 65.0% were Jews (c. 40% of whom live in [[East Jerusalem]]), 32.0% Muslim (almost all of whom live in East Jerusalem) and 2% Christian. 35% of the city's population were children under age of 15. In 2005, the city had 18,600 newborns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2006n/11_06_106b.pdf |title=Jerusalem Day |publisher=Cbs.gov.il |access-date=2015-10-23}}</ref>
 
These official Israeli statistics refer to the expanded Israel municipality of Jerusalem. This includes not only the area of the pre-1967 Israeli and Jordanian municipalities, but also outlying Palestinian villages and neighbourhoods east of the city, which were not part of Jordanian East Jerusalem prior to 1967. Demographic data from 1967 to 2012 showed continues growth of Arab population, both in relative and absolute numbers, and the declining of Jewish population share in the overall population of the city. In 1967, Jews were 73.4% of city population, while in 2010 the Jewish population shrank to 64%. In the same period the Arab population increased from 26,5% in 1967 to 36% in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jiis.org/.upload/facts-2012-eng.pdf |title=Jerusalem : Facts and Trends 2012 |publisher=Jiis.gov |access-date=2015-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505181355/http://www.jiis.org/.upload/facts-2012-eng.pdf |archive-date=2015-05-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jcpa.org/article/is-jerusalem-being-judaized/ |title=Is Jerusalem Being "Judaized"? &#124; Jerusalem Center For Public Affairs |publisher=Jcpa.org |date=2003-03-01 |access-date=2015-10-23}}</ref> In 1999, the Jewish [[total fertility rate]] was 3.8 children per woman, while the Palestinian rate was 4.4. This led to concerns that Arabs would eventually become a majority of the city's population.
 
Between 1999 and 2010, the demographic trends reversed themselves, with the Jewish fertility rate increasing and the Arab rate decreasing. In addition, the number of Jewish immigrants from abroad choosing to settle in Jerusalem steadily increased. By 2010, there was a higher Jewish than Arab growth rate. That year, the city's birth rate was placed at 4.2 children for Jewish mothers, compared with 3.9 children for Arab mothers. In addition, 2,250 Jewish immigrants from abroad settled in Jerusalem. The Jewish fertility rate is believed to be still currently increasing, while the Arab fertility rate remains on the decline.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jiis.org/.upload/pressrelease.pdf |title=Press release : Population : End of 2011 (provisional data) |publisher=Jiis.gov |access-date=2015-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050346/http://www.jiis.org/.upload/pressrelease.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
In 2016, Jerusalem had a population of 882,700, of which Jews comprised 536,600 (60.8%), Muslims 319,800 (36.2%), Christians 15,800 (1.8%), and 10,300 unclassified (1.2%).<ref name=table3>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerusaleminstitute.org.il/.upload/yearbook/2018/shnaton_C0918.pdf|title=Table III/9 – Population in Israel and in Jerusalem, by Religion, 1988–2016|date=2018|website=www.jerusaleminstitute.org.il|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510005511/http://www.jerusaleminstitute.org.il/.upload/yearbook/2018/shnaton_C0918.pdf|archive-date=2019-05-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
In 2020, the population was 951,100, of which Jews comprised 570,100 (59.9%), Muslims 353.800 (37.2%), Christians 16.300 (1.7%), and 10,800 unclassified (1.1%).<ref name=":0" />
 
==Demographic key dates==
* '''4500–3500 [[Common Era|BCE]]''': First settlement established near [[Gihon Spring]] (earliest archeological evidence)
* '''c. 1550–1400 BCE''': Jerusalem becomes a vassal to the [[New Kingdom of Egypt]]
* '''c. 1000 BCE''': According to the Bible, King David conquers Jerusalem and makes it the capital of the Kingdom of Israel (2 Samuel 5:6–7:6). His son King Solomon builds the [[Temple in Jerusalem|First Jewish Temple]] on the Temple Mount.
* '''732 BCE''': Jerusalem becomes a vassal of the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]]<ref name=Historyfiles>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/CanaanIsraelites.htm |title=Kingdoms of the Levant – Israelites |publisher=Historyfiles.co.uk |access-date=2015-10-23}}</ref>
* '''587–586 BCE''': Conquest of Jerusalem by Babylonians; [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] fought Pharaoh [[Apries]]'s attempt to invade [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]]. Jerusalem mostly destroyed including the [[First Temple]], and the city's prominent citizens deported to [[Babylon]] (Biblical sources only)
* '''539 BCE''': [[Cyrus the Great]] conquers Babylon, allowing [[Iraqi Jews|Babylonian Jews]] to return from the [[Babylonian captivity]] to Jerusalem and rebuild the Temple (Biblical sources only, see [[Cyrus (Bible)]] and the [[Return to Zion]])
* '''530 BCE''': The [[Second Temple|Second Jewish Temple]] was rebuilt, on the same Temple Mount as the first Jewish Temple.
* '''350 BCE''': [[Jerusalem]] revolts against [[Artaxerxes III]], who retakes the city and burns it down in the process. Jews who supported the revolt are sent to [[Hyrcania]] on the [[Caspian Sea]].
* '''332–200 BCE''': Jerusalem capitulates to [[Alexander the Great]], and is later incorporated into the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]] (301BCE) and [[Seleucid Empire]] (200BCE).
* '''175 BCE''': [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]] accelerates [[Seleucid]] efforts to eradicate the Jewish religion, outlaws Sabbath and circumcision, sacks Jerusalem and erects an altar to [[Zeus]] in the Second Temple after plundering it.
* '''164 BCE''': The [[Hasmoneans]] take control of part of Jerusalem, whilst the [[Seleucids]] retain control of the [[Acra (fortress)]] in the city and most surrounding areas.
* '''63 BCE''': Roman Empire under Pompey takes city
* '''70 CE''': [[Titus]] ends the major portion of [[First Jewish–Roman War]] and destroys [[Herod's Temple]]. The [[Sanhedrin]] is [[Council of Jamnia|relocated]] to [[Yavne]], and the city's leading Christians relocate to [[Pella, Jordan|Pella]]
* '''136''': [[Hadrian]] formally reestablishes the city as [[Aelia Capitolina]], and forbids Jewish and Christian presence in the city. Restrictions over Christian presence in the city are relaxed two years later.
* '''324–325''': Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] holds the [[First Council of Nicaea]] and confirms status of Jerusalem as a Christian patriarchate.<ref>[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.vii.vi.x.html Schaff's ''Seven Ecumenical Councils'': First Nicaea: Canon VII]: "Since custom and ancient tradition have prevailed that the Bishop of [[Aelia Capitolina|Aelia]] [i.e., Jerusalem] should be honored, let him, saving its due dignity to the Metropolis, have the next place of honor."; "It is very hard to determine just what was the "precedence" granted to the Bishop of Aelia, nor is it clear which is the "metropolis" referred to in the last clause. Most writers, including Hefele, Balsamon, Aristenus and Beveridge consider it to be [[Caesarea Maritima|Cæsarea]]; while Zonaras thinks Jerusalem to be intended, a view recently adopted and defended by Fuchs; others again suppose it is [[Antioch]] that is referred to."</ref> A significant wave of Christian immigration to the city begins. The ban on Jews entering the city remains in force, but they are allowed to enter once a year to pray at the [[Western Wall]] on [[Tisha B'Av]]
* '''c. 380''': [[Tyrannius Rufinus]] and [[Melania the Elder]] found the first [[monastery]] in Jerusalem on the [[Mount of Olives]]
* '''614''': Jerusalem falls to Jewish and Persian forces, specifically [[Khosrow II]]'s [[Sasanian Empire]] until it is retaken in 629. This was a result of the [[Jewish revolt against Heraclius]], a Jewish insurrection against the Byzantine Empire across the Levant.<ref>Sharkansky, Ira (1996). ''Governing Jerusalem: Again on the World's Agenda''. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 63.</ref> The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is burned and much of the Christian population is massacred.<ref name="Hussey1961 p.25">Hussey, J.M. 1961. ''The Byzantine World''. New York, New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, p. 25.</ref><ref>Karen Armstrong. 1997. ''Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths''. New York, New York: Ballantine Books, p. 229. {{ISBN|0-345-39168-3}}</ref>
* '''636–637''': [[Caliph]] [[Umar]] conquers Jerusalem. According to [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari]], Patriarch [[Sophronius of Jerusalem|Sophronius]] and Umar are reported to have agreed the [[Umar's Assurance|Pact of Umar]], which guaranteed Christians freedom of religion but prohibited Jews from living in the city. The [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] began appointing its own [[Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem|bishop in Jerusalem]] in 638. A surviving Jewish chronicle from the [[Cairo Geniza]] however states that Umar permitted seventy Jewish families to settle in the city.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period (638–1099) |author=Joshua Prawer, Haggai Ben-Shammai|publisher=NYU Press|page=172 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qQUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167|isbn=978-0-8147-6639-2|date=1996}}</ref> The Jews requested to settle in the southern part of the city near the Temple Mount which was granted, evidence of this location of the Jewish quarter is provided in a Geniza letter dated 1064. Later Jewish texts from tenth and eleventh century also indicate the "King of Ishmael" allowing them to settle in the city.<ref name=Berger>{{Cite book|title=The Crescent on the Temple: The Dome of the Rock as Image of the Ancient Jewish Sanctuary |author=Pamela Berger |publisher=Brill Publishers |pages=45, 46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vvNMvqkDpP0C&pg=PA46|isbn=978-9004203006|date=2012}}</ref>
* '''797''': [[Abbasid–Carolingian alliance]] – the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] was restored and the Latin hospital was enlarged, encouraging Christian travel to the city.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Charlemagne, Muhammad, and the Arab roots of capitalism |first=Gene W. |last=Heck|page=172 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qNgiv-ZOEAC&pg=PA179 |isbn=9783110192292 |year=2006|publisher=Walter de Gruyter }}</ref>
* '''1009–1030''': Fatimid Caliph [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|Al-Hakim]] orders destruction of churches and synagogues in the empire, including the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]]. Caliph [[Ali az-Zahir]] authorizes them rebuilt 20 years later.
* '''1077''': Jerusalem revolts against the rule of Emir [[Atsiz ibn Uwaq|Atsiz ibd Uvaq]] who retakes the city and massacres the local population.<ref name="Bosworth2007 p.234">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. 2007. ''Historic Cities of the Islamic World''</ref>
* '''1099''': [[First Crusade]]rs capture Jerusalem and slaughter most of the city's [[Muslim]] and [[History of the Jews and the Crusades|Jewish inhabitants]]. The [[Dome of the Rock]] is converted into a church.
* '''1187''': [[Saladin]] captures Jerusalem from Crusaders and allows Jewish and Christian settlement. The [[Dome of the Rock]] is converted to an [[Islamic]] center of worship again.
* '''1229''': A 10-year treaty is signed allowing Christians freedom to live in the unfortified city. The [[Ayyubids]] retained control of the [[Muslim]] holy places.
* '''1244''': Mercenary army of [[Khwarazmian dynasty#Mercenaries|Khwarazmians]] destroyed the city.
* '''1260''': Jerusalem raided by the [[Mongol raids into Palestine|Mongols]] under [[Nestorian Christian]] general [[Kitbuqa]]. [[Hulagu Khan]] sends a message to [[Louis IX of France]] that Jerusalem remitted to the Christians under the [[Franco-Mongol alliance]]
* '''1267''': [[Nahmanides]] goes to Jerusalem and prays at the [[Western Wall]]. Reported to have found only two Jewish families in the city
* '''1482''': The visiting [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] priest [[Felix Fabri]] described Jerusalem as "a collection of all manner of abominations". As "abominations" he listed Saracens, Greeks, Syrians, Jacobites, Abyssianians, Nestorians, Armenians, Gregorians, Maronites, Turcomans, Bedouins, Assassins, a sect possibly Druzes, Mamelukes, and "the most accursed of all", Jews. Only the Latin Christians "long with all their hearts for Christian princes to come and subject all the country to the authority of the Church of Rome".
* '''1517''': The [[Ottoman Empire]] captures Jerusalem under Sultan [[Selim I]] who proclaims himself [[Caliph]] of the Islamic world
* '''1604''': First [[Protectorate of missions]] agreed, in which the Christian subjects of [[Henry IV of France]] were free to visit the Holy Places of Jerusalem. French missionaries begin to travel to Jerusalem.
* '''1700''': [[Judah HeHasid (Jerusalem)|Judah the Pious]] and 1,000 followers settle in Jerusalem.
* '''1774''': The [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] is signed giving Russia the right to protect all Christians in Jerusalem.
* '''1821''': [[Greek War of Independence]] – Jerusalem's Christian population (the majority being [[Greek Orthodox]]), were forced by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] authorities to relinquish their weapons, wear black and help improve the city's fortifications
* '''1837''': [[Galilee earthquake of 1837]] results in Jews from [[Safed]] and [[Tiberias]] resettling in Jerusalem.
* '''1839–1840''': Rabbi [[Judah Alkalai]] publishes "The Pleasant Paths" and "The Peace of Jerusalem", urging the return of European Jews to [[Jerusalem]] and [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].
* '''1853–1854''': A treaty is signed confirming France and the [[Roman Catholic Church]] as the supreme authority in the Holy Land with control over the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]], contravening the 1774 treaty with Russia and triggering the [[Crimean War]].
* '''1860''': The first Jewish neighborhood ([[Mishkenot Sha'ananim]]) outside the Old City walls is built, in an area later known as [[Yemin Moshe]], by [[Moses Montefiore]] and [[Judah Touro]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_%26_Culture/geo/mishkenot.html |title=Mishkenot Sha'ananim |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=2015-10-23 |archive-date=2012-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716180640/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_%26_Culture/geo/mishkenot.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.mishkenot.org.il/en/secmain.asp?secid=1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210065839/http://www.mishkenot.org.il/en/secmain.asp?secid=1|date=December 10, 2010}}</ref>
* '''1862''': [[Moses Hess]] publishes [[Rome and Jerusalem]], arguing for a Jewish homeland in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] centered on [[Jerusalem]]
* '''1873–1875''': [[Mea Shearim]] is built.
* '''1882''': The [[First Aliyah]] results in 35,000 Jewish immigrants entering the Palestine region
* '''1901''': [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] restrictions on Jewish immigration to and land acquisition in [[Jerusalem]] district take effect
* '''1901–1914''': The [[Second Aliyah]] results in 40,000 Jewish immigrants entering the Palestine region
* '''1917''': The Ottomans are defeated at the [[Battle of Jerusalem]] during the [[World War I]] and the [[British Army]] takes control. The [[Balfour Declaration]] had been issued a month before.
* '''1919–1923''': The [[Third Aliyah]] results in 35,000 Jewish immigrants entering the [[Mandatory Palestine]] region
* '''1924–1928''': The [[Fourth Aliyah]] results in 82,000 Jewish immigrants entering the Mandatory Palestine region
* '''1929–1939''': The [[Fifth Aliyah]] results in 250,000 Jewish immigrants entering the Mandatory Palestine region
* '''1947–1949''': [[1947–1949 Palestine war|Palestine war]] led to displacement of Palestinian Arab and Jewish populations in the city and its division. All Jewish residents of the eastern part of the city were expelled by Arab forces and the entire Jewish Quarter was destroyed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/A8138AD15B0FCAC385256B920059DEBF |title=S/8439* of 6 March 1968 |publisher=Unispal.un.org |access-date=2015-10-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515203330/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/A8138AD15B0FCAC385256B920059DEBF |archive-date=2011-05-15 }}</ref> Palestinian Arab villages such as [[Lifta]], [[Malha|al-Maliha]], [[Ayn Karim]] and [[Deir Yassin]] were [[Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel|depopulated]].
* '''1967''': The [[Six-Day War]] results in East Jerusalem being captured by Israel and few weeks later expansion of the Israeli Jerusalem Municipality to East Jerusalem and some surrounding area. The Old City is captured by the IDF and the [[Moroccan Quarter]], comprising 135 houses and the 12th-century Afdaliya or Sheikh Eid Mosque, is demolished, creating a plaza in front of the [[Western Wall]]. Israel declares Jerusalem unified and announces free access to holy sites of all religions.
 
== See also ==
*[[Demographics of Jerusalem by quarter]]
*[[Demographic history of Palestine (region)]]
*[[History of Jerusalem]]
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